1 Integers, powers and roots

The first primes are 2 3 5 7 11 13 17 19 23 29 . . .

Key words
Prime numbers have just two factors: 1 and the number itself. Make sure you learn and
understand these key words:
Every whole number that is not prime can be written as a product
of prime numbers in exactly one way (apart from the order of integer
the primes). inverse
multiple
8 = 2 × 2 × 2 65 = 5 × 13 132 = 2 × 2 × 3 × 11 common multiple
2527 = 7 × 19 × 19 lowest common multiple (LCM)
factor
It is easy to multiply two prime numbers. For example,
common factor
13 × 113 = 1469.
highest common factor (HCF)
It is much harder to do the inverse operation. For example, prime number
2021 is the product of two prime numbers. Can you find them? prime
factor tree
This fact is the basis of a system that is used to encode messages
power
sent across the internet.
index (indices)
The RSA cryptosystem was invented by Ronald Rivest, square
Adi Shamir and Leonard Adleman in 1977. It uses two cube
large prime numbers with about 150 digits each. These square root
are kept secret. Their product, N, with about 300 digits, is made cube root
public so that anyone can use it.
If you send a credit card number to a
website, your computer performs a
calculation with N and your credit card
number to encode it. The computer
receiving the coded number will do
another calculation to decode it. Anyone
else, who does not know the factors, will
not be able to do this.

Prime numbers more than 200 are 211 223 227 229 233 239 241 251 257 263 269 271 . . . . . .

1 Integers, powers and roots 7

 1.1 Arithmetic with integers

1.1 Arithmetic with integers

Integers are whole numbers. They may be positive or negative. Zero is also an integer. 2+3=5

You can show integers on a number line. 2+2=4

2+1=3
–5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 2+0=2
2 + −1 = 1
Look at the additions in the box to the right. The number added to 2 decreases, or goes
2 + −2 = 0
down, by 1 each time. The answer also decreases, or goes down, by 1 each time.
2 + −3 = −1
2 + −4 = −2

Now see what happens if you subtract. Look at the first column. 5−3=2 5 + −3 = 2
The number subtracted from 5 goes down by 1 each time. The answer 5−2=3 5 + −2 = 3
goes up by 1 each time. Now look at the two columns together. 5−1=4 5 + −1 = 4
You can change a subtraction into an addition by adding the inverse 5−0=5 5+0=5
number. The inverse of 3 is −3. The inverse of −3 is 3.
For example, 5 – –3 = 5 + 3 = 8. 5 − −1 = 6 5+1=6
5 − −2 = 7 5+2=7
5 − −3 = 8 5+3=8

Worked example 1.1a

Work these out. a 3 + −7 b −5 − 8 c −3 − −9

a 3 + −7 = −4 Subtract 7 from 3. 3 − 7 = −4
b −5 − 8 = −13 The inverse of 8 is −8. −5 − 8 = −5 + −8 = −13
c −3 − −9 = 6 The inverse of −9 is 9. −3 − −9 = −3 + 9 = 6

Look at these multiplications. 3 × 5 = 15 The pattern continues like this. −1 × 5 = −5

2 × 5 = 10 −2 × 5 = −10
1×5=5 −3 × 5 = −15
0×5=0 −4 × 5 = −20

You can see that negative integer × positive integer = negative answer.
Now look at this pattern. The pattern continues like this.
−3 × 4 = −12 −3 × −1 = 3
−3 × 3 = −9 −3 × −2 = 6
−3 × 2 = −6 −3 × −3 = 9
−3 × 1 = −3 −3 × −4 = 12
−3 × 0 = 0 −3 × −5 = 15

You can see that negative integer × negative integer = positive answer.

8 1 Integers, powers and roots

 1.1 Arithmetic with integers

Here is a simple rule, which also works for division.

When you multiply two integers:
if they have same signs Æ positive answer
if they have different signs Æ negative answer

Worked example 1.1b

Work these out. a 12 × −3 b −8 × −5 c −20 ÷ 4 d −24 ÷ −6

a 12 × −3 = −36 12 × 3 = 36 The signs are different so the answer is negative.

b −8 × −5 = 40 8 × 5 = 40 The signs are the same so the answer is positive.
c −20 ÷ 4 = −5 20 ÷ 4 = 5 The signs are different so the answer is negative.
d −24 ÷ −6 = 4 24 ÷ 6 = 4 The signs are the same so the answer is positive.

Warning: This rule works for multiplication and division. It does not work for addition or subtraction.

✦ Exercise 1.1
1 Work out these additions.
a 3 + −6 b −3 + −8 c −10 + 4 d −10 + −7 e 12 + −4
2 Work out these additions.
a 30 + −20 b −100 + −80 c −20 + 5 d −30 + −70 e 45 + −40
3 Work out these subtractions.
a 4−6 b −4 − 6 c 6−4 d −6 − 6 e −2 − 10
4 Write down additions that have the same answers as these subtractions. Then work out the answer to
each one.
a 4 − −6 b −4 − −6 c 8 − −2 d −4 − −6 e 12 − −10
5 Work out these subtractions.
a 7 − −2 b −5 − −3 c 12 − −4 d −6 − −6 e −2 − −10
6 Here are some addition pyramids. Each number is the sum of the two in
the row below it. In part a, 3 + −5 = −2
Copy the pyramids. Fill in the missing numbers.
a b c d e
3 –7

–2 2 –6

3 –5 1 –2 –3 5 2 –4 –6 –3 2

7 Here is a subtraction table. Two answers have already been filled in: 4 − −4 = 8 and −4 − 2 = −6.
Copy the table and complete it.
second number
− −4 −2 0 2 4
4 8
2
first
0
number
−2
−4 −6
1 Integers, powers and roots 9
 1.1 Arithmetic with integers

8 Work out these multiplications.

a 5 × −4 b −8 × 6 c −4 × −5 d −6 × −10 e −2 × 20
9 Work out these divisions.
a 20 ÷ −10 b −30 ÷ 6 c −12 ÷ −4 d −50 ÷ −5 e 16 ÷ −4
10 Write down two correct division expressions.
a 4 × −10 b −20 ÷ 5 c −20 × 5 d −40 ÷ −8 e −12 × −4
11 Here are some multiplications. In each case, use the same numbers to write down
two correct division expressions.
a 5 × −3 = −15 b −8 × −4 = 32 c −6 × 7 = −42
12 Here is a multiplication table. Three answers have already been filled in.
× −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3
3 6
2
1 −2
0
−1 3
−2
−3
a Copy the table and complete it.
b Colour all the 0 answers in one colour, for example, green.
c Colour all the positive answers in a second colour, for example, blue.
d Colour all the negative answers in a third colour, for example, red.
13 These are multiplication pyramids. Each number is the product of the The product is the result of
two in the row below it. multiplying two numbers
Copy each pyramid. Fill in the missing numbers. In part a, 2 × −3 = −6

a b c d
48 64

–6 –12 –16

2 –3 –2 –4 5 –1 –3 2

14 a What integers will replace the symbols to make this multiplication correct? { × ' = −12
b How many different pairs of numbers can you find that give this answer?
15 Work these out.
a 5 × −3 b 5 + −3 c −4 − −5 d −60 ÷ −10 e −2 + 18 f −10 − 4
16 Write down the missing numbers.
a 4 × = −20 b ÷ −2 = −6 c − −5 = −2 d × −3 = 12
e −2 + = 2 f − 4 = −3

10 1 Integers, powers and roots

 1.2 Multiples, factors and primes

1.2 Multiples, factors and primes 6×1=6 6 × 2 = 12 6 × 3 = 18 ……

9 × 1 = 9 9 × 2 = 18 9 × 3 = 27 … …
The multiples of 6 are 6, 12, 18, 24, 30, 36, …, …
The multiples of 9 are 9, 18, 27, 36, 45, 54, …, …
The common multiples of 6 and 9 are 18, 36, 54, 72, …, …
18 36 54 … … are in both lists of multiples.
The lowest common multiple (LCM) of 6 and 9 is 18.
The factors of a number divide into it without a remainder.
3 × 6 = 18 so 3 and 6 are factors of 18
The factors of 18 are 1, 2, 3, 6, 9 and 18.
The factors of 27 are 1, 3, 9 and 27.
The common factors of 18 and 27 are 1, 3 and 9.
The highest common factor (HCF) of 18 and 27 is 9.
Some numbers have just two factors. Examples are 7 (1 and 7 are factors), 13 (1 and 13 are factors)
and 43. Numbers with just two factors are called prime numbers or just primes. The first ten primes
are 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23 and 29.

Worked example 1.2a

a Find the factors of 45. b Find the prime factors of 48.

a The factors of 45 are 1, 3, 5, 9, 15 45 = 1 × 45 so 1 and 45 are factors. (1 is always a factor.)

and 45. Check 2, 3, 4, … in turn to see if it is a factor.
2 is not a factor. (45 is an odd number.)
45 = 3 × 15 3 and 15 are factors.
4 is not a factor.
45 = 5 × 9 5 and 9 are factors.
6, 7 and 8 are not factors. The next number to try is 9 but we already have 9
in the list of factors. You can stop when you
reach a number that is already in the list.

b The prime factors of 48 are 2 and 3. You only need to check prime numbers.
48 = 2 × 24 2 is a prime factor. 24 is not.
48 = 3 × 16 3 is a prime factor. 16 is not.
5 and 7 are not factors.
Because 7 × 7 is bigger than 48, you can stop there.

Worked example 1.2b

Find the LCM and HCF of 12 and 15.

The LCM is 60. The multiples of 12 are 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, …, ….
The multiples of 15 are 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, …, …
60 is the first number that is in both lists.

The HCF is 3. The factors of 12 are 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 and 12.

The factors of 15 are 1, 3, 5 and 15.
3 is the largest number that is in both lists.

1 Integers, powers and roots 11

 1.2 Multiples, factors and primes

✦ Exercise 1.2
1 Find the factors of each number.
a 20 b 27 c 75 d 23 e 100 f 98
2 Find the first four multiples of each number.
a 8 b 15 c 7 d 20 e 33 f 100
3 Find the lowest common multiple of each pair of numbers.
a 6 and 8 b 9 and 12 c 4 and 14
d 20 and 30 e 8 and 32 f 7 and 11
4 The LCM of two numbers is 40. One of the numbers is 5. What is the other number?
5 Find:
a the factors of 24 b the factors of 32 c the common factors of 24 and 32
d the highest common factor of 24 and 32.
6 List the common factors of each pair of numbers.
a 20 and 25 b 12 and 18 c 28 and 35
d 8 and 24 e 21 and 32 f 19 and 31
7 Find the HCF of the numbers in each pair.
a 8 and 10 b 18 and 24 c 40 and 50
d 80 and 100 e 17 and 33 f 15 and 30
8 The HCF of two numbers is 8. One of the numbers is between 20 and 30. The other number is
between 40 and 60. What are the two numbers?
9 31 is a prime number. What is the next prime after 31?
10 List the prime numbers between 60 and 70.
11 Read what Xavier and Alicia say about the number 91.

91 is a prime number. 91 is not a prime number.

Who is correct? Give a reason for your answer.

12 73 and 89 are prime numbers. What is their highest common factor?
13 7 is a prime number. No multiple of 7, except 7 itself, can be a prime number. Explain why not.
14 List the prime factors of each number.
a 12 b 15 c 21 d 49 e 30 f 77
15 a Write down three numbers whose only prime factor is 2.
b Write down three numbers whose only prime factor is 3.
c Write down three numbers whose only prime factor is 5.
16 Find a number bigger than 10 that has an odd number of factors.

17 Find a number that has three prime factors.

12 1 Integers, powers and roots

 1.3 More about prime numbers

1.3 More about prime numbers

Any integer bigger than 1, that is not prime, can be written as a product of prime numbers.
Here are some examples.
84 = 2 × 2 × 3 × 7 45 = 3 × 3 × 5 196 = 2 × 2 × 7 × 7
You can use a factor tree to find and show factors.
This is how to draw a factor tree for 120.
120
1 Draw branches to two numbers that multiply to make 120. Here 12 and
10 are chosen.
12 10
2 Do the same with 12 and 10. 12 = 3 × 4 and 10 = 2 × 5
3 3, 2 and 5 are prime, so stop.
4 4 = 2 × 2 so draw two branches. 3 4 2 5
5 Stop, because all the end numbers are prime.
6 Multiply all the numbers at the ends of the branches. 2 2
120 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × 5
120
You can draw the tree in different ways.
Here is a different tree for 120. 2 60
The numbers at the ends of the branches are the same.
2 30
You can write the result like this. 120 = 23 × 3 × 5.
The small number 3 next to the 2 is called an index. 23 means 2 × 2 × 2.
5 6

Check that these are correct. 2 3

60 = 22 × 3 × 5 75 = 3 × 52
You can use these expressions to find the LCM and HCF of 60 and 75. 60 = 22 × 3 × 5
For the LCM, take the larger frequency of each prime factor and multiply 75 = 3 × 52
them all together. Two 2s, one 3, two 5s
LCM = 22 × 3 × 52 = 4 × 3 × 25
= 300
For the HCF, take the smaller frequency of each prime factor that occurs in 60 = 22 × 3 × 5
both numbers and multiply them all together. 75 = 3 × 52
HCF = 3 × 5 No 2s, one 3, one 5
= 15

1 Integers, powers and roots 13

 1.3 More about prime numbers

✦ Exercise 1.3
1 Copy and complete each of these factor trees.
a 48 b 100 c 108

6 8 10 10 2 54

2 a Draw a different factor tree for each of the numbers in question 1.

b Write each of these numbers as a product of primes.
i 48 ii 100 iii 108
3 Match each number to a product of primes.
One has been done for you.

r

r
2 × 5

r

r

¤

¤


r

r
2 × 32 × 5

r

r

¤
2

r

r
3 × 3
4 Write down the number that is being represented.
a 22 × 3 × 5 b 2 × 33 c 3 × 112 d 2 3 × 72 e 24 × 32 f 52 × 13
5 Write each number as a product of primes.
a 24 b 50 c 72 You can use a factor tree to help you.
d 200 e 165 f 136
6 a Write each number as a product of primes. i 45 ii 75
b Find the LCM of 45 and 75.
c Find the HCF of 45 and 75.
7 a Write each number as a product of primes. i 90 ii 140
b Find the LCM of 90 and 140.
c Find the HCF of 90 and 140.
8 37 and 47 are prime numbers.
a What is the HCF of 37 and 47? b What is the LCM of 37 and 47?

14 1 Integers, powers and roots

 1.4 Powers and roots

1.4 Powers and roots

A number multiplied by itself several times is called a power of
that number. You use indices to show powers. The plural of index is indices:

Here are some powers of 5. one index, two indices.

52 = 5 × 5 = 25 This is five squared or the square of five.

3
5 = 5 × 5 × 5 = 125 This is five cubed or the cube of five.
4
5 = 5 × 5 × 5 × 5 = 625 This is five to the power four.
55 = 5 × 5 × 5 × 5 × 5 = 3125 This is five to the power five.
The square of 5 is 52 = 25.
Therefore the square root of 25 is 5 and you write this as 25 = 5.
means square root.
The cube of 5 is 53 = 125. 3
means cube root.
Therefore the cube root of 125 is 5 and you write this as 3 125 = 5.

5 is not the only square root of 25.

(−5)2 = −5 × −5 = 25 so 25 has two square roots, 5 and −5.
25 means the positive square root.

125 only has one integer cube root. −5 is not a cube root because −5 × −5 × −5 = −125.

Square numbers have square roots that are integers.

Examples: 132 = 169 so 169 = 13 192 = 361 so 361 = 19

Try to memorise these five cubes and their corresponding cube roots:
13 = 1 so 3 1 = 1 23 = 8 so 3 8 = 2 33 = 27 so 3 27 = 3
3
43 = 64 so 64 = 4 53 = 125 so 3 125 = 5

✦ Exercise 1.4
1 Find the value of each power.
a 32 b 33 c 34 d 35
2 Find the value of each power.
a 102 b 103 c 104
3 106 is one million and 109 is one billion. Over one billion
Write down these two numbers in full. people live in India.

4 In each pair, which of the two numbers is larger?

a 35 or 53 b 26 or 62 c 54 or 45
5 a N 3 is 27. What number is N ?
b 6M is 1296. What number is M ?

1 Integers, powers and roots 15

 1.4 Powers and roots

6 Can you find two different integers, A and B, so that AB = BA?

7 Write down two square roots for each of these numbers.
a 9 b 36 c 81 d 196 e 225 f 400
8 Read what Maha says about
her number. What could her I am thinking of a number. It is between 250 and
number be? 350. Its square root is an integer.

9 Read what Hassan says about his

number. What is the largest possible I am thinking of a number. It is less than 500.
value of his number? Its cube root is an integer.

10 Find the value of each of these.

3 3 3
a 100 b 400 c 27 d 125 e 1000
11 Read what Oditi says about her number.
Find a possible value for her number. I am thinking of a number. Its square root
is an integer. Its cube root is an integer.
12 210 = 1024. Use this fact to find:
a 211 b 212 c 29

13 a Find the value of each expression. i 13 + 23 ii 13 + 23

b Find the value of 13 + 23 + 33 . c Find the value of 13 + 23 + 33 + 43 .
d Can you see an easy way to work out the value of 13 + 23 + 33 + 43 + 53 ? If so, describe it.

Summary

You should now know that: You should be able to:

★ You can multiply or divide two integers. If they ★ Add, subtract, multiply and divide integers.
have the same sign the answer is positive ★ Identify and use multiples and factors.
(−5 × −2 = 10). If they have different signs the
★ Identify and use primes.
answer is negative (−5 × 2 = −10).
★ Find common factors and highest common factors
★ You can subtract a negative number by adding the
(HCF).
corresponding positive number.
★ Find lowest common multiples (LCM).
★ You can find multiples of a number by multiplying
by 1, 2, 3, etc. ★ Write a number in terms of its prime factors, for
example, 500 = 22 × 53.
★ Prime numbers have just two factors.
★ Calculate squares, positive and negative square
★ You can write every positive integer as a product
roots, cubes and cube roots.
of prime factors.
★ Use index notation for positive integer powers.
★ You can use the products of prime factors to find
the lowest common factor and highest common ★ Calculate accurately, choosing operations and
multiple. mental or written methods appropriate to the
numbers and context.
★ 54 means 5 × 5 × 5 × 5.
★ Manipulate numbers and apply routine
★ Positive integers have two square roots.
algorithms, for example, to find the HCF and LCM
★ 49 = 7 and 3 64 = 4. of two numbers.

16 1 Integers, powers and roots

 End-of-unit review

End-of-unit review
1 Work these out.
a 5 + −3 b −3 − 5 c −8 + −7 d 3 − 13 e −7 − 7
2 Work these out.
a 2 − −5 b −3 − −4 c 12 − −5 d −5 − −12 e −9 − −9
3 Work these out.
a −3 × −9 b 8 ÷ −4 c −20 × 4 d −30 ÷ −5 e −16 ÷ 8
4 Copy and complete this multiplication table.
× −2 3 5
−4
−3
6 30

5 Here is a number chain. Each number is the product of the previous two numbers.
−1 −2 2 −4 ☐ ☐
Write down the next two numbers in the chain.
6 Find all the factors of each number.
a 42 b 52 c 55 d 29 e 64 f 69
7 a Find two prime numbers that add up to 40.
b Find another two prime numbers that add up to 40.
c Are there any more pairs of prime numbers that add up to 40? If so, what are they?
8 Write each of these numbers as a product of its prime factors.
a 18 b 96 c 200 d 240 e 135 f 175
9 Use your answers to question 8 to find:
a the highest common factor of 200 and 240 b the highest common factor of 135 and 175
c the lowest common multiple of 18 and 96 d the lowest common multiple of 200 and 240.
10 Find the square roots of each number.
a 25 b 81 c 169 d 256
11 Find the value of each number.
3
a 64 b 64
12 In computing, 210 is called 1K. Write down as a number:
a 1K b 2K c 4K.
13 a Read Shen’s comment. What mistake has he made?
b Correct the statement.
35 and 53 are both equal to 15.

O off th
14 The HCF of two numbers is 6. The LCM is 72. One b is
the numbers i 24
24.
Find a possible value of the other number.

1 Integers, powers and roots 17