In chemistry, a solution is a homogeneous mixture composed of only one phase.
In such a mixture, a solute is a substance dissolved in another substance, known as a solvent. The solvent does the dissolving. The solution more or less takes on the characteristics of the solvent including its phase, and the solvent is commonly the major fraction of the mixture. The concentration of a solute in a solution is a measure of how much of that solute is dissolved in the solven solute:-A substance dissolved in another substance, usually the component of a solution present in the lesser amount. Solvent:- a. A substance in which another substance is dissolved, forming a solution. b. A substance, usually a liquid, capable of dissolving another substance. 2. Something that solves or explains. Acid:-substance having a ph less than 7 Dilute solution:- a solution that contains a relatively small concentration of solute Concentrated solution is a solution that contains a large amount of solute relative to the amount that could dissolve.
A concentrated solution is one in which a lot of the water is removed or there is as much of the chemical dissolved in the water as the water can hold. Diffusion Diffusion is the movement of molecules from a high concentration to a low concentration. Many molecules diffuse across cell membranes.
Osmosis:-movement of fluid from lower concentration to higher concentration.
Two containers of equal volume are separated by a membrane that allows free passage of water, but totally restricts passage of solute molecules. Solution A has 3 molecules of the protein albumin (molecular weight 66,000) and Solution B contains 15 molecules of glucose (molecular weight 180). Into which compartment will water flow, or will there be no net movement of water? [ answer ] (Semi permeable membrane;- A semipermeable membrane, also termed a selectively
permeable membrane, a partially permeable membrane or adifferentially permeable membrane, is a membrane that will allow certain molecules or ions to pass through it by diffusion and occasionally specialized "facilitated diffusion".) Acidbase homeostasis is the part of human homeostasis concerning the proper balance between acids and bases, also called bodypH. The body is very sensitive to its pH level, so strong mechanisms exist to maintain it. Outside the acceptable range of pH, proteinsare denatured and digested, enzymes lose their ability to function, and death may occur.
Contents
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1 Mechanism 2 Imbalance 3 References 4 External links
[edit]Mechanism
The body's acidbase balance is normally tightly regulated, keeping the arterial blood pH between 7.38 and 7.42.
[1]
Several buffering agents that reversibly bind hydrogen ions and impede any change in pH
exist. Extracellular buffers include bicarbonate and ammonia, whereas proteins and phosphate act as intracellular buffers. The bicarbonate buffering system is especially key, as carbon dioxide(CO2) can be shifted through carbonic acid (H2CO3) to hydrogen ions and bicarbonate (HCO3 ) as shown below.
[2]
Acidbase imbalances that overcome the buffer system can be compensated in the short term by changing the rate of ventilation. This alters the concentration of carbon dioxide in the blood, shifting the above reaction according to Le Chatelier's principle, which in turn alters the pH. For instance, if the blood pH drops too low (acidemia), the body will compensate by increasing breathing
[3]
thereby
expelling CO2, and shifting the above reaction to the left such that fewer hydrogen ions are free; thus the pH will rise back to normal. For alkalemia, the opposite occurs. The kidneys are slower to compensate, but renal physiology has several powerful mechanisms to control pH by the excretion of excess acid or base. In response to acidosis, tubular cells reabsorb more bicarbonate from the tubular fluid, collecting duct cells secrete more hydrogen and generate more bicarbonate, and ammoniagenesis leads to increased formation of the NH3 buffer. In responses to alkalosis, the kidney may excrete more bicarbonate by decreasing hydrogen ion secretion from the tubular epithelial cells, and lowering rates of glutamine metabolism and ammonium excretion.