Cell Structure and Function
Agre and cells in the news
Cells
Smallest living unit Most are microscopic
Discovery of Cells
Robert Hooke (mid-1600s)
Observed sliver of cork Saw row of empty boxes Coined the term cell
Cell theory
(1839)Theodor Schwann & Matthias Schleiden all living things are made of cells (50 yrs. later) Rudolf Virchow all cells come from cells
Principles of Cell Theory
All living things are made of cells
Smallest living unit of structure and function of all organisms is the cell
All cells arise from preexisting cells (this principle discarded the idea of spontaneous generation)
Cell Size
Cells Have Large Surface Area-to-Volume Ratio
Characteristics of All Cells
A surrounding membrane Protoplasm cell contents in thick fluid Organelles structures for cell function Control center with DNA
Cell Types
Prokaryotic Eukaryotic
Prokaryotic Cells
First cell type on earth Cell type of Bacteria and Archaea
Prokaryotic Cells
No membrane bound nucleus Nucleoid = region of DNA concentration Organelles not bound by membranes
Eukaryotic Cells
Nucleus bound by membrane Include fungi, protists, plant, and animal cells Possess many organelles
Protozoan
Representative Animal Cell
Representative Plant Cell
Organelles
Cellular machinery Two general kinds
Derived from membranes Bacteria-like organelles
Bacteria-Like Organelles
Derived from symbiotic bacteria
Ancient association
Endosymbiotic theory
Evolution of modern cells from cells & symbiotic bacteria
Plasma Membrane
Contains cell contents Double layer of phospholipids & proteins
Phospholipids
Polar
Hydrophylic head Hydrophobic tail
Interacts with water
Movement Across the Plasma Membrane
A few molecules move freely
Water, Carbon dioxide, Ammonia, Oxygen
Carrier proteins transport some molecules
Proteins embedded in lipid bilayer Fluid mosaic model describes fluid nature of a lipid bilayer with proteins
Membrane Proteins
1. Channels or transporters
Move molecules in one direction
2. Receptors
Recognize certain chemicals
Membrane Proteins
3. Glycoproteins
Identify cell type
4. Enzymes
Catalyze production of substances
Cell Walls
Found in plants, fungi, & many protists Surrounds plasma membrane
Cell Wall Differences
Plants mostly cellulose Fungi contain chitin
Cytoplasm
Viscous fluid containing organelles components of cytoplasm
Interconnected filaments & fibers Fluid = cytosol Organelles (not nucleus) storage substances
Cytoskeleton
Filaments & fibers Made of 3 fiber types
Microfilaments Microtubules Intermediate filaments
3 functions:
mechanical support anchor organelles help move substances
A = actin, IF = intermediate filament, MT = microtubule
Cilia & Flagella
Provide motility Cilia
Short Used to move substances outside human cells
Flagella
Whip-like extensions Found on sperm cells
Basal bodies like centrioles
Cilia & Flagella Structure
Bundles of microtubules With plasma membrane
Centrioles
Pairs of microtubular structures Play a role in cell division
Membranous Organelles
Functional components within cytoplasm Bound by membranes
Nucleus
Control center of cell
Double membrane
Contains
Chromosomes Nucleolus
Nuclear Envelope
Separates nucleus from rest of cell
Double membrane
Has pores
DNA
Hereditary material
Chromosomes
DNA Protiens Form for cell division
Chromatin
Nucleolus
Most cells have 2 or more Directs synthesis of RNA Forms ribosomes
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Helps move substances within cells
Network of interconnected membranes Two types
Rough endoplasmic reticulum Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Ribosomes attached to surface
Manufacture protiens Not all ribosomes attached to rough ER
May modify proteins from ribosomes
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
No attached ribosomes Has enzymes that help build molecules
Carbohydrates Lipids
Golgi Apparatus
Involved in synthesis of plant cell wall Packaging & shipping station of cell
Golgi Apparatus Function
1. Molecules come in vesicles
2. Vesicles fuse with Golgi membrane
3. Molecules may be modified by Golgi
Golgi Apparatus Function (Continued)
4. Molecules pinched-off in separate vesicle
5. Vesicle leaves Golgi apparatus 6. Vesicles may combine with plasma membrane to secrete contents
Lysosomes
Contain digestive enzymes Functions
Aid in cell renewal Break down old cell parts Digests invaders
Vacuoles
Membrane bound storage sacs More common in plants than animals Contents
Water Food wastes
Bacteria-Like Organelles
Release & store energy
Types
Mitochondria (release energy) Chloroplasts (store energy)
Mitochondria
Have their own DNA Bound by double membrane
Mitochondria
Break down fuel molecules (cellular respiration)
Glucose Fatty acids
Release energy
ATP
Chloroplasts
Derived form photosynthetic bacteria Solar energy capturing organelle
Photosynthesis
Takes place in the chloroplast Makes cellular food glucose
Review of Eukaryotic Cells
Review of Eukaryotic Cells
Molecule Movement & Cells
Passive Transport
Active Transport
Endocytosis (phagocytosis & pinocytosis) Exocytosis
Passive Transport
No energy required
Move due to gradient
differences in concentration, pressure, charge
Move to equalize gradient
High moves toward low
Types of Passive Transport
1. Diffusion
2. Osmosis 3. Facilitated diffusion
Diffusion
Molecules move to equalize concentration
Osmosis
Special form of diffusion
Fluid flows from lower solute concentration Often involves movement of water
Into cell Out of cell
Solution Differences & Cells
solvent + solute = solution Hypotonic
Solutes in cell more than outside Outside solvent will flow into cell
Isotonic
Solutes equal inside & out of cell
Hypertonic
Solutes greater outside cell Fluid will flow out of cell
Facilitated Diffusion
Differentially permeable membrane Channels (are specific) help molecule or ions enter or leave the cell Channels usually are transport proteins (aquaporins facilitate the movement of water) No energy is used
Process of Facilitated Transport
Protein binds with molecule Shape of protein changes Molecule moves across membrane
Active Transport
Molecular movement Requires energy (against gradient) Example is sodium-potassium pump
Endocytosis
Movement of large material
Particles Organisms Large molecules
Movement is into cells Types of endocytosis
bulk-phase (nonspecific) receptor-mediated (specific)
Process of Endocytosis
Plasma membrane surrounds material Edges of membrane meet Membranes fuse to form vesicle
Forms of Endocytosis
Phagocytosis cell eating Pinocytosis cell drinking
Exocytosis
Reverse of endocytosis Cell discharges material
Exocytosis
Vesicle moves to cell surface Membrane of vesicle fuses Materials expelled
End Chapter 5