INTRODUCTION
The place where track and highway/road intersects each other at the same level is known
as “level crossing”.
Railways being the cheapest mode of transportation are preferred over all the other means
.
When we go through the daily newspapers we come across many railway accidents
occurring at
unmanned railway crossings.
This is mainly due to the carelessness in manual operations or lack of workers.
BLOCK DIAGRAM DESCRIPTION
The block diagram consists of six major blocks, they are IR sensors, Microcontroller, L293D,
Stepper motor, gate and power supply Two IR sensor pairs (331,333) are used for transmitting
and receiving signals.
IR CIRCUITS
This circuit has two stages: a transmitter unit and a receiver unit. The transmitter unit consists of
an infrared LED and its associated circuitry.
IR TRANSMITTER
The transmitter circuit consists of the following components:
1. Resistors
2. IR LED
The IR LED emitting infrared light is put on in the
transmitting unit. Infrared LED is driven through transistor BC 548.
TRANSMITTER:
IR RECEIVER
The receiver circuit consists of the following components:
1. Resistors.
2. IR LED.
RECEIVER:
MICROCONTROLLER:
This project is designed using 8051 microcontroller to avoid railway accidents happening
at unattended railway gates
The Micro controller is a low power; high performance CMOS 8-bit micro controller
with 4K bytes of Flash programmable and erasable read only memory (PEROM).
The on-chip Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a
conventional non-volatile memory programmer.
By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel is a
powerful microcomputer, which provides a highly flexible and cost effective solution to
many embedded control applications.
FEATURES OF MICROCONTROLLER:
8K bytes of Flash memory
256 bytes of RAM
32 I/O lines
three 16-bit timer/counters
It has two modes :
The Idle Mode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port, and
interrupt system to continue functioning.
The Power Down Mode saves the RAM contents but freezes the oscillator, disabling all
other chip functions until the next hardware reset.
L293D:
L293D is a dual H-bridge motor driver integrated circuit (IC).
Motor drivers act as current amplifiers since they take a low-current control signal and
provide a higher-current [Link] higher current signal is used to drive the motors.
L293D contains two inbuilt H-bridge driver circuits. In its common mode of operation,
two DC motors can be driven simultaneously, both in forward and reverse direction.
The motor operations of two motors can be controlled by input logic at pins 2 & 7 and 10
& 15. Input logic 00 or 11 will stop the corresponding motor.
Logic 01 and 10 will rotate it in clockwise and anticlockwise directions, respectively.
Enable pins 1 and 9 (corresponding to the two motors) must be high for motors to start
operating. When an enable input is high, the associated driver gets enabled.
As a result, the outputs become active and work in phase with their inputs. Similarly,
when the enable input is low, that driver is disabled, and their outputs are off and in the
high-impedance state.
PIN DIAGRAM OF L293D:
ADVANTAGES:
Efficient way of speed control of DC motor.
Produces more torque.
Produces less noise.
DISADVANTAGES:
It is not applicable for AC motor.
APPLICATIONS:
Industries.
Traction.
Home appliance.