What will I talk about?
I will talk about.....
What will I talk about?
Computers!
What will I talk about?
What will I talk about?
What will I talk about?
What will I talk about?
What will I talk about?
What will I talk about?
Alternative Computing
Tomasz Zitkiewicz
Computer - definition
an electronic machine which is used for storing, organizing and finding words, numbers and pictures, for doing calculations and for controlling other machines Online Cambridge Dictionary
Computer - definition
A computer is a programmable machine that receives input, stores and manipulates data, and provides output in a useful format. Wikipedia
Computer - definition
1. A device that computes, especially a programmable electronic machine that performs high-speed mathematical or logical operations or that assembles, stores, correlates, or otherwise processes information. 2. One who computes. American Heritage Dictionary
But...
What is the problem, really?
Moore's law
Number of elements in integrated circuit is doubling every 18 months... Gordon E. Moore, 1965
What is the problem?
What is the problem?
In terms of size [of transistors] you can see that we're approaching the size of atoms which is a fundamental barrier, [...] We have another 10 to 20 years before we reach a fundamental limit Gordon Moore, 2005
What is the problem?
There is no reason anyone would want a computer in their home. Ken Olson, president, chairman and founder of Digital Equipment Corp. (DEC), maker of big business mainframe computers, arguing against the PC in 1977.
What is the problem?
The world potential market for copying machines is 5000 at most. IBM, to the eventual founders of Xerox, saying the photocopier had no market large enough to justify production, 1959.
What is the problem?
I see little commercial potential for the internet for the next 10 years. Bill Gates
What is the problem?
Where a calculator on the ENIAC is equipped with 18,000 vacuum tubes and weighs 30 tons, computers in the future may have only 1,000 vacuum tubes and weigh only 1.5 tons. Popular Mechanics, March 1949
What is the problem?
"Well, in our country," said Alice, still panting a little, "you'd generally get to somewhere else if you run very fast for a long time, as we've been doing." "A slow sort of country!" said the Queen. "Now, here, you see, it takes all the running you can do, to keep in the same place. If you want to get somewhere else, you must run at least twice as fast as that!"
Carroll, Lewis Through the Looking-Glass and What Alice Found
Some of the solutions
Optical computing
Ternary computing
Quantum computing
Chaos Computing
Chemical computing
Analogue computing Domino Computation
Wetware computing
DNA computing
Mechanical Computing
Quantum Computers
Operate
on qubits rather than on bits of information Bit can be either 0 XOR 1 Qubit can be 0 AND 1 at the same time , or somewhere between - a superposition of 0 and 1 Much faster, epsecialy in cryptoanalisis Especialy good for simulation of quantum phenomenas
Quantum Computers
But... Aplicable only to limitted set of tasks Need traditional computers to operate Information stored in quantum computers is very fragile
Wetware computer
Also
known as artificial organic brain or a neurocomputer Built from living neurons
DNA computing is a form of computing which uses DNA, biochemistry and molecular biology, instead of the traditional silicon-based computer technologies. Wikipedia
1994 Leonard Adleman Hamilton Path problem 1997 - First DNA logic gates 2002 - First DNA computer 2002 20-Variable 3-SAT Problem 2003 MAYA 2006 MAYA 2
Data+
operations on data = Computer
Data DNA strands
Complementary pairs of nucleotides: adenine (A) - thymine (T) guanine (G) cytosine (C)
Operations on data PCR
PCR
= copying specific data
Operations on data Reading & Writing
DNA DNA
Sequencing = reading synthesis = writing
Operations on data Gel Electrophoresis
Electrophoresis
sorting data
Operations on data enzymes
DNA
ligase concatenating data
Adleman Experiment
Leonard Adleman
Theoretical computer scientist and professor of computer science and molecular biology at the University of Southern California 1994 Molecular Computation of Solutions To Combinatorial Problems RSA Amateur boxer
Adleman Experiment
Adleman Experiment
Data encoding
Algorithm
1) 2)
Generate a set of random paths For each path in the set:
a) Check whether path starts with the start
vertex and ends with the end vertex. If not, remove from the set. b) Check if the path passes through exactly n vertices. If not, remove path from the set. c) For each vertex, check if that path passes through that vertex. If not, remove that path from the set.
3)
If the set is not empty report, that there
Algorithm
Generating a set of random paths
Generating a set of random paths
Filtering results
SILICON COMPUTERS
DNA COMPUTERS
High energy consumption Sequential data processing, parallel processing limited Toxic components Limited supply of components (price) Universal Powerful computers take much place
Low energy consumption Massive parallel data processing Organic components, degradable Virtually unlimited supply of DNA, cheap components Specific tasks Very small
Silicon Computer Size of 1 bit Speed (Milions Operations / sec) Energy consumption (operations per 1J)
12 3
DNA Computer
3
10 10 10
nm
1 nm 10
17
2 * 10
19
Life and computation
If we can compute using DNA, growing crystals etc...
Life and computation
...If every living organism reacts to collects some input data, process it and reacts to it in specific way...
Life and computation
...we may say, that wherever there is life, there is also computation
Life == computation?
Life and computation
Fortunately, computers are not capable of reproducing, they do not evolve on their own...
Life and computation
yet :)
Life and computation
yet, computer programs, like viruses, do - reproduce - evolve...
The End
Thank you for your attention!