UNIVERSITY OF SHEFFIELD
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL AND STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING
CIV233 Open Channel Hydraulics-Tutorial Sheet 2
Non-Uniform Flow In Open Channels
Notation:
US = Upstream,
DS = Downstream,
v = Velocity,
y = Depth,
A = Cross sectional area,
P = Wetted Perimeter,
R = Hydraulic Radius
q = Q/b
Basic Questions
1.
Q 30
vDS = = = 3m/s
A 5×2
v2 32
EDS = yDS + DS = 2 + = 2.46m
2g 2 × 9.81
v2
EU S = yU S + U S
2g
∆E = 0 =⇒ EU S = EDS = 2.46
30
( 8×y US
)2
=⇒ EU S = yU S + = 2.46
2 × 9.81
Solve for yU S using trial and error
yU S = 2.32
1
2.
Use broad crested weir equation to find Q
Q = 1.705CD BH 3/2 = 1.705 × 0.95 × 0.5 × 0.123/2 = 0.0337m3 /s
3.
Use broad crested weir equation to find Q
Q = 1.705CD BH 3/2 = 1.705 × 10 × 0.33/2 = 2.8m3 /s
No flow inreservoir, therefore only potential energy upstream
EU S = yU S + z = 0.3 + 3 = 3.3m
∆E = 0 =⇒ EU S = EDS = 3.3m
2.8
v2 ( 2×y DS
)2
EDS = yDS + = yDS + = 3.3m
2g 2 × 9.81
Solve for yDS using trial and error
yDS = 0.179m
2.8
vDS
F rDS = √ = √ 2×0.179 = 5.90
gyDS 9.81 × 0.179
Intermediate Questions:
4.
Use broad crested weir equation to find H
Q = 1.705CD BH 3/2 =⇒
2/3 2/3
Q 0.8
H= = = 0.96m
Cd B × 1.705 1.705 × 0.5
yU S = H + Hweir = 0.96 + 0.2 = 1.16m
EU S = EDS
VU2S (0.8/1.16)2
EU S = yU S + = 1.16 + = 1.18m
2g 2 × 9.81
V2 (0.8/yDS )2
EDS = yDS + DS = yDS +
2g 2 × 9.81
Solve for yDS using trial and error
yDS = 0.18m
2
5.
Find Q from Manning’s equation and continuity equation
1/2
R2/3 S0
v=
n
Calculate hydraulic radius (R) from cross sectional area (A) and wetted perimeter (P)
A = bymax = 12 × 1.8 = 21.6
P = b + 2ymax = 12 + (2 × 1.8) = 15.6
A 21.6
R= = = 1.38
P 15.6
1 1/2
1.382/3 × ( 6500 )
=⇒ v = = 0.96m/s
0.016
Q = vA = 0.96 × 21.6 = 20.76m3 /s
Use broad crested weir equation to find H
Q = 1.705CD BH 3/2 =⇒
Q 20.76
H=( )2/3 = ( )2/3 = 1.6m
Cd B × 1.705 1.705 × 12
yU S = H + Hweir =⇒ Hweir = yU S − H = 2 − 1.6 = 0.4m
3
6.
Calculate upstream specific energy
v2 ( 1 )2
EU S = yU S + = 0.8 + 0.8 = 0.88m
2g 2 × 9.81
15% energy loss =⇒ EDS = 0.85EU S = 0.75m
2
VDS (1/yDS )2
EDS = yDS + = yDS + = 0.75m
2g 2 × 9.81
Solve for yDS using trial and error
Two possible solutions: yDS1 = 0.365m and yDS2 = 0.62m
Calculate difference between upstream and downstream specific force
for both possible downstream depths
yU2 S q2 y2 q2
∆FS1 = FSU S − FSDS1 = ( + ) − ( DS1 + )
2 gyU S 2 gyDS1
0.82 12 0.3652 12
=( + )−( + ) = 0.477 − 0.347 = 0.101
2 9.81 × 0.8 2 9.81 × 0.365
and
yU2 S q2 y2 q2
∆FS2 = FSU S − FSDS2 = ( + ) − ( DS2 + )
2 gyU S 2 gyDS2
0.82 12 0.612 12
=( + )−( + ) = 0.477 − 0.347 = 0.093
2 9.81 × 0.8 2 9.81 × 0.61
Calculate force from:
F = ρgBFS
F1 = 1000 × 9.81 × 1 × 0.101 = 990N
F2 = 1000 × 9.81 × 1 × 0.093 = 912N
Note: May be some difference in answers due to rounding
4
7.
Use hydraulic jump equation
yDS 1
= ((1 + 8F r2 )1/2 − 1)
yU S 2
rearrange for Fr
1/2 − 1 1/2
" y #
(2( yDS
US
) + 1)
Fr =
8
" #1/2
0.8
(2( 0.3 ) + 1)1/2 − 1
= = 0.435
8
Use Froude equation to find velocity
v
Fr = p =⇒
(gyDS )
√ √
v = F r gyDS = 0.435 × 9.81 × 0.8 = 1.22m/s
Use Manning’s equation to find n
1/2
R2/3 S0
v= =⇒
n
1/2 1 1/2
R2/3 S0 0.3082/3 600
n= = = 0.015
v 1.22
5
8.
At point 3:
Q 18
Q = v3 A3 =⇒ v3 = = = 2.25m/s
A3 4×2
v3 2.25
F r3 = √ = = 0.3592
gy3 9.81 × 4
Using hydraulic jump equation
q
y3 1 2
= 1 + 8F r3 − 1
y2 2
Rearrange for y2
y3 4
y2 = h p i = hp i = 0.851m
1 2−1 1 2) − 1
2 1 + 8F r3 2 1 + (8 × 0.3592
Q 18
v2 = = = 10.57m/s
A2 2 × 0.851
No Energy losses =⇒ ES1 = ES2 =⇒
10.572
y1 = y2 + V22 2g = 0.851 + = 6.55m
2 × 9.81
Calculate difference in specific force over weir
y2 q2 y2 q2
∆FS = FS1 − FS2 = ( 1 + )−( 2 + )
2 gy1 2 gy2
" # " #
6.552 ( 18
2 ) 2
0.8512 ( 18 2
2 )
∆FS = + − +
2 9.81 × 6.55 2 9.81 × 0.851
∆FS = 22.712 − 10.065 = 12.647
Force on weir
FW = ρgB∆FS = 1000 × 9.81 × 2 × 12.647 = 248134N =⇒
FW = 248kN
6
9.
∆E = 0 =⇒ ES1 = ES2
v12
ES1 = y1 +
2g
3yc
Critical conditions at 2 =⇒ ES2 =
2
3yc v 2
=⇒ = y1 + 1 (1)
2 2g
v1 √
At Point 1 =⇒ F r1 = 0.5 = √ =⇒ v1 = 0.5 gy1 (2)
gy1
√
(0.5 gy1 )2 3yc
(2) into (1): =⇒ y1 + =
2g 2
Rearranging and canceling gives: =⇒ yc = 0.75y1 (3)
vc √
At Point 2: F r2 = 1 = √ =⇒ vc = gyc (4)
gyc
r
3
(3) into (4): =⇒ vc = gy1 (5)
4
At Point 2: Q = vc yc b
r
3 √ √ 3y1 b
Using (3) and (5): =⇒ Q = g y1 (6)
4 4
At Point 1: Q = 2v1 y1
√ √ √ √
Using (2): =⇒ Q = 0.5 g y1 y1 2 = g y1 y1 (7)
r
3 √ √ 3y1 b √ √
Equate (6) and (7): =⇒ g y1 = g y1 y1
4 4
4
Rearranging and canceling gives: =⇒ b = q = 1.54m
3 34