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Tutorial case study A (Philippes model)

Parent topic: User Manual and Tutorials

Authors: Gabriel Courrioux and Philippe Calcagno, BRGM Adviser: Phil McInerney Editor: David Stephensen, [Link] In this case study: Tutorial A1A simple model with two formations Tutorial A2Several formations that overlap each other Tutorial A3Geology with a fault Tutorial A4Incorporating drillhole data

Location of files In this document we refer to files that we have supplied as part of your 3D GeoModeller installation. We refer to the folder where the 3D GeoModeller software is installed as GeoModeller. The files that you will use are in GeoModeller\tutorial\CaseStudyA As you progress through the case study, you will produce your own 3D GeoModeller project. We recommend that you store this in another place, away from your 3D GeoModeller installation. This way, the original tutorial files will be available for future use in their original form. Do not overwrite any files in the GeoModeller\tutorial\CaseStudyA folders.

Tutorial A1A simple model with two formations

Parent topic: Tutorial case study A (Philippes model)

This tutorial will show you how to use the basic functions of 3D GeoModeller by building a simple 3D model comprised of 2 geology formations. Using 3D GeoModeller, you will learn how to: Create a project by defining its limits, its geology formations and its geological pile Create a topographic surface, using a Digital Terrain Model (DTM) Create a section Input and import geology on a map-view and in a section Compute the 3D model Render the 3D model in 2D views; the map-view and in a section Display the model in 3D

Our project area is a cube with sides of 10km. We model two formations in this tutorial. These are named: UpperCover LowerCover

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In this tutorial: A1 Stage 1Start the project, create topography, formations, series and the stratigraphic pile A1 Stage 2Define section A1 Stage 3Import geology data to the section A1 Stage 4Compute the 3D model A1 Stage 5Show the 3D model in 2D sections and in 3D

Note that a completed version of the tutorial is available as GeoModeller\tutorial\CaseStudyA\TutorialA1\Completed_Project \[Link]. Do not overwrite it.

A1 Stage 1Start the project, create topography, formations, series and the stratigraphic pile
Parent topic: Tutorial A1A simple model with two formations

A 3D GeoModeller project gathers together all of the data files that you need for a modelling project. It sets the limits of the geographical region (a parallelepiped) which defines the project area. It contains all the data (formations, faults, sections) upon which your work is built. A1 Stage 1Steps 1 Create a project with the following parameters (first close the current project if required): Name: Tutorial_A1 (Note: No spaces in the name!) Authors: your name Description: a comment of your choice Projection: NTF / LambertIIet Unit: m Geographical area: XMin = 100000. XMax = 110000. YMin = 2000000. YMax = 2010000. ZMin = 8000. ZMax = 2000.

Except for the geographical limits and projection, all of the above fields are purely for information. You can recall and edit them at any time. They do not influence the project. For other fields (not mentioned above) use default values.

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From the main menu choose Project > New OR From the Project toolbar choose New Press CTRL+N. OR

Complete the fields as given above and choose OK. 3D GeoModeller displays the Project creation successful dialog box.

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Create the topographic surface of your project. When you create the topographic surface, 3D GeoModeller opens a 2D Viewer showing a 2D (plan) view of your project (i.e. the topographic surface). In this view you can enter geology observations from your field mapping, and see the geology map plotted from the computed 3D geology model. The surveyor has mapped the ground with GPS, processed the data and generated a Digital Terrain Model (DTM) of the ground, supplied in a file. Create topographic surface From a DTM with the following properties: Name: Topography Filename (of source data): GeoModeller\tutorial\CaseStudyA\TutorialA1\Data\[Link] Description: a comment of your choice

Choose Load from a DTM in the Project creation successful dialog box. 3D GeoModeller displays the Load topography from a DTM dialog box. Choose Browse and select GeoModeller\tutorial\CaseStudyA\TutorialA1\Data\[Link] Set the properties as shown above.

Choose OK. 3D GeoModeller opens its 3D Viewer, which shows the bounding box of your project, complete with an outline of the topographic surface (i.e. the Topography section).

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Save the project in a suitable folder outside the 3D GeoModeller installation folders. From the main menu choose Project > Save As OR From the Project toolbar choose Save As Press CTRL+SHIFT+S. OR

The 'save as' operation is unusual. When you specify a project name you are actually specifying a folder name. 3D GeoModeller saves the project as an *.xml (with the same name as the directory) in that directory, along with all associated or referenced files. Note that a completed version of the tutorial is available as GeoModeller\tutorial\CaseStudyA\TutorialA1\Completed_Project\ [Link]. Do not overwrite it. 4 Create geology formations Use the parameters listed in the following table. Make sure you enter the names exactly as showncase sensitive, no spaces; this is needed since we will be importing some geology data, and the data files have been prepared using the formation names as listed here.: Formation 1 Name Colour UpperCover yellow (RGB 205 205 0) Formation 2 LowerCover blue (RGB 24 116 205)

Choose main menu option Geology > Formations : Create or Edit. In the Create or Edit geology formations dialog box, use the following sequence: Enter the Name. Choose Add. Specify the Colour (Click the Colour field and select the colour from the palette. Use the RGB tab if you want to get it exact, but this is not vital).

Choose Close after you have created the two required geology formations.

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Create the geological pile for your project Create two series as shown in the following table. For this example we will use geology observations which will represent the bottom of the geolgical formations. Series UpperSeries LowerSeries Formations UpperCover LowerCover Relationship Onlap Onlap

When you choose Close in the previous step, 3D GeoModeller may display the New formation creation tip box.

Choose Yes, start Stratigraphic Pile editor. If this box does not appear, from the main menu, choose Stratigraphic pile: Create or edit.

This example will use geology observations representing the bottom of geological formations. From the Reference options select Bottom. Choose New series.

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The Create Geology Series dialog box appears.

Specify UpperSeries: Enter UpperSeries for Name of the series. By default the UpperCover is already listed in the Formations in Series. In the general case, to add a geology formation to a series, select the formation from Available Formations and choose Add to Series. Alternatively, to remove a formation, select the formation in the Formations in Series and choose Remove from Series. Choose Commit.

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Specify LowerSeries in a similar way, with LowerCover in the Formation in Series list.

Choose Close.

If necessary, select one of the series and use Move up or Move down to put UpperSeries on top. Check that Reference has been set to Bottom. Choose Close. 6 Save your project. From the main menu choose Project > Save OR From the Project toolbar choose Save Press CTRL+S. OR

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A1 Stage 2Define section

Parent topic: Tutorial A1A simple model with two formations

In a typical geology mapping project, we need to define one or more sections. The geology mapped at surface can be input in a plan-view, but vertical section views allow you to describe your geological understanding of the project area in the third (depth) dimension. Assume that your field work shows a SWNE orientation to the geology. You therefore decide to define a NWSE section, orthogonal to this geology trend. The Points list and the Points list editor enable you to create a list of points on a section in 3D GeoModeller In this stage of the tutorial you create a vertical section by defining its trace on the Topography (map-view) section. Use the following parameters: Name: Section1 Coordinates of the ends of the section on the topography X (East) = U Start End 100010. 109990. Y (North) = V 2009990. 2000010.

Default values for all other parameters.

We shall click the points to add them to the Points List and then edit them the exact coordinates. This gives you experience with the range of 3D GeoModeller features. A1 Stage 2Steps 1 Add the two points to the Points List. In the 2D Viewer, select the Topography section. From the 2D Viewer toolbar, choose Create OR press C. to erase any

From the Points list editor toolbar choose Delete all Points existing contents of the Points List.

In the 2D Viewer, roll the mouse around and observe the display of coordinates at the bottom of the viewer.

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Click (approximately) the two points specified in the table above. It does not matter if they do not have exactly the same coordinates as the table entries, because you can edit them.

Edit the points using the Points List Editor so that they have the correct values. On the Points List Editor toolbar choose Float the Points List Editor .

From the Show points list information or table menu in the toolbar, Choose Table .

Edit the U and V point coordinates as required. Dock the Points List Editor (to reduce screen clutter). Choose Dock the Points List Editor .

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Create the section from the points trace Choose menu option Section > Create a Section from its Trace OR on the Section toolbar, choose Create a Section from Trace OR choose CTRL+T.

Enter the name Section1 and choose Create and then Close. 3D GeoModeller creates a new Section1 tab in the 2D Viewer, and shows the new section. Also shown on every section is the trace-line of any other intersecting section; thus the trace of Section1 is shown on the Topography section, and the trace of the Topography section is shown on Section1 (i.e. the profile of the topography that you imported from [Link]). The outline of each section is also shown in the 3D Viewer.

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Examine the project in the 3D Viewer. Select the 3D Viewer. Locate the 3D Viewer toolbar at the right. Practice operating the 3D Viewer. Movement Rotate diagram Zoom (make diagram larger or smaller) Pan (move diagram) Operation Drag with left mouse button Hold CTRL and drag up with left mouse button to zoom in, drag down to zoom out Hold CTRL and drag with centre mouse button OR From the 3D Viewer toolbar choose Pan once and drag the display to the place you require using the left mouse button

Save your project.

A1 Stage 2Discussion The sections that you have created in the 2D Viewer provide you with the traditional tools used by geologists, viz. a map-view and one or more section-views of the 3D project space. You can use these sections to input geology observations, such as geology contact points mapped in outcrop, or field-measured dip and strike data. Your input data may also be interpretive - e.g. the assumed location of a contact, based on your 3D understanding of the project geology. Later in this tutorial we will compute a 3D geology model. We will again use the sections as a means of examining the computed model by plotting from the model geology into the various section views.
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A1 Stage 3Import geology data to the section

Parent topic: Tutorial A1A simple model with two formations

In this stage we use the geology observations that we might have recorded in the field. We are particularly interested in the points that define the geology data (the contact or interface) separating the two formations. We shall record these observations of the contact position and the dip of the strata on the topographic (map) surface of your project. These few data points make it possible for 3D GeoModeller to generate a 3D model of the two formations. We input geology data for the UpperCover and LowerCover contact. To do this, we input the following geology data (observations) on the topographic surface: Three geology data points (the geology contact or interface) X (East) 102176 102879 105082 Y (North) 2002973 2007144 2008433 Associated Formation UpperCover UpperCover UpperCover

Two geology orientation data points (structural datarecording strike and dip) X (East) 102879 103744 Y (North) 2007144 2008364 Dip Direction 135 151 Dip 28 25 Polarity normal normal Associated Formation UpperCover UpperCover

Note that X and Y are respectively East and North coordinate values for these data points. In 3D GeoModeller we refer to the full 3D coordinate of any point in terms of X (East), Y (North) and Z (up). In any general 2D section, however, the across and up axes of the section-view do not necessarily correspond to East and North since a section may be oriented at any angle through the 3D project space. Thus we express a coordinate position on a section in terms of a more generic coordinate pair - viz. (U, V). For the Topography section (a map-view section), (U, V) will be identical to (X, Y) (i.e. East, North coordinates). For Section1, however, U is a measure from the start of the section, and V is a vertical coordinate, equal to the Z coordinate value. Since the data points listed above were recorded on the topographic surface, we must input these data on the Topography section, and the (X, Y) coordinates supplied in the above table will be the (U, V) coordinates that we will need to input.

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A1 Stage 3Steps From the 2D Viewer toolbar, choose Create Editor toolbar choose Delete all Points 1 . OR press C. From the Points List

In the Topography tab of the 2D Viewer, click (approximately) the three geology data points. Ignore the lines joining the points in the display. They are not relevant to the current task.

Using the Points List Editor, edit the U and V values of the points to be the correct coordinate values measured in the field and supplied in the data table above.

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From the main menu choose Geology > 2D Structural > Create geology data OR In the Structural toolbar, choose Create geology data Press CTRL+G. . OR

Ensure that UpperCover is the selected Geological Formation or Fault and choose Create and then Close.

From the 2D Viewer toolbar, choose Create Editor toolbar choose Delete all Points
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OR press C. From the Points List

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5 6

In the Topography tab of the 2D Viewer, click the place for the first geology orientation data point. In the Structural toolbar, choose Create geology orientation data .

7 8 9

Edit the X and Y values and enter the Dip Direction and Dip for the first point from the supplied data table above. Ensure that UpperCover is the selected Geological Formation or Fault and choose Create. Enter X, Y, Dip Direction and Dip for the second point.

10 Choose Create. 11 Choose Close.

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12 Import prepared structural data into Section1. Another geologist in your team has created a Section1 interpretation for the project. Import the data to the project. The file is GeoModeller\tutorial\CaseStudyA\TutorialA1\Data\ Section1_UpperCover.data Select the Section1 tab in the 2D Viewer. From the main menu choose Import > Import 2D Data.

Choose Browse and open the file. Choose OK.

13 Save your project.

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A1 Stage 4Compute the 3D model

Parent topic: Tutorial A1A simple model with two formations

Our project now contains sufficient data to compute a 3D model. A1 Stage 4Steps 1 From the main menu choose Model > Compute OR From the Model toolbar choose Compute Press CTRL+M. OR

Use the default parameters: 2 Series to interpolate: Select All. Sections to take into account: Select All.

Choose OK. 3D GeoModeller computes the 3D model based on the data in our project. Note that the model is a mathematical model - a set of interpolation parameters based on the project data. In order to see the model, we need to interrogate the model and present it either in the 3D Viewer, or render it onto 2D sections in the 2D Viewer. We will do this in the following sections.

Save your project.

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A1 Stage 5Show the 3D model in 2D sections and in 3D

Parent topic: Tutorial A1A simple model with two formations

In this stage of the tutorial we generate a representation of our model. A1 Stage 5 StepsPlotting the model in Section1 with lines 1 2 Select Section1 in the 2D Viewer. From the main menu choose Model > Plot the model settings OR From the Model toolbar, choose Plot the model settings Pess CTRL+D. OR

Set the parameters: 3 Check Show lines and clear Show fill. Use default values for the other parameters.

Choose OK.

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View the line plot in the 3D Viewer. From the shortcut menu in Section1 in the 2D Viewer choose Show modelled geology lines in 3D Viewer. Examine the results in the 3D Viewer.

5 1 2

Save your project. Select Section1 in the 2D Viewer. From the main menu choose, choose Model > Plot the model settings OR From the Model toolbar, choose Plot the model settings Pess CTRL+D. OR

A1 Stage 5 StepsPlotting the model in Section1 with filled polygons

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Set the parameters: Check Show fill and clear Show lines. Default values for the other parameters.

Choose OK.

View the filled plot in the 3D Viewer. Click in the 2D Viewer. From the shortcut menu in Section1 in the 2D Viewer choose Show modelled geology polygons in 3D Viewer. Examine the results in the 3D Viewer.

Save your project.

A1 Stage 5Section1 plot discussion 3D GeoModeller plots the model geology for Section1 in the form of (geology contact) lines. In effect, this process plots the intersection of Section1 with the 3D model. 3D GeoModeller renders the LowerCoverUpperCover geology contact in the colour associated with the UpperCover formation, since the geological pile is referenced to the bottom of geology formations (in other words, the LowerCover UpperCover geology contact is the bottom (base) of the UpperCover formation. Observe how the geology contact (plotted from the model) passes through our observed geology data points (observed contacts or interfaces).

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A1 Stage 5 StepsPlotting the model in Topography section 1 Repeat the previous two sets of steps using the Topography section..

Lines (Geology contact or interface)

Filled (Solid Geology)

Section1 and Topography section plot in 3D Viewer

The plot of modelled geology on the Topography section is, in effect, a solid-geology map of our project area. The blue colour represents the outcrop of LowerCover, which is overlain by the yellow UpperCover formation. A1 Stage 5 StepsBuild 3D formations For an overall picture, let us represent the model in 3D. 1 Turn off the display of the section plots in the 3D Viewer. Select Topography in the 2D Viewer. From the shortcut menu in Topography in the 2D Viewer choose the following items if they are available: Hide modelled geology lines in 3D Viewer. Hide modelled geology polygons in 3D Viewer.

Repeat this step for Section1.

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Choose main menu Model > Build 3D Formations and Faults OR In the Model toolbar choose Build 3D Formations and Faults

Choose OK.

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You can represent the formations in either wire frame or shaded style. To change the view of a series or formation: In the Project Explorer, expand the Model branch of the tree and select the series or formation Choose Wireframe or Shaded from the shortcut menu.

Shaded upper, Wireframe lower

All wireframe

Save your project.

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Tutorial A2Several formations that overlap each other

Parent topic: Tutorial case study A (Philippes model)

In this tutorial you use 3D GeoModeller to build a 3D model with several geology formations that have more complex inter-relations. Using 3D GeoModeller, you will: Open an existing project Add geology formations to a project Modify the geological pile Manage depositional and intrusive rock-relationships Plot model geology cross-sections that are automatically coherent with all other sections

The starting point is the work completed in Tutorial A1A simple model with two formations. Note that a completed version of the tutorial is available as GeoModeller\tutorial\CaseStudyA\TutorialA2\Completed_project\ [Link]. Do not overwrite it. In this tutorial:
Parent topic: Tutorial A2 Several formations that overlap each other

A2 Stage 1Open the project A2 Stage 2The basement and the sedimentary sequences A2 Stage 3Intermediate models A2 Stage 4An intrusive granite A2 Stage 5The final 3D model

A2 Stage 1Open the project

Open the completed project from Tutorial A1A simple model with two formations. You do not need to have completed this perfectly yourself. We have provided a copy in the set of tutorial files. A2 Stage 1Steps 1 Open the completed project from Tutorial A1. From the main menu choose Project > Open OR From the Project toolbar choose Open Press CTRL+O. OR

Open your completed project from Tutorial A1 or the solution provided: \GeoModeller\tutorial\CaseStudyA\TutorialA1\Completed_Project \[Link]. If you opened the solution that we provided, save it with a new name in the folder you are using for your tutorial data. From the main menu choose Project > Save As OR From the Project toolbar choose Save As Press CTRL+SHIFT+S. OR

Note that a completed version of this tutorial A2 is available in \GeoModeller\tutorial\CaseStudyA\TutorialA2\Completed_Project\ [Link]. Do not overwrite it. 2
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In the 2D Viewer, select the tab Section1.

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Plot the model in Section1 using filled polygons From the main menu choose, choose Model > Plot the model settings OR From the Model toolbar, choose Plot the model settings Press CTRL+D. Set the parameters: Check Show fill and clear Show lines. Default values for the other parameters. OR

Choose OK.

Save your project.

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A2 Stage 2The basement and the sedimentary sequences

Parent topic: Tutorial A2 Several formations that overlap each other

At the moment your project has two formations: UpperCover LowerCover

However, your recent mapping showed that the geology of the region was a little more complex. In particular, you observed the cover was made up of three distinct formations. Also, a literature review revealed the presence of Basement at 5 to 7 km depth in the project area. In this tutorial we add the missing geology formations to our project. The basement is located below LowerCover. We insert the MiddleCover between the LowerCover and the UpperCover. We shall create geology formations with the following parameters (names are case sensitive and you must enter them exactly as shown): Formation 1 Name Colour Basement pink (RGB 238 162 172) Formation 2 MiddleCover orange (RGB 255 165 0)

We want to update the geological pile of our project. The current pile is as follows: Series UpperSeries LowerSeries Formations UpperCover LowerCover Relationship Onlap Onlap

The Reference of the pile is the Bottom (base of geology formations). That means that the LowerCoverUpperCover contact represents the base of the UpperCover formation. The two series - each having just a single formation - are interpolated separately. The Onlap Relationship is determined from our field observation that the (younger) series simply onlaps onto the stratigraphically older formation, rather than eroding across it. Your literature study shows that the LowerCover formation is unconformable with the Basement. Thus we have to interpolate these 2 formations as different series. On the other hand, the MiddleCover and UpperCover formations are concordant. We can interpolate those two together in the same series. The new pile will look like this: Series UpperSeries LowerSeries BasalSeries Formations UpperCover; MiddleCover LowerCover Basement Relationship Onlap Onlap Onlap

Notice that the UpperCover and MiddleCover formations belong to the same series, named UpperSeries.
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A2 Stage 2Steps 1 Add the two new formations specified above Choose main menu option Geology > Formations : Create or Edit. In the Create or Edit geology formations dialog box, use the following sequence: Enter the Name. Specify the Colour (Click the Colour bar. Use the RGB tab if you want to get it exact, but this is not vital). Choose Add.

When finished, choose Close.

Create a new series for the Basement as specified above. When you choose Close in the previous step, 3D GeoModeller may display the New formation creation tip box.

Choose Yes, start Stratigraphic Pile editor. If this box does not appear, from the main menu, choose Geology: Stratigraphic Pile: Create or Edit.

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Ensure that Reference of the pile is set to Bottom.

Choose New series. Specify BasalSeries: Enter BasalSeries for Name of the series. Select formations and use either Add to Series or Remove from Series to move the formations so that Basement is the only formation in the Formations in Series list. For example, to move Basement from the unassigned Available Formations into the Formations in Series, select Basement and then choose . the Add to Series

Choose Commit, and then choose Close.

If necessary select a Series and use the Move up or Move down arrow buttons to put BasalSeries at the bottom.
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Insert the MiddleCover formation into the UpperSeries as specified above. In the Create or Edit geology series and the stratagraphic pile dialog box, select UpperSeries. Choose Edit. Select MiddleCover from the Available Formations and use Add to Series to move it to the Formations in Series, then use Move down so that MiddleCover is the lower formation in the Formations in Series list and UpperCover remains on top.

Choose Commit and Close. Close the Create or Edit geology series and the sratagraphic pile dialog box. 4 Check the details of the revised stratigraphic pile From the main menu choose Geology > Stratigraphic Pile: Visualise. Check that the series are in the correct stratigraphic order from BasalSeries at the bottom (oldest), through LowerSeries to UpperSeries at the top. Check also that the two formations within the UpperSeries are in the correct stratigraphic order; the UpperCover must be on top, above the MiddleCover. Choose Close to close the Stratigraphic Pile Viewer. If required, from the main menu choose Geology > Stratigraphic Pile: Create or Edit and repeat steps 2 and 3 as required to rearrange the formations into the correct stratigraphic order.

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Erase all model geology from Section1 Remove the model plot of the earlier model geology in Section1. Select Section1 tab in the 2D Viewer. From the main menu choose Model > Erase all model geology OR From the shortcut menu in the 2D Viewer choose Erase all model geology OR In the Model toolbar choose Erase all model geology .

Import the prepared data into Section1. One of your collaborators has already revised Section1 for you. You just need to import the data into your project. The file is GeoModeller\tutorial\CaseStudyA\TutorialA2\Data\ Section1_LowerCover_MiddleCover.data. Select the Section1 tab in the 2D Viewer. From the main menu choose Import > Import 2D data.

Choose Browse and open the file. Choose OK. 7 Save your project.

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A2 Stage 2Discussion Section1 now includes the structural data for the basal contacts of the LowerCover, MiddleCover and UpperCover formations. Each data point has the colour of the geology formations with which it is associated. These new geology (contact) data will influence the positions of the contacts during the re-computation of the 3D model.

Note that the set of geology data points for LowerCover have associated geology orientation data. This feature of 3D GeoModeller allows you to define the position of some geology contact via a sequence of contact data points, and at the same time describe the attitude of that contact by means of associated orientation data. The associated geology orientation data are located at each mid-point between the geology data points. Note also that for 3D GeoModeller to compute the model for any series, there must be at least 1 geology data (contact) point for each formation within that series and at least 1 geology orientation data point for the series within the limits of the modelled zone. For the LowerSeries, the imported contact data, and their associated geology orientation data, meet this requirement. For the UpperSeries, there are contact data points on both Section1 and the Topography section, and two orientation data points on the Topography section.

A2 Stage 3Intermediate models

Parent topic: Tutorial A2 Several formations that overlap each other

It is now possible to calculate the revised 3D model based on these new data. To better understand how 3D GeoModeller works, lets first build a model which takes into account only the Basement and LowerCover. A2 Stage 3Steps 1 Compute the 3D model with the following parameters: Series to interpolate: LowerSeries Sections to take into account: Topography, and Section1

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From the main menu choose Model > Compute OR From the Model toolbar choose Press CTRL+M. OR

Set the parameters and choose OK. Notice that the BasalSeries does not appear in the calculation of the model. There is a simple reason for thisthere are no data for this BasalSeries! 3D GeoModeller does, however, use the Basement formation when generating various 2D plots and 3D shapes the model. Basement occupies all of the space below the base of the LowerCover formation. 3 Plot the model geology in Section1 with the following parameters: Select Section1 tab in the 2D Viewer. From the main menu choose, choose Model > Plot the model settings OR From the Model toolbar, choose Plot the model settings Press CTRL+D. Check Show fill and clear Show lines. Choose OK. OR

According with the current model computation, Section1 contains only two formations: Basement (at the bottom) and LowerCover (which fills the space up to the topographic surface). 4 Compute the complete model In this step we compute the complete model, with the UpperSeries which includes the MiddleCover and UpperCover formations. This model uses both the structural data on Section1 and the geology data of the UpperCover formation that we have observed on the topographic surface. It uses the information recorded in the geological pile to manage the relationships between the different series. Compute the 3D model with the following parameters: Series to interpolate: Select All Sections to take into account: Select All

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Plot the model geology in Section1 using fill: Select the Section1 tab in the 2D Viewer. From the main menu choose, choose Model > Plot the model settings OR From the Model toolbar, choose Plot the model settings Press CTRL+D. Check Show fill and clear Show lines. Choose OK. OR

In agreement with the defined stratigraphic pile, the LowerCover (blue) is unconformable on the Basement (pink). On the other hand, the MiddleCover (orange) and the UpperCover (yellow) are concordant with each other (subparallel). 6 Plot the model using fill on the topographic surface Select the Topography tab in the 2D Viewer. Plot the model using fill as you did in earlier steps.

You have just created the geology map, derived from your 3D model! 7 Save your project.

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A2 Stage 4An intrusive granite

Parent topic: Tutorial A2 Several formations that overlap each other

During your field work you observed the presence of a granite in the project area. Unfortunately, due to poor outcrop you were not able to map its extents. On the other hand, it was possible for you to measure some dips that are representative of the geometry of the granite contacts. In this stage we add information about the granite to our project and recompute the model. A2 Stage 4Steps 1 Add a new formation for the granite Before integrating your geology orientation data (strikes and dips) for the granite into the project, you need to add the new geology formation. Add the new formation with the following parameters (Names are case sensitive and must be exactly as shown): Formation Name Colour Granite red (RGB 205; 0; 0)

Choose main menu option Geology > Formations : Create or Edit. In the Create or Edit geology formations dialog box, use the following sequence: Enter the Name. Specify the Colour (use the RGB tab if you want to get it exact, but this is not vital). Choose Add and then Close.

3D GeoModeller may display the New formation creation tip box. Choose No, do it later.

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Import the structural data measurements observed on the granite into the Topography (Map_DTM) section. The file is GeoModeller\tutorial\CaseStudyA\TutorialA2\Data\ Map_Granite.data. Select the Topography tab in the 2D Viewer. Import the data as you did in earlier steps. The data contains the name of the Granite formation, and 3D GeoModeller automatically assigns it.

3 4

Save your project. Start defining a new section for seismic data, Section2. Add points to the Points List to define it. To learn more about the shape of this granite, you asked to review some seismic data shot on a line oriented N063E. The teams geophysicist has just finished his interpretation and he shows you the interpreted shape of the granite in the seismic section. You need to define a new section, corresponding to this seismic profile. On the Topography section, make the trace of the new section using the Points List Editor, and then create the section (Section2) from its trace. The coordinates of the ends of Section2 are: X (East) = U Start End 100010 109990 Y (North) = V 2005000 2009990

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Select the Topography section in the 2D Viewer. From the 2D Viewer toolbar, choose Create OR press C. to erase any

From the Points List Editor toolbar choose Delete all Points existing contents of the Points List. Click two points close to those specified in the table above.

Edit the points using the Points List Editor so that they have the correct values. On the Points List Editor toolbar choose Float or Dock the Points List Editor From the Show points list information or table menu in the toolbar, Choose Table . Edit the U and V point coordinates as required. To dock the Points List Editor (if you want to reduce screen clutter), choose Float or dock the Points List Editor . For more detailed instructions and illustrations, refer to similar activity in A1 Stage 2Define section in Tutorial A1A simple model with two formations. .

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Create the section Section2 from the points trace. Choose menu option Section > Create a Section from its Trace OR on the Section toolbar, choose Create a Section from its Trace Choose CTRL+T. OR

In the Create a Section from its Trace dialog box, enter the name Section2 (leaving other parameters with default values) and then choose Create and Close. In the 2D Viewer, 3D GeoModeller shows the new section in the Topography (Map_DTM) tab and creates a new Section2 tab. This tab shows a 2D view of the new section. You can see the profile of the topography.

7 8

Save your project. Plot the model geology as fill on Section2 Remember that the current 3D model does not take the granite into account. Select the Section2 tab in the 2D Viewer. and plot the model as solid geology (i.e. filled polygons).

3D GeoModeller automatically plots the section view according to the last computed model. All sections (the Topography, Section1 and Section2) share the same 3D model. Thus the three sections present a coherent view on the modelled geology as currently computed; where the sections intersect with each other, the modelled geology plots are identical.
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Import the seismic interpretation of the granite in Section2. The file is GeoModeller\tutorial\CaseStudyA\TutorialA2\Data\ Section2_Granite.data. Select the Section2 tab in the 2D Viewer. Import the file using similar steps to previous stages in the tutorial.

10 Save your project. 11 Create a new series, IntrusiveSeries containing the Granite formation Before computing a revised 3D model that takes account of the granite, we need to insert this latest formation or unit into the projects geological pile. The seismic section shows clearly that the Granite intrudes all three of the Cover formations that we have defined. So that the model takes this cross-cutting relationship into account, we will define the Relationship to be Erode in the geological pile. We shall create a new series so that our geological pile has the following configuration (with Bottom reference): Series IntrusiveSeries UpperSeries LowerSeries BasalSeries Formations Granite UpperCover MiddleCover LowerCover Basement Relationship Erode Onlap Onlap Onlap

For a set of instructions with more detailed instructions and screen snaps, see A2 Stage 2The basement and the sedimentary sequences above.

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From the main menu, choose Geology > Stratigraphic Pile: Create or Edit. Ensure that Reference of the pile is set to Bottom. Choose New series. Specify IntrusiveSeries in Name of the series. If required, select formations and use either Add to Series or Remove from Series to move the formations so that Granite is the only formation in the Formations in Series list. Ensure that the Relationship is set to Erode. Choose Commit.

Choose Close. In the Create or Edit geology series and the stratigraphic pile, if necessary, select the IntrusiveSeries and use the Move up arrow buttons to put IntrusiveSeries at the top (i.e. the IntrusiveSeries is the youngest geological event recorded in the stratigraphic pile). Choose Close. 12 Save your project.

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A2 Stage 5The final 3D model

Parent topic: Tutorial A2 Several formations that overlap each other

The final stage of this tutorial is to compute the 3D model with the granite. A2 Stage 5Steps 1 Compute the 3D model with all sections and series. From the main menu choose Model > Compute OR From the Model toolbar choose Press CTRL+M. 2 OR

Compute the 3D model with the following parameters: Series to interpolate: Select All Sections to take into account: Select All

Plot the model, filled, in a section Select a section tab in the 2D Viewer. Plot the model in the section using the same steps as you have in previous stages.

Plot the model using current settings in all sections. From the main menu choose Model > Plot model on sections in 2D Viewer OR From the Model toolbar choose Plot model on all sections in 2D Viewer ..

Topography

Section1

Section2

View the filled plots in the 3D Viewer. In turn, select each section in the 2D Viewer and, from the shortcut menu in the 2D Viewer choose Show modelled geology polygons in 3D Viewer.

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View the full model in the 3D Viewer Remove the section displays in the 3D Viewer. For each section in turn in the 2D Viewer, from the shortcut menu in the 2D Viewer choose the following items if they are available: Hide modelled geology lines in 3D Viewer. Hide modelled geology polygons in 3D Viewer. .

Choose main menu Model > Build 3D Formations and Faults OR In the Model toolbar choose Build 3D Formations and Faults Choose OK. Examine the 3D view, changing the appearance of each formation as desired. See detailed instructions in A1 Stage 5 StepsBuild 3D formations if required.

Save your project.

A2 Stage 5Discussion The revised geology surface map enables you to target areas of interest for your next field mapping campaign. Observe how 3D GeoModeller models the intrusive granite as cutting across all of the Cover formations; this is due to the Erode relationship that you assigned to the Granite in the geological pile. You could also assign this Erode relationship to any other geology formation for which you required a cross-cutting or erosional type of behaviour.

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Tutorial A3Geology with a fault

Parent topic: Tutorial case study A (Philippes model)

In this tutorial you will include a fault in your 3D model. Using 3D GeoModeller, you will learn how to: Define a fault and its geometry Revise your geology interpretation Import data with the .mif or .mid interchange format Define the relationships between faults and geology formations Compute the 3D model taking a fault into account

The starting point for this tutorial is the work completed in Tutorial A2. In this tutorial:
Parent topic: Tutorial A3 Geology with a fault

A3 Stage 1The project A3 Stage 2Presence of a fault A3 Stage 3Revising the geology interpretation A3 Stage 4Setting the links between faults and geology series

A3 Stage 1The project

The start point of this tutorial is the completed work from Tutorial A2Several formations that overlap each other A3 Stage 1Steps 1 Open your completed project from Tutorial A2 or the solution provided: GeoModeller\tutorial\CaseStudyA\TutorialA2\Completed_project\ [Link] Save the project with a new name in the folder you are using for your tutorial data. Note that a completed version of this tutorial is available in GeoModeller\tutorial\CaseStudyA\TutorialA3\Completed_project\ [Link]. Do not overwrite it.

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Use the Project Explorer and tabs to practise opening and closing sections in the 2D Viewer. Open all three sections . In the Project Explorer, expand the Sections branch of the project tree. Use the shortcut (right click) menu to choose options for each section.

To open a section in the 2D Viewer, select the section and choose shortcut menu option Open 2D Viewer. To close a section view use the Close button Viewer tab. 4 Erase all model geology from the 2D Viewer Select a tab in the 2D Viewer. From the main menu choose Model > Erase all model geology OR From the shortcut menu in the 2D Viewer choose Erase all model geology OR In the Model toolbar choose Erase all model geology Repeat the step for every tab. 5 Erase all model geology from the 3D Viewer In the Project Explorer, select Models and then choose Delete from its shortcut menu. Confirm the operation. . in the sections 2D

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Review the geology shown on the three sections.

Topography

Section1

Section2

Examine the geological pile to review the formations in this project and understand their relationships. Display the stratigraphic pile viewer. From the main menu choose Geology > Stratigraphic Pile: Visualise.

Choose Close when finished your review. View a summary of the projects pile in the Create or Edit geology series and the geological pile dialog box. Choose main menu Geology > Stratigraphic Pile: Create or Edit.

Choose Close when finished your review. 8 Save your project.

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A3 Stage 1Discussion The granite is intrusive, so we assigned the relationship Erode to it. All of the other formations are of type Onlap. They are simply deposited on the existing (older) formations without eroding them. Also note that the UpperCover and MiddleCover formations belong to the same series, called UpperSeries. That means that we treat these two formations jointly in the computation of the model. They therefore have a similar shape (or geological behaviour) and remain sub-parallel everywhere in the 3D model. The basal contacts of these two formations can never intersect each other.

A3 Stage 2Presence of a fault

Parent topic: Tutorial A3 Geology with a fault

Using the geology map plotted from your modelling in Tutorial A2, you decide to return to the field to clarify aspects of the geology. In particular, you suspect the presence of a normal fault in the south-east of your project area. A thorough study of the outcrops confirmed your ideas. You observed a normal fault on two different outcrops. It was possible for you to measure azimuth and dip (N130, 80) on one of them. These observations raise questions about your geological assumptions and cast doubt on the validity of the 3D model of the project area. Before integrating these new observations into the model, we need to create the fault (as an object that can be used in the project). You will see that this is a similar process to the creation of a geology formation. A3 Stage 2Steps 1 Create faults with the following parameters. Use the following parameters (make sure you enter the names exactly as showncase sensitive, no spaces): Name: SW_NE_Fault Colour: green (RGB 68 138 0)

Choose main menu Geology > Faults: Create or Edit. Enter the parameters given above and click Add and then Close.

Since you have just created a new fault, the New fault creation message suggests you might want to now link the new fault to a geological series. Choose No, do it later.

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Using the Points List, add the new geology data for the faults that you observed in the two outcrops. In the Topography section, define two fault position points. Note that the field observations describing the position and attitude of faults are essentially geology datajust like geology contact points. Thus we will use exactly the same steps to create fault data as we used previously to create geology data. The coordinates for the two points where the fault was observed are: X (East) = U Point 1 Point 2 105000 107500 Y (North) = V 2002500 2005000 Fault Name SW_NE_Fault SW_NE_Fault

For more detailed instructions for using the Points List Editor in an operation like this, see the following stages of Tutorial A1A simple model with two formations: A1 Stage 2Define section. A1 Stage 3Import geology data to the section OR press C. to erase any

From the 2D Viewer toolbar, choose Create

From the Points List Editor toolbar choose Delete all Points existing contents of the Points List.

In the Topography tab in the 2D Viewer, click two points approximately at the coordinates specified in the table above.

Edit the points in the Points List Editor so that they have the correct values. Click the Float or Dock the Points List Editor icon on the Points List Editor toolbar. From the Show points list information or table menu in the toolbar, Choose Table . Edit the U and V point coordinates as required. Dock the Points List Editor.

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From the main menu choose Geology > 2D Structural > Create geology data OR In the Structural toolbar, choose Create geology data Press CTRL+G. . OR

In the Create geology data dialog set the Geological Formations and Faults to SW_NE_Fault, choose Create and then Close.

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Save your project. Define one orientation point associated with the fault as follows X 107500 Y 2005000 Direction of dip 130 Dip 80 Polarity normal Fault Name SW_NE_Fault

See A1 Stage 3Import geology data to the section in Tutorial A1A simple model with two formations for detailed instructions about this type of step. From the 2D Viewer toolbar, choose Create OR press C. From . the Points List Editor toolbar choose Delete all Points

The attitude of the fault (strike and dip) has been measured in the field at the same place as the upper right data point of the fault. In the Topography tab in the 2D Viewer, click this point.

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From the main menu choose Geology > 2D Structural > Create geology orientation data OR In the Structural toolbar, choose Create geology orientation data Press CTRL+R. In the Create geology orientation data dialog box: Correct the point Coordinates, if necessary Enter Dip direction and Dip Select the SW_NE_Fault Choose Create and then Close. OR

Save your project.

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Compute and plot the 3D model for the fault only, to check that it is correct. Compute the 3D model with the following parameters with the following parameters: Faults only: Checked Faults to interpolate: SW_NE_Fault Sections to take into account: Select Topography OR

From the main menu choose Model > Compute OR From the Model toolbar choose Press CTRL+M.

It is sufficient to use only the data from the topographic surface since all of our data relating to the fault are on that (map) section.

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Plot the model, with lines, in Topography Select the Topography tab in the 2D Viewer. From the main menu choose, choose Model > Plot the model settings OR From the Model toolbar, choose Plot the model settings Press CTRL+D. Check Show lines and clear Show fill. Choose OK. OR

Our computed model is currently a model of the SW_NE_Fault only, so this plot of the current geology model on the topographic (map) surface shows only the trace of the fault (in green).

Note in the above image that Section1 is oriented perpendicular to the fault. This will enable us to visualise the true dip of the fault in that section.

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Plot the model, with lines, in Section1 Use the instructions from the previous step, but for Section1.

In Section1, 3D GeoModeller plots the fault with a dip of 80 towards the southeast, consistent with your field-measured strike and dip data. 9 Save your project.

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A3 Stage 3Revising the geology interpretation

Parent topic: Tutorial A3 Geology with a fault

The presence of a fault in Section1 requires us to reconsider our geological interpretation. In particular, there is the issue of defining the amount of throw on this normal fault. One of your co-workers has already worked on this for you. This work has been done in the MapInfo GIS software. We propose to import the interpretation into 3D GeoModeller. To do this, we use the MapInfo interchange format (.mif/.mid). A3 Stage 3Steps 1 Recall that the existing geology data in Section1 is an interpretation. Further, that earlier interpretation did not take the fault into account. We need to replace the earlier work with revised data that does allow for the fault We shall first remove the geology data (contact points) that we previously imported into Section1 in Tutorial A2. From the 2D Viewer toolbar choose Delete objects . In Section1 in the 2D Viewer drag a rectangle to include the three sets of geological data. 3D GeoModeller displays a dotted green rectangle around the selected objects. Confirm that you want to delete the selected geology data objects. Choose Yes. Dont worry. You are not deleting the formations themselves!

Alternative method: Select Section1 in the 2D Viewer. From the 2D Viewer shortcut menu, choose Data > Delete > Geology data. Choose Yes to confirm the operation.

Exit from Delete mode. From the 2D Viewer toolbar choose Select Press S.
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Import geology data into Section1 from a .mif file as follows: Name of the file: GeoModeller\tutorial\CaseStudyA\TutorialA3\Data\MifMid\ Section1_LowerMiddleAndUpperCover.mif Type of data: Geology data Formation: Form

In the 2D Viewer select Section1. From the main menu choose Import > Import 2D data.

Choose Browse and open the specified MapInfo MIF/MID file. Choose OK.

Specify the parameters (Geology data (Bottom), and Form) and choose OK.

Examine Section1 (above). Note that to the right of the normal fault there are some interpreted geology data points for the bottom of LowerCover, and the bottom of the MiddleCover, but there are no structural data (neither geology contact data, nor any geology orientation data) for the base of the UpperCover formation. We can now use the model to postulate the likely geometry for this formation. We shall return to this later.
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Recall the rule we noted earlier regarding 3D model computation: Before we can compute the model of a series, there must be at least 1 geology data (contact) point for each formation in the series and 1 geology orientation data point for the series (within the modelled zone). We have met this condition for the IntrusiveSeries and UpperSeries, but not for the LowerSeries. The LowerSeries consists of a single geology unit (the LowerCover formation). There are some geology data (contact) points in Section1 for LowerCover, but there are no geology orientation data for LowerCover formation. In order to be able to model the LowerSeries, we must add geology orientation data for the LowerCover formation. One way to do this is to associate geology orientation data with one of the two sets of LowerCover geology data that were imported to Section1. Roll the mouse over one of the points in the geological data that belongs to LowerCover (blue); the data object becomes selected, and the set of data points turns white. From the shortcut menu at this point, choose Edit. 3D GeoModeller displays the Edit geology data dialog box.

Check Associated. Select Orthogonal from the Compute options. Select Normal from the Polarity options. Choose Edit and then Close.

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3D GeoModeller displays these new associated geology orientation data using dip symbols. Their azimuth is that of Section1, and the dip of each one is determined from the two geology data points to either side.

Before considering data for the other side of the fault, look at what our new interpretation yields without modelling the fault. Compute the 3D model with all components except the fault. Use the following parameters Clear Faults only. Sections to take into account: Select All Faults to interpolate: None Series to interpolate: Select All

Plot the model geology as filled polygons in Section1.

Save your project.

A3 Stage 3Discussion The result shows that the 3D GeoModeller took into account the new geology data (and associated orientation data). The model of the basal contacts of the LowerCover and the MiddleCover are forced to twist to honour the new observations. By contrast, the basal contact of the UpperCover is only slightly affected since there are no structural data providing constraints to the right of the normal fault position. It is now time to take the fault into account, and incorporate its effect it into our modelling. Before recomputing the model, we need to learn about linking faults and series.
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A3 Stage 4Setting the links between faults and geology series

Parent topic: Tutorial A3 Geology with a fault

When we define the links between faults and series, we are stating which fault interacts with which series of geology formations. In our project area, the normal fault displaces the Basement and also the three Cover formations, but does not affect the Granite. A3 Stage 4Steps 1 Link faults with geology series as follows: Series IntrusiveSeries UpperSeries LowerSeries BasalSeries X X X SW_NE_Fault

From the main menu choose Geology > Link faults with series. Click the table cells to check or clear a link.

Choose OK. 2 Compute the model, taking all data in account. Clear Faults only. Sections to take into account: Select All Faults to interpolate: Select All (Note: ensure the fault is selected) Series to interpolate: Select All

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Plot the model using lines in Section1 and review the modelled geology contacts.

Recall that there were no data to the right of the normal fault for the MiddleCover-UpperCover contact. The model has proposed a geometry for this interface which is based on the other available data for the UpperSeries; in other words, the model has been used to predict the amount of throw for the normal fault on this section. If you want, experiment by adding new geology data (contact points) which modify the position of the interface. 4 Plot the model as filled polygons (solid geology) on Section2.

As we would expect, the fault does not have any influence on this part of the model. The presentation of the 3D model in Section2 is the same as at the beginning of this tutorial. 5 Plot the model as both lines (to plot the fault) and solid geology on the Topography (map) section. In the Plot the model settings dialog check both Show fill and Show lines. This is the geology map of your project area.

Here again, the geology map is the same as the one as at the beginning of the tutorial. The only difference is the presence of the fault, visible by its trace. 6 Save your project.

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Tutorial A4Incorporating drillhole data

Parent topic: Tutorial case study A (Philippes model)

This study will show you how to use 3D GeoModeller and incorporate drillhole data into your 3D model. It also explores problems of inconsistency between sections (interpreted previously) and drillhole data (added later) - and how to revise your interpretive geological work to resolve such inconsistencies. Using 3D GeoModeller, you will learn how to: Use drillhole data Use drillhole data where partial intersection of a geology formation provides incomplete, but useable, information Revise your (earlier) geology interpretation to make it coherent with new data added to the project

The starting point for this tutorial is the completed Tutorial A3. In this tutorial: A4 Stage 1The project A4 Stage 2Revision of geology interpretation with Drillhole 1 A4 Stage 3Revision of geology interpretation with Drillholes 1 and 2 A4 Stage 4Revision of geology interpretation with Drillholes 1 2 3 4 5 6

A4 Stage 1The project

Parent topic: Tutorial A4 Incorporating drillhole data

The start point of this tutorial is the completed work from Tutorial A3Geology with a fault A4 Stage 1Steps 1 Open your completed project from Tutorial A3 or the solution provided: GeoModeller\tutorial\CaseStudyA\TutorialA3\Completed_Project\ [Link] Save the project with a new name in the folder you are using for your tutorial data. Note that a completed version of this tutorial is available as GeoModeller\tutorial\CaseStudyA\TutorialA4\Completed_Project\ [Link] Do not overwrite it.

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A4 Stage 2Revision of geology interpretation with Drillhole 1

Parent topic: Tutorial A4 Incorporating drillhole data

Your project is now ready to incorporate the drillhole data. A4 Stage 2Steps 1 2 Erase the model data from all sections and from the 3D Viewer. Import drillhole 1 From the main menu choose Import > Import Drillhole Data > Import Collars, Surveys, Geology. In the CSV Data Import dialog box: Browse for and open the Collars table, the Survey table and the Geology table. Use the following files: GeoModeller\tutorial\CaseStudyA\TutorialA4\Data\ Drillhole1_Collars.csv GeoModeller\tutorial\CaseStudyA\TutorialA4\Data\ Drillhole1_Surveys.csv GeoModeller\tutorial\CaseStudyA\TutorialA4\Data\ Drillhole1_Geology.csv

Choose Next to move through to the ninth step of the CSV Data Import dialog box. In this tutorial dataset no changes are needed at any of the steps. The column-names in the datafiles should be self-explanatory. By default, 3D GeoModeller expects the dip values for drillhole surveys to be positive downwards (i.e. a dip of 90 is a vertical, downwards drillhole). If your drillhole-surveys dataset uses the opposite convention, you can check Invert Dip to import those data correctly.

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Choose Finish at Step 9 to complete the import and dismiss the meassage box reporting the successful import of the one drillhole for this case.

3D GeoModeller displays the drillhole in the 3D Viewer. You will not see the drillhole in the 2D Viewer until you project it onto one or more sections. 3 Project the drillhole onto the topographic map Select the Topography tab in the 2D Viewer. From the main menu choose Model > Project data onto sections in 2D Viewer OR From the Model toolbar choose Project data onto sections in 2D Viewer OR Press CTRL+I.

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Enter 10 as the Maximum distance of projection, and check from Drillhole Trace. Clear all the other checkboxes. 3D GeoModeller will project onto the Topography section the drillhole-traces for that portion of all drillholes which lie within 10 metres either side of the specified section. Choose OK. Note the position of the drillhole in the NE of the area, close to the trace of Section2. 3D GeoModeller displays the drillhole collar location as a triangle, using the colour of the first geology interval in the drillhole. 4 Project the drillhole onto Section2, again using Maximum distance of projection 10m.

5 6

Compute the 3D model including all sections, series and faults. Plot the model using lines on Section2.

3D GeoModeller automatically creates a geology (contact) data point at the point of contact between the drilled interval of Granite in the upper part of the drillhole, and the interval of MiddleCover below the Granite. Such automatically generated drillhole contacts are used in GeoModellers model computation just like any other geology contact data point. The drillhole data shows a contact position for the bottom of the Granite which differs from that suggested in interpretive data that you previously imported onto Section2. This could be because: 7 The earlier interpretation of the section is incorrect OR The drillhole data are inaccurate.

We assume that the first theory is correct. Save your project.

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Edit the granite contact data to allow for the accurate drillhole contact information, changing the following points: Point # 19 20 21 New U 8585 (i.e. no change) delete this point 9878 (i.e. no change) 1334 New V 1639

Erase the plot of the current geology model from Section2. Before continuing, ensure that you know how to pan and zoom in the 2D Viewer. Movement Zoom (make diagram larger or smaller) Pan (move diagram) Operation Hold CTRL and drag with left mouse button. Drag up to zoom in, drag down to zoom out. Hold CTRL and drag with centre mouse button OR From the 2D Viewer toolbar choose Pan and drag the display to the place you require using the left mouse button.

In this step we describe two methods of editing data: Moving and deleting data points graphically - using different mouse-modes. Directly editing the coordinates of the data points using the Points List Editor.

Use the method that suits you. Sometimes you may want to use both together Deleting data points: In 3D GeoModeller we recommend that you should not use interpreted data points that are close to observed data. In this case, we have an observed geology contact in the drillhole, so we want to delete the interpreted point that is close to the drillhole. Zoom in to the area of interest; we want to delete the interpreted Granite contact point that is just to the right of the drillhole. To delete a point graphically (using the mouse), we need to change the mouse function to the delete points mode. From the 2D Viewer toolbar choose Delete points . Select the Granite contact pointsroll the mouse over them so that they turn white. Specifically, move the mouse over the geology contact point that is just to the right of the drillhole. Click left to delete this point.

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Moving data points: We now want to move two or three of the (nearby) interpreted geology contact data, such that the interpreted Granite contact is better aligned with the contact position observed in the drillhole. Using the instructions listed below, move two or three points such that the interpreted contact seems more geologically reasonable to you. Recall that we dont want to place any interpreted points close to the actual observed data point in the drillhole. If you want to make changes which are very similar to the changes illustrated in this tutorial, move one point on each side of the drillhole, and be guided by the cursor feed-back (u, v) coordinates displayed on the status line on the lower left ). corner of the software interface ( From the 2D Viewer toolbar choose Move points Press N. OR

Select the Granite contact pointsroll the mouse over them so that they turn white. Specifically, move the mouse over the geology contact point that is just to the left of the drillhole. Click left, and drag this point upwards, so that the interpreted contact point will be in better agreement with the observed contact in the drillhole. If you want to closely match the change made in this tutorial example, observe the (u, v) coordinates on the status line as you drag the point, and when the coordinates approximately match the value given in the above table, release.

Repeat the above steps to move a second point - the one to right of the dillhole.

To exit from the Delete points mouse-mode, choose Select Viewer toolbar OR Press S.

from the 2D

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Direct editing of data point coordinates: From the 2D Viewer toolbar choose Select Press S. OR

Select the Granite contact points. As you roll the mouse over them they will be automatically selected, and turn white. From the shortcut menu of the selected points, choose Edit. 3D GeoModeller copies the data points of the selected geology data object into the Points List and displays the Edit geology data dialog box. Move the box aside if necesssary.

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Float the Points List Editor toolbar and display the Points List data in a table. On the Points List Editor toolbar, choose Float or dock the Points List Editor . From the Show Points List information or table menu in the floated toolbar, choose Table .

To move points, edit the U, V coordinates of points as specified in the table above. To delete Point #20 (which is an interpreted data point close to the drillhole trace), select that row in the Points List table of coordinates, and choose Delete selected point(s) .

Dock the Points List Editor toolbar if you want to make space.

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In the Edit geology data dialog box, choose Edit and then Close.

Save your project.

10 Recompute the 3D model and plot it with lines in Section2.

11 Save your project.

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A4 Stage 3Revision of geology interpretation with Drillholes 1 and 2

Parent topic: Tutorial A4 Incorporating drillhole data

In this stage we import data for another drillhole and again compare the new data with the existing interpretaton data. A4 Stage 3Steps 1 Import Drillhole 2 and project it onto Topography section Use the following files and specify parameters in the same way as you did before: GeoModeller\tutorial\CaseStudyA\TutorialA4\Data\ Drillhole2_Collars.csv GeoModeller\tutorial\CaseStudyA\TutorialA4\Data\ Drillhole2_Surveys.csv GeoModeller\tutorial\CaseStudyA\TutorialA4\Data\ Drillhole2_Geology.csv

Drillhole 2 is not on or near an existing section. Create a section near the drillhole so that you can examine the model near it. Create a section with roughly NS orientation passing by the Drillhole 2. Give it the name Section3. From the 2D Viewer toolbar, choose Create editor toolbar choose Delete all Points . OR press C. From the Points list

Click two points at the edges of the Topography sectionone north and one south of Drillhole 2. Note that the order - north, then south - means that the section we will create will be oriented from north to south. From the main menu choose Section > Create a Section from its Trace OR From the Structural toolbar, choose Create a Section from its Trace Press CTRL+T. Enter the name Section3 and choose OK. OR

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The following pictures show the new section on the Section3 tab, and also the trace of Section3 on the Topography section.

Project the trace of Drillhole 2 onto Section3, with a distance of 10 m. If the drillhole does not appear, increase the Maximum distance of projection until it does appear. Compute the model and plot it using lines on Section3. Note that this is a N-S section, and so is a view of the model geology looking east.

The observed geology in Drillhole 2 was Granite for the entire length of the drillhole. There are no geology contacts with any other formations. 3D GeoModeller therefore does not create any contact points when you import it. Our current model shows the modelled geology Granite contact passing through Drillhole 2. Thus our current model is incorrect, and we need to modify our interpretation data so that the model shows this contact passing below the drillhole. We know that the contact point between the Granite and the MiddleCover is somewhere below the drillhole. We have no observation for this Granite contact below the drillhole ... but just our interpretive idea that the contact is below the end-of-hole. We need to add some data which captures this interpretive idea and we do that by adding an interpretive geology data point on Section3.
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Create a single geology data point with calculated orientation data in Section3. Zoom in to the area of interest if you want. Using Create ( or C), click to create a geology data point on Section3 below the bottom of Drillhole 2. From the main menu choose Geology > 2D structural > Create geology data OR In the Structural toolbar, choose Create geology data Press CTRL+G. . OR

In the Create geology data dialog, set this point to be Granite, and choose Create.

Compute the model and plot it using lines on Section3. The model now takes into account our interpretive data point, and produces a model result which is consistent with the observation that Drillhole 2 was drilled entirely in Granite.

Save your project.

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A4 Stage 4Revision of geology interpretation with Drillholes 1 2 3 4 5 6

Parent topic: Tutorial A4 Incorporating drillhole data

In this stage we include more drillholes and again revise our interpretation to allow for the new information. The new drillholes, 36, relate to a reconnaissance drilling programme carried out along Section2. A4 Stage 4Steps 1 Import Drillholes 36 and project them onto Topography (Map_DTM). Use the following files and specify parameters in the same way as you did before: GeoModeller\tutorial\CaseStudyA\TutorialA4\Data\ Drillhole3to6_Collars.csv GeoModeller\tutorial\CaseStudyA\TutorialA4\Data\ Drillhole3to6_Surveys.csv GeoModeller\tutorial\CaseStudyA\TutorialA4\Data\ Drillhole3to6_Geology.csv

Do not recompute the model yet. Instead, plot the current model with lines on Section2. Project the drillholes onto Section2 using 10m as the Maximum distance of projection (or an increased distance if necessary).

There are several inconsistencies between the current model and the new drillhole data, but before examining these, we need to know a little more about reviewing drillholes in 3D GeoModeller.
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To know the name of a drillhole (projected onto a section): From the 2D Viewer toolbar choose Select Press S. OR

On the Section2 tab, select the fourth drillhole from the left end of the sectionroll the mouse over the trace of the projected drillhole so that it turns white. With the drillhole selected, the shortcut menu shows the drillhole name at the top of the menu list; the fourth drillhole from the left is 6

To review the logged geology intervals in a selected drillhole (projected onto a section): With the drillhole selected, double-click with the left mouse button. The Drillhole Properties dialog opens, showing the geology intervals recorded for the selected drillhole.

Returning to the observed inconsistencies between the plot of the current model on Section2, and the new drillhole data: The current model shows the Granite contact passing through Drillhole 5 (third hole from the left); this is inconsistent with the geology observations in Drillhole 5. The modelled contact for the Granite is deeper than the observed contact position recorded in Drillhole 6 (fourth hole from the left). The modelled contact for the base of MiddleCover is also inconsistent with the new drillhole data.

These inconsistencies must be resolved through interpretive review of the data.

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Revise the Granite contact interpretaton data so that it does not pass through the Drillhole 5 and it correctly passes through Drillhole 6. Use either of the methods described in A4 Stage 2Revision of geology interpretation with Drillhole 1. Re-compute the model with all components and then plot it with lines on Section2.

Your interpretation should now be consistent with respect to the drilled interval of Granite in Drillhole 6. Also note that the contact between MiddleCover and LowerCover was observed in the three drillholes at the left of section (Drillholes 3, 4 and 5). These observed contacts have correctly been incorporated into the model, and the plot of the revised model now passes through those three drillholes at the correct elevation. There is, however, a problem with the model at Drillhole 6. The drillhole data records that the hole drilled through Granite, and then interesected the LowerCover. The model, on the other hand, indicates that Drillhole 6 should have drilled into MiddleCover, and then the LowerCover. The current model is wrong ... but why? Note on Section2 the vertical yellow line that passes between Drillholes 5 and 6. That line represents the trace of Section1 where Section1 intersects Section2. The reason that the model is incorrect (at the moment) is that there is an inconsistency between the observed drillhole data on Section2, and the earlier interpretive data that was imported to Section1 in our intital interpretation.

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The Section1 data seems to be too deep in places. In a nutshell, the interpretive work on Section1 is incorrect ... and we need to revise the work on that section. You will see in this next part of the tutorial that 3D GeoModeller provides us with a neat procedure which helps us to complete this re-interpretation simply and efficiently.

Compute the model for UpperSeries only, without Section1 and without the faults. We now re-compute the model without using Section1 and then plot this revised model on Section1. In this way we can see where 3D GeoModeller would place the base of the MiddleCover - based on the more reliable observed data in the drillholes and on the Topography surface (and excluding the interpretive data on Section1). We will then use this revised model-plot to adjust the interpretation on Section1. Remove all fault links. From the main menu choose Geology > Link faults with series and clear all links. Calculate the model with the following parameters: Sections to take into account: Topography, Section2, Section3 (not Section1) Faults to interpolate: None Series to interpolate: UpperSeries only

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Plot the model using lines on Section1 and Section2.

Section1

Section2

The computed model does not use the data of Section1. 3D GeoModeller shows the model in Section1 based on the other data available for UpperSeries (viz. the drillholes, and the observations on the Topography section). In particular, note the following points on Section1: The interpretive data for the base of UpperCover is consistent with the current model; the interpretive data points lie along the plotted model contact. Observe that the fault has been ignored. Recall that we un-linked the fault. We know reasonably where the fault is (from our previous work), but, for the moment, our model has excluded the fault. The interpretive data for the base of MiddleCover on the left side of the fault is wrong; it is inconsistent with the current model. We will edit these points in a moment. The interpretive data for the base of MiddleCover on the right side of the fault (the down-thrown fault block) are also inconsistent with the current model. We will not edit these points, however. Later, when we re-link the fault, these earlier interpretive data (for the down-thrown fault block) will be used, and the model will then show the down-thrown block of geology on that (right) side of the fault. Observe that the modelled base of MiddleCover passes exactlty through the drilled contacts (between MiddleCover and LowerCover) in Drillholes 3, 4 and 5. Using the details from the stratigraphic pile, 3D GeoModeller correctly interprets these drilled contacts as valid data points representing the base of MiddleCover - and our current model takes these drillhole-data-points into account. Note, however, that the modelled base of MiddleCover does not pass exactly through the drilled contact (between Granite and LowerCover) in Drillhole 6. Again, 3D GeoModeller uses the details from the stratigraphic pile, and correctly interprets this contact as the base of the Granite; recall that the IntrusiveSeries was not computed for the current model, and so the Granite contact has not been plotted.

Also note on Section2 the following:

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The key point, however, is that this cross-cutting intrusive contact cannot be interpreted in terms of the MiddleCover-LowerCover contact. The plot of the modelled base of MiddleCover is wrong in the vicinity of Drillhole 6, and we (the interpreting geologists) must add some interpretive data to fix the problem. When we do this (in a moment), you will see that our interpretive data will be our best guess as to where the MiddleCover-LowerCover contact should pass Drillhole 6; this interpretive best guess is best done by the interpretive geologist. It is for this reason that 3D GeoModeller itself does not attempt to make an interpretive guess! 7 8 Save your project. Edit the data points for the base of MiddleCover on Section1 so that it is consistent with the model (essentially, so that Section1 becomes consistent with the drillhole data) With the mouse in Move points mode, move the interpretive geology contact data points on Section1 such that they lie on the plot of the current (partial) model.

Restore the fault links according the the following table Series IntrusiveSeries UpperSeries LowerSeries BasalSeries X X X SW_NE_Fault

From the main menu choose Geology > Link faults with series and select the links (denoted X in the above table) so that they are marked with a tick. 10 Re-compute the model with all components.

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Compute the model with all components and plot it with lines in Section1 and Section2.

11 Save your project. A4 Stage 4Discussion and further investigation Is your new model coherent with the whole of your data? Is there still a problem with Drillhole 6? What do you think of Drillhole 1 (at the right of the Section2)? Add two interpretive contact points for the bottom of MiddleCover on Section2 to guide the model in the vicinity of Drillholes 6 and 1

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Compute the model again and plot it in the various sections.

Examine the model in the 3D Viewer.

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