1.
1 ATOMIC STRUCTURE
SECTION A
1.
(a)
Complete the table below to show the relative masses and charges of a proton,
a neutron and an electron.
Relative mass
Relative charge
Proton
Electron
Neutron
(3)
(b)
Define the terms mass number and atomic number of an atom.
Mass number.......................................................................................................
Atomic number.....................................................................................................
(2)
(c)
Give the symbol, including the mass number and the atomic number, for the
atom which has 3 fewer neutrons and 2 fewer protons than 147 N.
..............................................................................................................................
(2)
(d)
In terms of the number of their fundamental particles, what do two isotopes of
an element have in common and how do they differ?
In common ...........................................................................................................
Difference ............................................................................................................
(2)
(e)
Define the term relative atomic mass of an element.
..............................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................
(2)
(f)
When a pure, gaseous sample of element X is introduced into a mass
spectrometer, four mononuclear, singly-charged ions are detected, as shown in
the spectrum below.
Relative
abundance
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
82
83
84
85
86
m/z
(i)
Use data from the spectrum above to calculate the relative atomic mass
of X.
...................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................
(ii)
Identify the element X.
...................................................................................................................
(4)
(Total 15 marks)
2.
(a)
Why is a mass spectrometer incapable of distinguishing between the
ions 14N+ and 14N 22 ?
...................................................................................................................
(1)
(b)
Give a reason why it is unlikely that an F ion would reach the detector in
a mass spectrometer.
..............................................................................................................................
(1)
(c)
A hydrocarbon was introduced into a mass spectrometer and gave the
following spectrum:
29
%
abundance
43
15
58
m/z ratio
Deduce the relative molecular mass of the hydrocarbon, giving your
reasons.
....
(2)
(Total 4 marks)
3.
(a)
Using arrows and to represent electrons, complete the energy-level
diagram below to show the electronic arrangement in an atom of carbon.
2p
2s
1s
(2)
(b)
In terms of sub-levels, give the electronic configuration of the carbon ion C2+
..............................................................................................................................
(1)
(d)
Give the complete electronic configuration of krypton in terms of s, p and d
sub-levels.
..............................................................................................................................
(1)
(e)
Complete the following electron configurations.
(i)
Cu
1s22s22p63s23p6
...............................................................................
(1)
(ii)
Cu2+ 1s22s22p63s23p6
..............................................................................
(1)
(Total 6 marks)
4.
(a)
Write equations to show the chemical processes which occur when the first
and the second ionisation energies of lithium are measured.
First ionisation energy equation .........................................................................
Second ionisation energy equation .....................................................................
(3)
(b)
(i)
Explain why helium has a much higher first ionisation energy than
lithium.
...................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................
(ii)
Explain why beryllium has a higher first ionisation energy than boron.
...................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................
(iii)
Explain why the first ionisation energy of krypton is greater than the
first ionisation energy of bromine.
..............................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................
(iv)
Explain why the second ionisation energy of beryllium is greater than
the first ionisation energy.
...................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................
(8)
(Total 11 marks)
SECTION B
5.
Isotopes can be separated in a mass spectrometer. Show how this is possible
by describing the various parts of a mass spectrometer and by discussing the
principles of operation of each part.
(14)