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Gyroscopic Instruments and Errors

The document discusses various aircraft instruments and their functions: 1. Pitot and static systems measure airspeed and altitude, but static pressure varies with mach number. Airspeed indicators are calibrated for standard conditions and correct for various errors to indicate true airspeed. 2. Altimeters have a tolerance of ±60 feet at sea level and can over-read when cold or under-read when warm. Mach meters calculate mach number from measured pressures and temperatures. 3. Gyroscopic instruments like the directional gyro and artificial horizon use gyroscopic properties to maintain a fixed orientation, but are subject to drift errors from the Earth's rotation and changes in latitude or aircraft acceleration.

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Ashwin Samuel Philip
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475 views3 pages

Gyroscopic Instruments and Errors

The document discusses various aircraft instruments and their functions: 1. Pitot and static systems measure airspeed and altitude, but static pressure varies with mach number. Airspeed indicators are calibrated for standard conditions and correct for various errors to indicate true airspeed. 2. Altimeters have a tolerance of ±60 feet at sea level and can over-read when cold or under-read when warm. Mach meters calculate mach number from measured pressures and temperatures. 3. Gyroscopic instruments like the directional gyro and artificial horizon use gyroscopic properties to maintain a fixed orientation, but are subject to drift errors from the Earth's rotation and changes in latitude or aircraft acceleration.

Uploaded by

Ashwin Samuel Philip
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

InstrumentsPoints

Pitot and Static systems


Static pressure error varies with greatly with mach number
Air Speed Indicator
Calibrated for ISA
IAS -> CAS (corrected for position error and instrucment error) -> EAS(Coorected for
compressibility) -> TAS ( corrected for dencity )
White arc :Vs0(stalling speed with flap and gear extended) Vfe(flap extended)
Green arc : Vs1(stall with flap and grear retracted)-Vno (normal operating)
Yellow arc: Vno(normal operating) Vne ( never exeed)
Blue line (optimum climb speed with one engine inoperative)
St-venants formula used to calibrate anemomoeters
Altimeter
Tolarence of servo altimeter at sea level 60ft
Colder over read, Warmer underread
Capsule (vaccume or very low pressure) , casing (static pressure)
CTM below tropopause, CMT in inversion
Mach Meter
ISS = S8.94tcmp in K
K = C + 273
Principle (Pt-Ps) to Ps
2 diaphrams

Vertical Speed Indicator
ROD for 3 degree slope = TAS *10/2
ADC
Stotic Air Icmcproturc =
1cmpcutuc mcusucd
.2 ccoc ]uctoMuchnumbc
2
, all temperatures absolute
GyroScopic Instrumetns
Properties inertia and gyroscopic precision
Rotation speed 9000 12000 rpm
Gyro drift : wandering in horizontal plain
Gyro topple : wandering in vertical plane
Real wander : when the sin axis moves from a fixed point in space
Apparent drift : due to rotation of earth = 15sin(latitude)
Apparent topple : due to rotation of earth = 15cos(latitude)


Directional Gyro
2 degrees of freedom horizontal spin axis
Spin axis tied to the yawing plain of the aircraft with the help of air jets
Transport wander due to change in position on the earth
Drift due to rotation of earth : 15 sin (latitude) degrees/hour In northern hemisphere ve
southern hemisphere +ve ie northern hemispthere gyro N moves right
Drift due to latitude nut : 15 sin latitude degrees/hour in northern hemisphere +ve southern
hemisphere ve acting agains drift due to rotation of earth
Transport wander=
Lust wcst componcnt o] Spccd n knots tan(Iuttudc)
60
, eastwards ve in
northern hemisphere westewards +ve in northern hemisphere
Slaved DG
Gets directional signals from the flux valve and sends to error detector
Error detector generates singlas amplified for correcting
Signals turn the torquw motor to precess the gyro
Sensor part of flux valves contain 3 pickup coils
Artificial Horizon
Uses earth gyro
Spin axis maintained earth vertical
Roll 360 degree and pitch 75 or 80 degrees freedom
Erection in air operated with the help of vanes and in electrical merury level switches
Angle for rate 1 turn = tas/10 +7
Turning error
Very complex
90 degrees pitch up and bank less
180 degrees pitch up and bank more
270 degrees pitchup and bank more
360 degrees correct attitude
On rolling out after a steep turn nose up opp bank shown momentarily
Acceleration
Acceleration in constant heading will show pitchup with right bank
Turn and bank indicator
Rate gyro
One gymbal 2 axis of movenet
Freedom of movement about longitudinal
No movement in yaw.
Kept horizontal with springs
While yawing the force is precessed 90 degrees to make the gyro topple
Radius of turn =
1AS
utc o] tun

Magnetic Compass
Terrestrial Magnetism
Blue pole north, Red Pole south
Magnetic Compass
Quadrangle deviation caused by induced magnetisation of soft iron corrected using soft iron
Compass swinging to find magnetic deviation
Magnetic variation ( difference between TN and MN) got from isogonals on chart
Properties
Horizontality : ability to align north
Sensitivity : point accurately to the north
Aperiodicity : come back to north after being disturbed
Acceleration errors
Acceleration errors show apparent turn to the closer pole
Error minimum in the north south direction
Maximum in east west direction
Turning Errors
Turning through the nearer pole compass sluggish
Turning through the further pole compass lively
Clockwise turn under read
Anti clockwise over read
Radio Altimeter
Gives height of aircraft from ground directly below
Principle
Fm wave beamed below at 20 40 degress width
Reflected wave pickedup by second antenna
Difference btw when signal is sent and signal is received gives height
Frequency used 4200mhz and 4400 mhz
Frequency sweep 500 times a second
Maximum height 2500ft

Instruments Points Pitot and Static systems • Static pressure error varies with greatly with mach number Air Speed Indic
Directional Gyro • 2 degrees of freedom horizontal spin axis • Spin axis tied to the yawing plain of the aircraft wit
• While yawing the force is precessed 90 degrees to make the gyro topple • Radius of turn = u0018;0 u001cu001du001eu0019 %( u001eu001fu001c+ Magnetic Co

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