Chapter 7: Basic Digital Passband Modulation

A First Course in Digital Communications

Ha H. Nguyen and E. Shwedyk

February 2009

A First Course in Digital Communications

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Chapter 7: Basic Digital Passband Modulation

Introduction
Baseband transmission is conducted at low frequencies. Passband transmission happens in a frequency band toward the high end of the spectrum. Satellite communication is in the 68 GHz band, while mobile phones systems are in the 800 MHz2.0 GHz band. Bits are encoded as a variation of the amplitude, phase or frequency, or some combination of these parameters of a sinusoidal carrier. The carrier frequency is much higher than the highest frequency of the modulating signals (or messages). Shall consider binary amplitude-shift keying (BASK), binary phase-shift keying (BPSK) and binary frequency-shift keying (BFSK): Error performance, optimum receivers, spectra. Extensions to quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK), oset QPSK (OQPSK) and minimum shift keying (MSK).
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Chapter 7: Basic Digital Passband Modulation

Examples of Binary Passband Modulated Signals

(a) Binary data
1 1

(b) Modulating signal 0 m(t )

V

t
0
Tb 2Tb 3Tb 4Tb 5Tb 6Tb 7Tb 8Tb 9Tb

(c) BASK signal

0
V V

(d) BPSK signal

V
V

(e) BFSK signal

0
V

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Chapter 7: Basic Digital Passband Modulation

Binary Amplitude-Shift Keying (BASK)

s1 (t) = 0, 0T , 0 < t Tb , fc = n/Tb s2 (t) = V cos(2fc t), 1T
s1 (t )
0

s 2 (t )

1 (t )

EBASK

t = Tb
r (t )
Tb

()dt
0

1 (t )

r1 =

P [error]BASK = Q
A First Course in Digital Communications

EBASK 2

EBASK 2N0

s1 (t )

Choose 0T

r1

r1 Th 1D Comparator r1 < Th 0 D
E BASK P N0 ln 1 + 2 2 E BASK P2

Th =

(b)
Choose 1T

s 2 (t )

Tb

r (t )1 (t )dt

.
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Chapter 7: Basic Digital Passband Modulation

PSD of BASK
SBASK (f ) = V2 (f fc ) + (f + fc ) + 16 sin2 [Tb (f + fc )] sin2 [Tb (f fc )] + . 2 Tb (f + fc )2 2 Tb (f fc )2
V2 16

SBASK ( f )

f
0

fc

1 Tb

fc

fc +

1 Tb

Approximately 95% of the total transmitted power lies in a band of 3/Tb (Hz), centered at fc .
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Chapter 7: Basic Digital Passband Modulation

Binary Phase-Shift Keying (BPSK)

s1 (t) = V cos(2fc t), if 0T , 0 < t Tb , s2 (t) = +V cos(2fc t), if 1T
s1 (t )
EBPSK
0

s 2 (t )
EBPSK

1 (t ) =

2 cos(2 f ct ) Tb

P [error]BPSK = Q SBPSK (f ) =

2EBPSK N0

Similar to that of BASK, but no impulse functions at fc .

A First Course in Digital Communications

V 2 sin2 [(f fc )Tb ] sin2 [(f + fc )Tb ] + . 4 2 (f fc )2 )Tb 2 (f + fc )2 Tb

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Chapter 7: Basic Digital Passband Modulation

Binary Frequency-Shift Keying (BFSK)

$ %$  !      

s (t )
$ $  ! #  "    

s1 (t) = V cos(2f1 t + 1 ), if 0T , s2 (t) = V cos(2f2 t + 2 ), if 1T

(i) Minimum frequency separation for coherent orthogonality (1 = 2 ): (f )min

[coherent]

(ii) Minimum frequency separation for noncoherent orthogonality (1 = 2 ): 1 [noncoherent] (f )min = . Tb

A First Course in Digital Communications 7/30

!

0 < t Tb .

1 . 2Tb

Chapter 7: Basic Digital Passband Modulation

s1 (t) 1 (t) = , EBFSK

r2 2 (t )

s2 (t) 2 (t) = . EBFSK

[2 (t ) 1 (t )]

Decision boundary

s 2 (t )

( 0,

EBFSK

)
EBFSK , 0
s1 (t )

when P2 = P 1
Choose 0T

Choose 1T

(
0

r1

1 (t )

P [error]BFSK = Q

EBFSK N0

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Chapter 7: Basic Digital Passband Modulation

PSD of BFSK
SBFSK (f ) = + V2 sin2 [Tb (f + f2 )] sin2 [Tb (f f2 )] (f f2 ) + (f + f2 ) + + 16 2 Tb (f + f2 )2 2 Tb (f f2 )2

V2 sin2 [Tb (f + f1 )] sin2 [Tb (f f1 )] (f f1 ) + (f + f1 ) + + . 16 2 Tb (f + f1 )2 2 Tb (f f1 )2

Bandwidth W = ( f 2 f1 ) + 3 / Tb

V2 16

V2 16

f1

1.5 Tb

f1

f1 +

1 Tb

f2

1 Tb

f2

f2 +

1.5 Tb

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Chapter 7: Basic Digital Passband Modulation

Performance Comparison of BASK, BPSK and BFSK

10
1

10

BASK and BFSK 10 P[error]

3

BPSK 10
4

10

10

6 8 E /N (dB)
b 0

10

12

14

P [error]BPSK = Q

2Eb N0

, P [error]BASK = P [error]BFSK = Q

Eb N0

.
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A First Course in Digital Communications

Chapter 7: Basic Digital Passband Modulation

Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK)

Basic idea behind QPSK: cos(2fc t) and sin(2fc t) are orthogonal over [0, Tb ] when fc = k/Tb , k integer Can transmit two dierent bits over the same frequency band at the same time. The symbol signaling rate (i.e., the baud rate) is rs = 1/Ts = 1/(2Tb ) = rb /2 (symbols/sec), i.e., halved. Bit Pattern 00 01 11 10
V
0

Message m1 m2 m3 m4
m1 = 00

Signal Transmitted s1 (t) = V cos(2fc t), s2 (t) = V sin(2fc t), s3 (t) = V cos(2fc t), s4 (t) = V sin(2fc t),
m3 = 11

0 t Ts 0 t Ts 0 t Ts 0 t Ts

= 2Tb = 2Tb = 2Tb = 2Tb

m2 = 01

m4 = 10

t
0

2Tb

4Tb

6Tb

8Tb
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A First Course in Digital Communications

Chapter 7: Basic Digital Passband Modulation

Signal Space Representation of QPSK

Ts 0

s2 (t)dt = i

V2 Ts = V 2 Tb = Es , 2 s2 (t) 2 (t) = . Es

s1 (t) 1 (t) = , Es
2 (t )

s 2 (t )

Es
s3 (t )
0

s1 (t )

1 (t )

s4 ( t )

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Chapter 7: Basic Digital Passband Modulation

Optimum Receiver for QPSK

m-dimensional observation space r = (r1 , r2 ,
' &

, rm )
1

4 Choose s4 (t ) or m4

Choose s1 (t ) or m1

3 Choose s3 (t ) or m3

2 Choose s2 (t ) or m2

P [correct] =
1

P1 f (r|s1 (t))dr +
2

P2 f (r|s2 (t))dr P4 f (r|s4 (t))dr.

4

+
3

P3 f (r|s3 (t))dr +

Choose si (t) if Pi f (r|si (t)) > Pj f (r|sj (t)), j = 1, 2, 3, 4; j = i.

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Chapter 7: Basic Digital Passband Modulation

Simplied Decision Rule and Receiver Implementation

Choose si (t) if N0 ln P + r s + r s > N0 ln P + r s + r s i 1 i1 2 i2 j 1 j1 2 j2 2 2 j = 1, 2, 3, 4; j = i.
t = Ts = 2Tb
(

Ts

( ) dt

r1

r (t )

1 (t )
(

t = Ts = 2Tb
Ts

( ) dt

r2

Compute N r1 s j1 + r2 s j 2 + 0 ln( Pj ) 2 for j = 1, 2,3, 4 and choose the largest

Decision

2 (t )
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Chapter 7: Basic Digital Passband Modulation

Minimum-Distance Receiver
Choose si (t) if (r1 si1 )2 + (r2 si2 )2 is the smallest
8 7654 3211 0)

2 (t ), r2

s 2 (t )

s 3 (t )
0

/4

s1 (t )

1 (t ), r1

s4 ( t )

A First Course in Digital Communications

T U V W W I P Q Q R S

78 6 94 3211 0)

E F G H H @ A B B C D

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Chapter 7: Basic Digital Passband Modulation

Symbol (Message) Error Probability of QPSK

g fedc ba``YX

r2

s 2 (t )
r2

r1

Es
i p q q r s t u v w w

/2
x y

s3 ( t )
0

/4

s1 (t )
r1

s4 ( t )

/2
fg ehc ba``YX

P [error] = P [error|si (t)] = 1 P [correct|si (t)] = 1 1 Q

Es N0

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Chapter 7: Basic Digital Passband Modulation

Bit Error Probability of QPSK

r2

r2

s 2 (t )

r1

Es
d d e f g h i j j

/2
k l m m n o p q r s s

P [m2 |m1 ] P [m3 |m1 ] P [m4 |m1 ]

Q Q2

Es N0 Es N0 Es N0

1Q ,

Es N0

s3 ( t )
0

/4

s1 (t )
r1

/2

s4 ( t )

1Q

Es N0

P [bit error] = 0.5P [m2 |m1 ] + 0.5P [m4 |m1 ] + 1.0P [m3 |m1 ] = Q Es N0 .

Gray mapping: Nearest neighbors are mapped to the bit pairs that dier in only one bit.
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Chapter 7: Basic Digital Passband Modulation

An Alternative Representation of QPSK

V cos(2f c t )

a I (t )
a(t )

s (t )

a0 Bit sequence
1

1
a (t )
0

1
a0 a2 a4 a6 a8

1
a I (t )
0

1
a1

1
aQ (t )
0

A First Course in Digital Communications

}u |u x{ zy xw vu t

aQ (t )

V sin(2f ct )

a1

a2

a3
1

a4

a5
0

a6
1

a7
0

a8
1

t Tb 2Tb 3Tb 4Tb 5Tb 6Tb 7Tb 8Tb 9Tb

t Tb 2Tb 3Tb 4Tb 5Tb 6Tb 7Tb 8Tb 9Tb

a3

a5

a7 t

Tb

2Tb

3Tb 4Tb

5Tb

6Tb

7Tb 8Tb

9Tb

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Chapter 7: Basic Digital Passband Modulation

aI(t)Vcos(2fct) V 0 V 0 V 0 V 0 V 0 V 0 2Tb 4Tb t 6Tb 8Tb 10Tb

2Tb

4Tb 6Tb a (t)Vsin(2f t)

Q c

8Tb

10Tb

2Tb

4Tb 6Tb sQPSK(t)=aI(t)Vcos(2fct)+aQ(t)Vsin(2fct)

8Tb

10Tb

s(t)

= =

aI (t)V cos(2fc t) + aQ (t)V sin(2fc t) a2 (t) + a2 (t)V cos 2fc t tan1 I Q /4, /4, 3/4, 3/4, if if if if aI aI aI aI = +1, aQ = +1, aQ = 1, aQ = 1, aQ aQ (t) aI (t) = = = = +1 1 +1 1 (bits (bits (bits (bits = 2V cos[2fc t (t)].

(t) =

are are are are

11) 10) . 01) 00)

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A First Course in Digital Communications

Chapter 7: Basic Digital Passband Modulation

Signal Space Representation of QPSK

1 (t) = 2 (t) =

V cos(2fc t) V 2 Tb V sin(2fc t)

0 < t < Ts = 2Tb ,

2 sin(2 fc t ) Ts
aI = 1, aQ = 1
V 2Ts

2T b

2 (t ) =

/4
0

1 (t ) =

A First Course in Digital Communications

aI = 1, aQ = 1

(t ) = 3 / 4

aI = 1, aQ = 1

aI = 1, aQ = 1

(t ) = 3 / 4

(t ) = / 4

2 cos(2 fc t ) Ts

(t ) = / 4

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Chapter 7: Basic Digital Passband Modulation

Receiver Implementation of QPSK

Quadrature bit stream
( s2Q ) (t )

Inphase bit stream

s1(Q ) (t )
( s 2I ) (t )

2 (t )

s1( I ) (t )

1 (t )

V 2Ts 2

V 2Ts 2

V 2Ts 2

V 2Ts 2

t = Ts
Ts

( ) dt
0

r1

Threshold = 0

a I (t )

r (t )

1 (t )
Ts

Multiplexer

a (t )

( ) dt
0

t = Ts r2

Threshold = 0

aQ (t )

2 (t )

A First Course in Digital Communications

P [bit error] = Q

V 2 Ts = = Q N0

2Eb N0

.
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Chapter 7: Basic Digital Passband Modulation

Oset Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (OQPSK)

In OQPSK the aI (t) and aQ (t) bit streams are oset by one bit interval Tb .
a 1
Bit sequence

a0
1

a1
0

a2
1

a3
1

a4
0

a5
0

a6
1

a7
0

1
a (t )

0
1

t
0

Tb

2Tb

3Tb

4Tb 5Tb

6Tb 7Tb

8Tb

9Tb

a0
1

a2

a4

a6

a I (t )

0 1

t
0

Tb

2Tb

3Tb 4Tb

5Tb 6Tb

7Tb

8Tb

9Tb

a 1
1

a1

a3

a5

a7 t

aQ (t )

0 1

Tb

2Tb 3Tb

4Tb 5Tb

6Tb

7Tb

8Tb 9Tb

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Chapter 7: Basic Digital Passband Modulation

Example of an OQPSK Signal

a (t)Vcos(2f t)
I c

V 0 V 0 V 0 V 0 V 0 V 0 Tb 2Tb 3Tb 4Tb 5Tb t 6Tb 7Tb 8Tb 9Tb 10Tb

Tb

2Tb

3Tb

4Tb 5Tb 6Tb aQ(t)Vsin(2fct)

7Tb

8Tb

9Tb

10Tb

Tb

2Tb

3Tb

OQPSK

4Tb 5Tb 6Tb 7Tb (t)=a (t)Vcos(2f t)+a (t)Vsin(2f t)

I c Q c

8Tb

9Tb

10Tb

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Chapter 7: Basic Digital Passband Modulation

Minimum Shift Keying (MSK)

Both QPSK and OQPSK signals have sudden jumps. MSK eliminates the jumps altogether by applying weighting functions to the carriers V cos(2fc t) and V sin(2fc t).
2 cos

t 2Tb

Tb

a I (t )

a (t )

aQ (t )

2 sin

t
2Tb

V sin(2f ct )

A First Course in Digital Communications

V cos(2f c t )

s (t )

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Chapter 7: Basic Digital Passband Modulation

Generation of an MSK Signal

a (t)
I

a (t)2 cos( t/(2T ))Vcos(2f t)

I b c

0.5

1
V

0 1 Tb cos( t/(2Tb)) 0 Tb 2Tb 3Tb 4Tb 5Tb aI(t)20.5cos( t/(2Tb)) 6Tb 7Tb 8Tb

(a)
0 (e)

9Tb

V Tb 0 Tb 2Tb
Q

3Tb
0.5

4Tb
b

5Tb
c

6Tb

7Tb

8Tb

9Tb

1 0 1 Tb 1 0 1 Tb

a (t)2 sin( t/(2T ))Vsin(2f t)

(b)
V

Tb

2Tb

3Tb

4Tb aQ(t)

5Tb

6Tb

7Tb

8Tb

9Tb
0 V (f)

sin( t/(2Tb)) 0 Tb 2Tb 3Tb 4Tb 5Tb aQ(t)20.5sin( t/(2Tb)) 6Tb 7Tb 8Tb

(c) 9Tb

Tb

Tb
0.5

2Tb

3Tb

4Tb

5Tb
0.5

6Tb

7Tb

8Tb

9Tb

sMSK(t)=aI(t)2 cos( t/(2Tb))Vcos(2fct)+aQ(t)2 sin( t/(2Tb))Vsin(2fct) V 0 (g)

1 0 1 Tb

(d) V 0 Tb 2Tb 3Tb 4Tb t 5Tb 6Tb 7Tb 8Tb 9Tb

Tb 0 Tb 2Tb 3Tb 4Tb t 5Tb 6Tb 7Tb 8Tb 9Tb

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Chapter 7: Basic Digital Passband Modulation

Block Diagram of MSK Receiver

t = k 2Tb Tb
k 2 Tb Tb ( k 1)2Tb Tb

2 (t )
k 2Tb

( k 1)2 Tb

1 (t )

1 (t) = 2 (t) = P [bit error] = Q

A First Course in Digital Communications

2 sin

t V sin(2fc t) 2Tb t 2 cos V cos(2fc t) 2Tb 2Eb N0 ,

Eb = V 2 Tb is the energy per bit.

26/30

( ) dt

t = k 2Tb r1

r (t )

( ) dt

r2

a I (t )
a(t )

aQ (t )

V 2 Tb , V 2 Tb .

Chapter 7: Basic Digital Passband Modulation

A Mathematical Description of MSK Signals

s(t) t 2Tb = A cos(2fc t ). a2 (t)2V 2 I cos
2

= aI (t) 2 cos

V cos(2fc t) + aQ (t) 2 sin

t 2Tb

V sin(2fc t)

A=

t 2Tb
t 2Tb t 2Tb

a2 (t)2V 2 Q

sin

t 2Tb

1 2

2V

= tan1

aQ (t) sin a (t) cos I

= tan1 tan

t 2Tb t .

t . 2Tb

s(t) =

1 2V cos 2 fc 4Tb

1 1 An MSK signal is of either frequency f2 = fc + 4Tb or f1 = fc 4Tb can be viewed as frequency-shift keying signal with continuous phase.
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Chapter 7: Basic Digital Passband Modulation

Power Spectral Density

0 Normalized Power Spectral Densisty (dB) 10 20 30 40 50 60 3 BPSK QPSK/OQPSK MSK

0 1 (ffc)/rb (Hz/bit/s)
2

3
2

cos[2(f fc )Tb ] SMSK (f ) = K 2 4 2 (f fc )2 2 /(4Tb )

A First Course in Digital Communications

cos[2(f + fc )Tb ] 2 4 2 (f + fc )2 2 /(4Tb )

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begun. Testimony to this is the rapidly increasing penetration areas. However, this novel archite of cordless and cellular phones, not just in North America but the 1980s when the first commer all across the world. In anticipation of the growing consumer introduced. first-generation demands, the next generation of wireless systems endeavors to Modulation in 2G Cellular Wireless SystemsThewhich were basedcellular a on analo provide person-to-person communication of both circuit and works, ulation deploye GSM/DCS-1800 IS-54/136 PDC 1S-95 since th typical e Region Europe North America Japan North America cellular Advanc Frequency band 900/1800/1900 800/1900 700/1500 800/1900 (MHz) (AMPS wireles Multiple access F/TDMA F/TDMA F/TDMA F/CDMA modulat cessing Carrier spacing 200 30 25 1250 processi (kHz) these di Modulation GMSK OQPSK OQPSK BPSK/QPSK advanta using s Speech coding VSELP (HR-5.6) VSELP (FR-7.95) PSI-CELP (HR-3.45) QCELP (8, 4, 2, 1) transmi (kb/s) RPE-LTP (FR-13) ACELP (EFR-7.4) VSELP (FR-6.7) RCELP (EVRC) division ACELP (EFR-12.2) code d CDMA, Frame size (ms) 4.6 40 20 20 log freq Channel coding Rate 1/2 Rate 1/2 Rate 1/2 Rate 1/2 or 1/3 (convolution code) 1 line HR: half-rate codec; FR: full-rate codec; EFR: enhanced full-rate codec; EVRC: enhanced variable isTheexam an rate codec municatio An adaptive multitate (AMR) codec for GSM is currently being standardized by ETSI Table 1. Air interface characteristics of 2G systems. Editorial
Chapter 7: Basic Digital Passband Modulation A First Course in Digital Communications 29/30

Chapter 7: Basic Digital Passband Modulation

Modulation in 3G CDMA-Based Cellular Systems

Proposal
Multiple-access

UTRA
FDD: DS-CDMA TDD: T/CDMA FDD/TDD

cdma2000
FDD: DS-CDMA TDD: T/CDMA FDD/TDD

WCDMA/NA WIMS W-CDMA W-CDMA TD-SCDMA

FDD: DS-CDMA TDD: T/CDMA FDD/TDD FDD: DS-CDMA TDD: DS-W-CDMA(FL) DS-S-TDMA (RL) W-CDMA FDD mode: FDD S-TDMA TDD mode: TDD FDD: TDMA/CDMA DS-CDMA TDD: T/CDMA FDD/TDD TDD

CDMA II
DS-CDMA

CDMA I
DS-CDMA

Duplex scheme

FDD

FDD

Chip rate (Mc/s) FDD: 4.096/ 8.192/16.384 TDD: 4.096 Frame length 10 ms Channel coding Convolutional coding (rate 1/2, 1/3, K = 9); optional outer RS coding (rate TBD)

1.2288xN Mcps (NX) 20/5 ms Convolutional coding (R=1/2, 1/3, 1/4, K = 9); Turbo code of R=1/2, 1/3, 1/4 and K = 4 (preferred for date transmission over 14.4 kb/s on supplemental channel)

FDD: 4.096/8.192/ 4.096/8.192/ 16.384 16.384 TDD: 4.096 10 ms Convolutional coding (rate 1/2, 1/3, K = 9); optional outer RS coding (R = 4/5) 10 ms Convolutional coding (FL: R = 1/2, K = 7, RL: R = 1/3, K = 9)

1.024/4 096/ 1.1136 8.192/16 384 10 ms Convolutional coding (R = 1/2, 1/3, K = 9); Turbo code of R = 1/3 K = 3 (data transmission over 32 kb/s) 5 ms

1.024/4.096/ 8.192/16.384 10 ms

0.9216/3.6864/ 14.7456 10 ms

Convolutional Convolutional Convolutional coding coding coding (R = 3/4, K = 9); (R = 1/2, 1/3, 1/4, R = 1/2, 1/3, 1/4, optional outer 1/6, K = 9), select- 1/6); RS code; able FEC optional outer Turbo code of for low rate data; (47, 41) RS code K = 4, R = 1/2 Turbo code of (preferred for data R = 1/3 and K = 3 rate greater than for high rate 19.2 kb/s NRT data and packet service) data Intraframe Intraframe FL: QPSK RL: BPSK

Interleaving

Inter/intraframe Intraframe

Inter/intraframe

Block interleaving (no details given)

Multistage Interframe, intra or interframe

Data modulation FDD: QPSK (FL) FL: QPSK, BPSK (RL) RL: Dual-channelQPSK; TDD: QPSK (RL&FL) FDD: QPSK BPSK (FL), QPSK(RL); TDD: QPSK (RL&FL) A First Course in Digital Communications Spreading modulation

FDD: QPSK FL: QPSK, RL: Dual-channel QPSK; TDD: QPSK (RL&FL) FDD: BPSK (FL), QPSK(RL); TDD: QPSK (RL&FL) QPSK

FDD: DQPSK, and QPSK (FL) FL: QPSK, 16QAM for high BPSK (RL) RL: Dual-chan- data rate nel QPSK TDD: QPSK QPSK BPSK FL: QPSK RL: OCQPSK(CDTC H, ACCH)/ CQPSK(UPCH)

QPSK (FL) OCQPSK(RL)

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