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Dynamic Mechanical Testing of Polymers

This document discusses dynamic mechanical testing methods for polymers. Dynamic testing examines time-dependent moduli and damping properties. Two common methods are described: torsion pendulum testing which involves rotating a sample and measuring its oscillating amplitude decay over time; and forced vibration testing which applies an oscillating stress and measures the lagging strain response. The storage modulus represents the in-phase elastic energy stored during cycling, while the loss modulus is the out-of-phase dissipated energy. The loss tangent relates these values and quantifies damping. Polymers generally have lower modulus, yield strength and thermal stability than other materials but benefit from reinforcement through composites. Thermoplastics are easier to form and recycle than thermosets which

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9 views8 pages

Dynamic Mechanical Testing of Polymers

This document discusses dynamic mechanical testing methods for polymers. Dynamic testing examines time-dependent moduli and damping properties. Two common methods are described: torsion pendulum testing which involves rotating a sample and measuring its oscillating amplitude decay over time; and forced vibration testing which applies an oscillating stress and measures the lagging strain response. The storage modulus represents the in-phase elastic energy stored during cycling, while the loss modulus is the out-of-phase dissipated energy. The loss tangent relates these values and quantifies damping. Polymers generally have lower modulus, yield strength and thermal stability than other materials but benefit from reinforcement through composites. Thermoplastics are easier to form and recycle than thermosets which

Uploaded by

soumendra ghorai
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Module #45 Module #45 Module #45 Module #45

Deformation of Polymeric Materials


PART IV Dynamic Mechanical Testing and Damping
SUGGESTED READING*
G.E. Dieter, Mechanical Metallurgy, 2
nd
Edition, Mc-Graw Hill, New York (1961) pp.
298-324
R.W. Hertzberg, Deformation and Fracture Mechanics of Engineering Materials, 4
th
Editi Wil N Y k (1995) 211 260 Edition, Wiley, New York (1995) pp. 211-260
I.M. Ward and J. Sweeney, An Introduction to the Mechanical Properties of Solid
Polymers, 2
nd
Edition, Wiley, New York (2004).
N.G. McCrum, C.P. Buckley and C.B. Bucknall, Principles of Polymer Engineering, 2
nd
Edition, Wiley, New York (1997).
Prof. M.L. Weaver
y ( )
S.L. Rosen, Fundamental Principles of Polymeric Materials, Wiley, New York (1982).
W.D. Callister and D.G. Rethwisch, Materials Science and Engineering an
Introduction, 8
th
Edition, Wiley, New York (2010) Chapters 14 and 15.
Dynamic Testing Methods
Used to examine time-
dependent moduli and
Hertzberg
p. 238
dependent moduli and
energy dissipative
mechanisms (damping).
p
Torsion pendulum
Rotate specimen through Rotate specimen through
pre-determined angle and
release.
Sample will oscillate Sample will oscillate
w/decreasing amplitude.
Extent of damping (and
mechanism) is related to
Prof. M.L. Weaver
mechanism) is related to
decreasing amplitude.
1 2
ln ln ...ln
n
A A A
A A A
A = = =
2 3 1 n
A A A
+
log(base ) decrement which measures amount of damping. e A =
1 2
, Amplitude of successive oxcillations in a freely vibrating sample. A A =
Stiffness is determined from the period of oscillation P. Stiffness is determined from the period of oscillation P.
Shear modulus G increases w/inverse square of P.
Prof. M.L. Weaver
Dynamic Testing Methods
Can also induce forced vibration at
different frequencies
This one lags behind
different frequencies.
Determine amount of damping by
the stress vector
p g y
noting how much the cyclic strain
lags behind the applied stress
wave wave.
Figure 6.24
Forced vibration resulting in phase
lag between applied stress
o
and
corresponding strain . Hertzberg,
Prof. M.L. Weaver
corresponding strain
o
. Hertzberg,
p. 239
cos (in-phase component)
o
o o o
'
=
sin (out-of-phase component)
o
o o o
''
=
Divide both components by strain yields: p y y
*
cos cos
o
E E
o o
o o
c c
'
'
= = =
*
sin sin
o o
o
o o
E E
c c
o o
o o
c c
''
''
= = =
o o
( )
1/ 2
* 2 2
absolute modulus E E E
' ''
= = +
E reflects the stored elastic strain energy introduced to
the system, which is released upon unloading. We call
it the storage modulus
Prof. M.L. Weaver
it the storage modulus.
E describes the strain energy that is completely
dissipated (mostly as heat). We call it the loss modulus.
The relative amount of damping (i.e., energy loss) is The relative amount of damping (i.e., energy loss) is
given by the loss tangent, tan.
*
sin E E o
''
*
sin
tan
cos
E E
E E
o
o
o
= =
'
G
G t
''
A
~
'
tan t o A ~
Prof. M.L. Weaver
Prof. M.L. Weaver
Summary - Polymers
General drawbacks to polymers:
-- E, o
y
, K
c
, T
application
are generally small.
-- Deformation is often T and time dependent.
-- Result: polymers benefit from composite reinforcement.
Thermoplastics (PE, PS, PP, PC): p ( , , , )
-- Smaller E, o
y
, T
application
-- Larger K
c
-- Easier to form and recycle Easier to form and recycle
Elastomers (rubber):
Large reversible strains! -- Large reversible strains!
Thermosets (epoxies, polyesters):
L E T
Prof. M.L. Weaver
-- Larger E, o
y
, T
application
-- Smaller K
c

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