Everything is made of particles. All particles are either fermions or bosons.
ATOM
nucleus
u d u u d d d u u d u d proton uud quarks neutron udd quarks
Particles
1 2
Electric charge Symbol u fermion boson
electron
Name Mass (electron volts)
1.53.3 MeV
up quark
+23
Spin. Bosons have spin 0, 1, 2, ... Fermions have spin 12, 32, 52, ...
antiparticle particle
Chirality. A particle with spin is left-handed or right-handed. Colors. A quark has a color charge red, green, or blue. An anti-quark has an anti-color. A gluon has color and anti-color.
Antiparticles. Each particle has an antiparticle with the same mass and spin, but opposite charge. A particle with no charge may be its own antiparticle.
This shows all the known elementary particles in the standard model of particle physics and some hypothetical particles that many physicists expect will be discovered. Fermions are particles with spin 12, 32, 52, ... Matter is made of fermions. Fermions obey the exclusion principle: they cannot be in the same place at the same time. Generation 2
1 2
Elementary Particles
Elementary Fermions
Bosons are particles with spin 0, 1, 2, ... Forces are carried by bosons. Bosons do not obey the exclusion principle: they can pass right through each other. Field or Force Strong force binds quarks Squarks Boson g
0 1
Elementary Bosons
1 u u Quarks
23 +23
1
3
2
Superpartner bosons [predicted]
1 2
Superpartner fermions [predicted] g gluino
1 2
c c
23 +23
1
t t
23 +23
1
u u
1.73.1 MeV
up quark d
1.11.4 GeV
1 2
charm quark s
+13
171175 GeV
1 2
top quark b
c t sup scharm stop d s b
gluon
massless
+13 13
1
+13
Electromagnetism light
photino
photon
massless
4.1-5.7 MeV
down quark
+1
80130 MeV
1 2
s 13 12 strange quark
4.14.4 GeV
2
b 13 12 bottom quark
s b sdown sstrange sbottom e+
W+ Weak force radioactivity W
+1 1
W+ Z
91 GeV 0 1
e+ e Leptons
positron
+1 1
1
+1 1
1
+
Sleptons
W boson
80 GeV
Z boson
W Z wino zino
electron
511 keV
muon
106 MeV
tau
1.8 GeV
selectron smuon stau
1 1 2
Higgs field creates mass
e e
0
0
1
0
1
e
0
e e
115-130 GeV
higgs [predicted]
h0 A0 H H0 more higgs?
<2 eV
electron neutrino
<190 keV
muon neutrino
<18 MeV
tau neutrino
1 H 2 higgsino more higgsinos? mixtures: 0 neutralinos i
sneutrinos spin
0
charginos i
Gravity
massless
2 G 0 graviton [predicted]
G gravitino
Other elementary particles may yet be discovered.
Supersymmetry theory proposes a partner boson for each fermion and a partner fermion for each boson.
Superpositions. Some particles are linear superpositions (mixtures) of other particles.
String theory proposes that all elementary particles are actually tiny vibrating strings.
Composite particles are composed of other particles, sometimes in complicated ways involving superpositions of particles. This shows some of the hundreds of known composite particles.
Composite Particles Hadrons
Composite Fermions Baryons
Baryons are fermions composed of three quarks. This shows only the baryons made of u, d, & s quarks. The nucleons are the proton and neutron. spin 12 octet p proton n neutron sigma lambda xi spin 32 decuplet delta sigma xi omega-minus p+ uud n0 udd p p
+
Composite Bosons Mesons
Mesons are bosons composed of a quark and antiquark. This shows only the mesons made of u, d, & s quarks. Pions carry the nuclear force between nucleons.
1 +1
1
+ uus 0 0 uds dds 0 uss ++uuu + uud dss 0 udd ddd
proton
938 MeV
K0 ds K+ us spin 0 nonet pion 0 0 uu eta /dd du + ud 0 ss K kaon K su K 0 sd
pion
135 MeV
n n
0
0
1
*+ uus
*0 uds
* dds
*0 uss
* dss
neutron
940 MeV
sss
K*+ us K*0 ds spin 1 nonet rho 0 0 omega uu /dd du + ud 0 ss phi K kaon K *0 sd K* su
1 +1 0
pion
140 MeV
2005-2012 Keith Enevoldsen [Link]