PROBABILITY
AFTERSCHO☻ OL
– DEVELOPING CHANGE MAKERS
CENTRE FOR SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP
PGPSE PROGRAMME –
World’ Most Comprehensive programme in social
entrepreneurship & spiritual entrepreneurship
OPEN FOR ALL FREE FOR ALL
[Link] AFTERSCHO☺OL's
AFTERSCHO☺OL's MATERIAL
MATERIAL 1
FOR PGPSE PARTICIPANTS
PROBABILITY
Dr. T.K. Jain.
AFTERSCHO☺OL
Centre for social entrepreneurship
Bikaner M: 9414430763
tkjainbkn@[Link]
[Link], [Link]
[Link] AFTERSCHO☺OL's
AFTERSCHO☺OL's MATERIAL
MATERIAL 2
FOR PGPSE PARTICIPANTS
In a book, number of words per page is
normally distributed with mean 800 words and
standard deviation of 50 words. If three pages
are chosen at random, what is the probability
that none of them has words between 830 to
845 words per page?
[Link] AFTERSCHO☺OL's MATERIAL 3
FOR PGPSE PARTICIPANTS
Solution….
• (830-800)/50 = .6
• The Z value for .6 is .2257
• (845-800)/50 = .9, Z value for that is .3195
• Thus the difference of these values is
• .3195-.2257 = .0938 (probability of having a
number between 830 to 845). (1-.0938 = .9062
is the probability of one page not between 830 to
845).
• We have 3 pages, so solution is 3c0
• Or 3c0 = 3c0*(.0938)^0*(.9062)^3
• = .744 answer
[Link] AFTERSCHO☺OL's MATERIAL 4
FOR PGPSE PARTICIPANTS
A fair coin is tossed 120 times. Find the
probability that the number of heads is 5/8 or
more in ratio?
• 5/8 *120 = 75
• Formula : (75 – 60) / standard deviation
• Standard deviation= sqrt(n*p*q)
• =SQRT(120*.5*.5) = 5.477
• =(75-60)/5.477
• Z =2.73
• Z value is .4968
• (.5 -.4968) = .0032
• Thus the probability is : .32% answer.
[Link] AFTERSCHO☺OL's MATERIAL 5
FOR PGPSE PARTICIPANTS
WE DRAW THREE CARDS FROM A PACK OF
CARDS WITHOUT REPLACEMENT, WHAT IS
THE PROBABILITY THAT THEY ARE OF
BLACK COLOUR?
• There are 26 cards which are black and 26 red
cards in a pack of cards. Thus probability of the
first card being black is : 26/52. Similarly, the
probabilty of the second card is : 25/51 (as card
is not replaced), similarly, the probability for the
third card : 24/50.
• Probability of first 3 cards being black:
• 26/52*25/51*24/50= .117 answer.
[Link] AFTERSCHO☺OL's MATERIAL 6
FOR PGPSE PARTICIPANTS
WE DRAW THREE CARDS FROM A PACK OF
CARDS WITH REPLACEMENT, WHAT IS THE
PROBABILITY THAT THEY ARE OF BLACK
COLOUR?
• There are 26 cards which are black and 26 red
cards in a pack of cards. Thus probability of the
first card being black is : 26/52. Similarly, the
probabilty of the second card is : 26/52 (as the
card which has been drawn, has been replaced).
The probability for the third card is also: 26/52
(as we again replace the card being drawn).
• Thus probability of the first 3 cards being black :
• = 26/52*26/52*26/52 = .125 answer.
[Link] AFTERSCHO☺OL's MATERIAL 7
FOR PGPSE PARTICIPANTS
P(a) =1/2, P(b) = 1/3, P(a∩b)=1/4, what is
P (aUb)?
• As we can see the
union of a + b =
1/3
1/2
• ½ + 1/3 – ¼
1/4 • = .583 answer.
[Link] AFTERSCHO☺OL's MATERIAL 8
FOR PGPSE PARTICIPANTS
P(a) =1/2, P(b) = 1/3, P(a∩b)=1/4, what is
P (a/b)?
• It means the probability of a, when b has
already taken place. It is calculated by
dividing P(a∩b) by P(b)
• Therefore, the probability will be
calculated as : ¼ divided by 1/3
• Thus we have .25/ .33 = .75 answer.
[Link] AFTERSCHO☺OL's MATERIAL 9
FOR PGPSE PARTICIPANTS
P(a) =1/2, P(e) = 1/3, P(a∩e)=1/4, what is P
(ā∩ē)
• Here we have to identify ā and ē. It is the
area, which neither belongs to a nor to b.
ā is equal to 1- ½ = ½. ē is equal to 1-1/3
, which is 2/3. there intersection is :
• 1 – P (aUb)
• =1 - .583
• =.417 answer.
[Link] AFTERSCHO☺OL's MATERIAL 10
FOR PGPSE PARTICIPANTS
About AFTERSCHO☺OL
• PGPSE - World’s most comprehensive
programme on social entrepreneurship –
after class 12th
• Flexible – fast changing to meet the
requirements
• Admission open throughout the year
• Complete support from beginning to the
end – from idea generation to making the
project viable.
[Link] AFTERSCHO☺OL's MATERIAL 11
FOR PGPSE PARTICIPANTS
Branches of AFTERSCHO☺OL
• PGPSE programme is open all over the
world as free online programme.
• Those who complete PSPSE have the
freedom to start branches of
AFTERSCHO☺OL
• A few branches have already started -
one such branch is at KOTA (Rajasthan).
[Link] AFTERSCHO☺OL's MATERIAL 12
FOR PGPSE PARTICIPANTS
Workshop on social entrepreneurship
• We conduct workshop on social
entrepreneurship – all over India and out
of India also - in school, college, club,
association or any such place - just send
us a call and we will come to conduct the
workshop on social entrepreeurship.
• These workshops are great moments of
learning, sharing, and commitments.
[Link] AFTERSCHO☺OL's MATERIAL 13
FOR PGPSE PARTICIPANTS
FREE ONLINE PROGRAMME
• AFTERSCHO☺OL is absolutely free
programme available online – any person can
join it. The programme has four components :
• 1. case studies – writing and analysing – using
latest tools of management
• 2. articles / reports writing & presentation of
them in conferences / seminars
• 3. Study material / books / ebooks / audio / audio
visual material to support the study
• 4. business plan preparation and presentations
of those plans in conferences / seminars
[Link] AFTERSCHO☺OL's MATERIAL 14
FOR PGPSE PARTICIPANTS
100% placement / entrepreneurship
• AFTERSCHO☺OL has the record of
100% placement / entrepreneurship till
date
• Be assured of a bright career – if you join
AFTERSCHO☺OL
[Link] AFTERSCHO☺OL's MATERIAL 15
FOR PGPSE PARTICIPANTS
Pursue professional courses along with
PGPSE
• AFTERSCHO☺OL permits you to pursue
distance education based professional /
vocational courses and gives you support
for that also. Many students are doing CA
/ CS/ ICWA / CMA / FRM / CFP / CFA and
other courses along with PGPSE.
• Come and join AFTERSCHO☺OL
[Link] AFTERSCHO☺OL's MATERIAL 16
FOR PGPSE PARTICIPANTS