Chapter 9
f devotion
For an overview of scholarship on Sufism with extensive bibliography see Eric S. Ohlander, Sufism in Medieval Muslim Societies, History Compass, 8 (2010), 51829. The source of Sufism in Islam On Muammads night journey in the f context see M. A. Amir Moezzi, Le voyage
initiatique en terre dIslam: Ascensions clestes et itinraires spirituels, Louvain, Peeters,
1996. On the anti-asceticism of the books of adth see Ignaz Goldziher, Muslim Studies, London, George Allen and Unwin, 1971, volume 2, pp. 35660. Sources of f practice On vows of asceticism see Norman Calder, inth, Birr, Tabarrur, Taannuth: an Inquiry into the Arabic Vocabulary of Vows, Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, 51 (1988), 21439, reprinted in his Interpretation and Jurisprudence in Medieval Islam, Aldershot, Ashgate Variorum, 2006, chapter 6. On al-asan al-Bar as a founder figure see Suleiman Ali Mourad, Early Islam Between
Myth and History: Al-asan al-Bar (d. 110H/728CE) and the Formation of His Legacy in Classical Islamic Scholarship, Leiden, Brill, 2006.
On the development of asceticism into Sufism see Christopher Melchert, The Transition from Asceticism to Mysticism at the Middle of the Ninth Century C.E., Studia Islamica, 83 (1996), 5170, and Baran Origins of Classical Sufism, Der Islam, 82 (2005), 22140. For a treatment of a developed formulation of the dhikr see Hamid Algar, Silent and Vocal Dhikr in the Naqshband Order, in Albert Dietrich (ed.), Akten der VII. Kongresses fr
Arabistik und Islamwissenschaft: Gttingen, 15. bis 2. August 1974, Gttingen,
Vandenhoeck and Ruprecht, 1976, pp. 3946.
Development of Sufism On al-Junayd see Ali Hassan Abdel-Kader, The Life, Personality and Writings of al-Junayd:
A Study of a Third/Ninth Century Mystic with an Edition and Translation of his Writings,
London, Luzac, 1976. Al-allj On intoxicated mystics and their utterances see Carl W. Ernst, Words of Ecstasy in Sufism, Albany, State University of New York Press, 1985. Also see Norman Calder, Jawid Mojaddedi and Andrew Rippin, Classical Islam: A Sourcebook of Religious Literature , London, Routledge, 2003, section 8.3, for the biography of al-Basm (d. 874) by Ab Nuaym (d. 1038). On al-allj see Louis Massignon and Herbert Mason, The Passion of al-Hallaj: Mystic and
Martyr of Islam, Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1994.
Later developments For further excerpts from al-Sarrj see Norman Calder, Jawid Mojaddedi and Andrew Rippin,
Classical Islam: A Sourcebook of Religious Literature , London, Routledge, 2003, section 8.2.
On the spiritual states of the fs see Seyyed Hossein Nasr, The Spiritual States in Sufism, in his Sufi Essays, New York, Schocken Books, 1977, pp. 6883, and A. J. Arberry,
Sufism: An Account of the Mystics of Islam, London, George Allen and Unwin, 1950, chapter
7. Also see Norman Calder, Jawid Mojaddedi and Andrew Rippin, Classical Islam: A
Sourcebook of Religious Literature , London, Routledge, 2003, section 8.4, for excerpts from
al-Qushayrs work. Al-Ghazls Bidyat al-Hidya, is translated in W. Montgomery Watt, The Faith and Practice
of al-Ghazl, Lahore, Sh. Muammad Ashraf, 1963. Also see Norman Calder, Jawid
Mojaddedi and Andrew Rippin, Classical Islam: A Sourcebook of Religious Literature , London, Routledge, 2003, section 6.4 and 8.1, for excerpts from al-Ghazls work. The f orders
On the early emergence of Sufism as a social grouping see Harith Bin Ramli, The Rise of Early Sufism: A Survey of Recent Scholarship on its Social Dimension, History Compass, 8 (2010), 12991315. For a survey of all the f arqas see J. Spencer Trimingham, The Sufi Orders in Islam, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1971. See Norman Calder, Jawid Mojaddedi and Andrew Rippin, Classical Islam: A Sourcebook of
Religious Literature, London, Routledge, 2003, section 8.6, for excerpts from the Mathnaw
by the central figure of the Mawlawiyya (Mevlevi) order, Jall al-Dn Rm (d. 1272). The practices of the f orders On the Qdiriyyas initiation see Canon Edward Sell, The Religious Orders of Islm, London, Simpkin, Marshall, Hamilton Kent & Co, 1908, p. 39. For more information on general f practices see Jean-Louis Michon, The Spiritual Practices of Sufism, in Seyyed Hossein Nasr (ed.), Islamic Spirituality: Foundations, New York, Crossroads, 1987, pp. 26593. Ibn Arab On Ibn Arab see the many works of Henry Corbin, for example, his Creative Imagination in
the fism of Ibn Arabi, Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1969.
For excerpts from the work of Shh Nimat Allh Wal (d. 1430-1) who was heavily influenced by Ibn al-Arab see Norman Calder, Jawid Mojaddedi and Andrew Rippin, Classical Islam: A
Sourcebook of Religious Literature , London, Routledge, 2003, section 8.7.
The role of Sufism On womens empowerment through Sufism see Shemeen Burney Abbas, The Female Voice
in Sufi Ritual: Devotional Practices of Pakistan and India, Austin, University of Texas Press,
2002.