Freshman – First Year students
Instructor: Mr. Ahmed Samir
[Link]. P.E. Material Science
Salahaddin University – Hawler
College of Engineering
TEXT BOOKS,
1. B.L. Theraja and A.K. Theraja, " Electrical Technology", 2008.
2. Giorgio Rizzoni," Principles and applications of electrical engineering", 5th
edition, 2007.
Introduction
• An electrical circuit is a collection of electrical elements
interconnected in some specified way, the purpose of electrical
energy to other forms the electrical circuit consists of:
1. Source of electrical energy. Source
of
Electrical
Energy
2. A device that convert energy. Electrical
Device
and
Convert
3. Connecting wires as shown in the fig. ~
electrical
energy
to
other
forms
Connec(ng
Wires
September
1,
2015
Lecture
1
2
Charge and Current
• The primary purpose of an electrical circuit is transfer charges
from the source to the device through specified both the
motion of charges constitutes an electrical current denoted the
letter (I) the current is the time rate of change of charge i.e.
Where:
I : current.
c : coulomb.
1
A
=
6.24
x
1018
e
I
sec : time second.
September
1,
2015
Lecture
1
3
Voltage, Energy & Power
• The voltage across an element is defined as the work done in
moving a unit charge (1c) through the element from one
terminal to another as shown below:
Where:
V : Voltage.
L
J : Work.
A Element
B
c : Coulomb.
V
September
1,
2015
Lecture
1
4
Voltage, Energy & Power
• The power is defined as the rate by which work is done.
I
P=VxI
September
1,
2015
Lecture
1
5
Resistance
• The resistance may be defined as the property of substance due
to which it oppose the flow of charges the resistance ( R )
offered by conductor depends on the following factor:
1. The type of conductor material.
2. The length of conductor.
3. The cross sectional area of the conductor.
4. The temperature.
The resistance of the conductor can be written as:
P = I2 x R
Where R : resistance.
September
1,
2015
Lecture
1
6
Freshman – First Year students
Lecture 2
Ohm’s Law
which states that the voltage across an element is directly
proportional to the current flow through it. The value of the
resistance R is measured in units of Ohms (Ω), where
V=I.R
Where:
R: Resistance (Ω)
I: Current (A)
V: Voltage (V)
September
1,
2015
Lecture
2
2
Example 1
• If the voltage supplied to the following electrical circuit 6 V
and the resistors is 3 Ohm, how much current will be delivered
to the circuit and how much power is dissipated?
September
1,
2015
Lecture
2
3
Resistance in series
• The resistance are said to be series connected when they
connected end to end.
• In the series connection:
• Is = I1 = I2 = I3
• Vs = V1 + V2 + V3
• Rs = R1 + R2 + R3
September
1,
2015
Lecture
2
4
Resistance in Parallel
• The resistance are said to be parallel connected when they
have two point in common.
• In the Parallel connection:
• Is = I1 + I2 + I3
• Vs = V1 = V2 = V3
September
1,
2015
Lecture
2
5
Current Divider Rule
Vs = V1 = V2
Is . Rt = I1 . R1 = I2 . R2
Is . Rt = I1 . R1
September
1,
2015
Lecture
2
6
Voltage Divider Rule
Is = I1 = I2 = I3
September
1,
2015
Lecture
2
7
Example 2
For the electrical circuit shown below find I4:
September
1,
2015
Lecture
2
8
Freshman – First Year students
Lecture 3
Chapter 2
KVL & KCL
Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law KVL
KVL state that the algebraic sum of volt axis around any closed
path or loop is ZERO.
It’s an illustration application of this statement to the closed path
a b c d shown below:
Loop a b c d
- VS1 + V1 - VS2 + V2 = 0
September
1,
2015
KVL
&
KCL
2
Example 1
• For the network shown below, find V2?
September
1,
2015
KVL
&
KCL
3
Example 2
• For the network shown below find the unknown voltage.
September
1,
2015
KVL
&
KCL
4
Kirchhoff’s Current Law KCL
• KCL state that the sum of current entering any node equal to the
sum of current leaving the node.
• Σ I Entering = Σ I Leaving
• As an illustration, look at the following network:
• I1 + I2 = IS1 + IS2
September
1,
2015
KVL
&
KCL
5
Example 3
• For the circuit shown below, find all unknown currents and
their directions.
September
1,
2015
KVL
&
KCL
6
Freshman – First Year students
Lecture 4
Chapter 3
Methods of Analysis of Electrical
Network
Superposition Theorem
• Some circuits require more than one voltage source. For example,
certain types of amplifiers require both a positive and a negative dc
voltage source for proper operation as well as an ac signal source. In
this section, a general method is presented for evaluating series-
parallel circuits having multiple voltage sources. The method is
illustrated with two-voltage-source circuits. However, once you
understand the basic principle, you can extend this method to
circuits with any number of sources.
• The superposition theorem is a way to determine currents and
voltages in a linear circuit that has multiple sources by taking one
source at a time. The other sources are replaced by their internal
resistances. Recall that the ideal voltage source has a zero internal
resistance. All voltage sources will be treated as ideal in order to
simplify the coverage.
September
1,
2015
Methods
of
Analysis
of
Electrical
Circuit
2
Superposition Theorem
• A general statement of the superposition theorem is as follows:
• The current in any given branch of a multiple-source linear
circuit can be found by determining the currents in that
particular branch produced by each source acting alone,
with all other sources replaced by their internal resistances.
The total current in the branch is the algebraic sum of the
individual source currents in that branch.
September
1,
2015
Methods
of
Analysis
of
Electrical
Circuit
3
Superposition Theorem
• The steps in applying the superposition theorem are as follows:
• Step 1. Take one voltage source at a time and replace each of the other
voltage sources with a short, which represents zero internal resistance.
• Step 2. Determine the particular current or voltage that you want to find
just as if there were only one source in the circuit. This is a component of
the total current or voltage that you are looking for.
• Step 3. Take the next source in the circuit and repeat Steps 1 and 2 for each
source.
• Step 4. To find the actual current in a given branch, add or subtract the
component currents due to each individual source. If the currents are in the
same direction, add them. If the currents are in opposite directions, subtract
them
September
1,
2015
Methods
of
Analysis
of
Electrical
Circuit
4
Superposition Theorem
September
1,
2015
Methods
of
Analysis
of
Electrical
Circuit
5
Superposition Theorem
September
1,
2015
Methods
of
Analysis
of
Electrical
Circuit
6
Example 1
• Find the total current through and voltage across R3 in Figure?
September
1,
2015
Methods
of
Analysis
of
Electrical
Circuit
7
Example 2
• For the network shown below find all unknown current and
their direction?
September
1,
2015
Methods
of
Analysis
of
Electrical
Circuit
8
Freshman – First Year students
Lecture 5
Chapter 3
Methods of Analysis of Electrical
Network
Thevenin’s & Norton’s Theorem
• A linear resistance circuit which contains one or more voltage
or current source can be replaced by a single voltage source
and series resistance (Thevenin Theorem) or by single current
source and parallel resistance (Norton Theorem).
Thevenin’s Theorem:
• The Thevenin equivalent resistance (RTH) is the total resistance
appearing between two specified output terminals in a circuit
with all sources replaced by their internal resistances (which
for an ideal voltage source is zero)
September
1,
2015
Methods
of
Analysis
of
Electrical
Circuit
2
Thevenin’s Theorem
Thevenin’s Theorem:
Steps for finding Thevenin’s equivalent circuit:
Step1: Remove the resistance RL or that portion of the of the circuit whose current
is required. Mark the two terminals of the remaining circuit.
Step2: Find the open circuit voltage (Vo.c. = Vth) which appears across the two
terminals from where the resistance in removed.
Step3: Compute Thevenin’s equivalent resistance (Rth) as looked into the circuit
from the two terminals where the resistance was removed, after making all source
in active “Voltage source are replaced by short circuit & current source by open
circuit”.
Step4: Replace the active network by Thevenin’s equivalent circuit as shown in the
next slide view.
September
1,
2015
Methods
of
Analysis
of
Electrical
Circuit
3
Thevenin’s Theorem
Thevenin’s Theorem:
• Rth : Thevenin’s equivalent resistance.
• Vth : Thevenin’s equivalent voltage.
September
1,
2015
Methods
of
Analysis
of
Electrical
Circuit
4
Example 1
• Find the Thevenin equivalent between the output terminals A
and B of the circuit in Figure.
September
1,
2015
Methods
of
Analysis
of
Electrical
Circuit
5
Thevenizing a Bridge Circuit
The usefulness of Thevenin's theorem can be
illustrated when it is applied to a Wheatstone
bridge circuit. For example, consider the case
when a load resistor is connected to the output
terminals of a Wheatstone bridge, as shown in
Figure. The bridge circuit is very difficult to
analyze because it is not a straightforward
series-parallel arrangement when a resistance,
such as the very small resistance of a
galvanometer, is connected between the output
terminals A and B. There are no resistors that
are in series or in parallel with another resistor.
September
1,
2015
Methods
of
Analysis
of
Electrical
Circuit
6
Example 2
• Using Thevenin’s Theorem find passed current through the
resistor 5?
September
1,
2015
Methods
of
Analysis
of
Electrical
Circuit
7
Example 3
• Using Thevenin’s Theorem find passed current through the
resistor L?
September
1,
2015
Methods
of
Analysis
of
Electrical
Circuit
8
Freshman – First Year students
Lecture 6
Chapter 3
Methods of Analysis of Electrical
Network
Norton’s Theorem
• Like Thevenin's theorem, Norton's theorem provides a method of
reducing a more complex circuit to a simpler form. The basic
difference is that Norton's theorem gives an equivalent current
source in parallel with an equivalent resistance. The form of
Norton's equivalent circuit is shown in Figure. Regardless of how
complex the original circuit is, it can always be reduced to this
equivalent form. The equivalent current source is designated IN and
the equivalent resistance is designated RN.
September
1,
2015
Methods
of
Analysis
of
Electrical
Circuit
2
Norton’s Theorem
Norton’s Theorem:
Steps for finding Norton’s equivalent circuit:
Step1: Remove the resistance RL or that portion of the of the circuit whose
current is required. Mark the two terminals of the remaining circuit.
Step2: Find the short circuit current (Is.c. = IN) which appears across the two
terminals from where the resistance in removed.
Step3: Compute Norton’s Resistance (RN) by following the same procedure as
for Thevenin’s Resistance (Rth) “Voltage source are replaced by short circuit &
current source by open circuit”.
Step4: Replace the active network by Norton’s equivalent circuit as shown in
the next slide view.
September
1,
2015
Methods
of
Analysis
of
Electrical
Circuit
3
Norton’s Theorem
Norton’s Theorem:
• RN : Thevenin’s equivalent resistance.
• IN : Thevenin’s equivalent voltage.
September
1,
2015
Methods
of
Analysis
of
Electrical
Circuit
4
Example 1
• Determine IN for the circuit within the shaded area in Figure
below:
September
1,
2015
Methods
of
Analysis
of
Electrical
Circuit
5
Example 2
• Using Norton’s Theorem find passed current through the
resistor R5?
September
1,
2015
Methods
of
Analysis
of
Electrical
Circuit
6
Freshman – First Year students
Lecture 7
Chapter 4
(Δ)
Delta – (Y) Star transformation
(Δ)
Delta – (Y) Star transformation
• Star to Delta Transformation
September
1,
2015
(Δ)
Delta – (Y) Star transformation 2
(Δ)
Delta – (Y) Star transformation
• Delta to Star Transformation
September
1,
2015
(Δ)
Delta – (Y) Star transformation 3
Example 1
• For the network shown find:
1. The total resistance.
2. The total current.
3. The total power.
September
1,
2015
(Δ)
Delta – (Y) Star transformation 4
Example 2
• For the network shown find:
1. The total resistance.
2. The total current.
3. The total power.
September
1,
2015
(Δ)
Delta – (Y) Star transformation 5
Example 3
• For the network shown find:
1. The total resistance.
2. The total current.
3. The total power.
September
1,
2015
(Δ)
Delta – (Y) Star transformation 6
Freshman – First Year students
Lecture 8
Chapter 5
Mesh Analysis
Mesh Analysis [Maxwell’s loop current method]
• The mesh is a single loop where there is no loop
inside it. Thus it is a special case of loop which it is
considerate as a continuous connection of elements
or closed path. In this method “KVL’ is applied
around any certain closed path “Mesh” in the circuit
to determine the unknown quantities.
September
1,
2015
Mesh analysis method 2
Mesh Analysis [Maxwell’s loop current method]
• Steps for solution:
Step 1: Loop currents are assigned in the clock wise direction as a
standard .
Step 2: Polarities are drawn to agree with the assumed current
directions.
Step 3: KVL is applied around any mesh to form a set of simultaneous
equations equal to the number of meshes.
Step 4: Solve the equations to determine the unknown loop current and
hence the unknown voltage.
September
1,
2015
Mesh analysis method 3
Example 1
• For the network shown below find the voltage drop
cross R4 using mesh analysis method.
September
1,
2015
Mesh analysis method 4
Example 2
• Determine the current supplied by each battery in
the circuit shown below.
September
1,
2015
Mesh analysis method 5
Freshman – First Year students
Lecture 9
Chapter 6
Nodal Analysis
Nodal Analysis Method
• The node is a point in which two or more elements
are joined together. The nodal equation method is
based directly on KCL unlike loop current method.
Nodal analysis also has advantage that minimum
number of equation need to be written to determine
the unknown nodal voltages.
• For the application of this method every junction in
the network is regarded as a node one of the nodes is
regarded as references or zero potential node as
shown in the next slide:
September
1,
2015
Nodal analysis method 2
Nodal Analysis Method
Steps for solution:
Step 1: convert the voltage source into current source.
Step 2: Determine the number of nodes with in circuit.
Step 3: Pick a reference node “Zero potential node” and label each of the remaining
nodes with a subscripted value of voltage like V1, V2, V3, V4,… , Vn.
Step 4: Apply “KCL” to each node Except the reference node.
Step 5: Solve the equation to find the unknown nodal voltage.
September
1,
2015
Nodal analysis method 3
Nodal Analysis Method
V1 V2
Node 1 Node 2
Node 3
V3 = Zero
September
1,
2015
Nodal analysis method 4
Nodal Analysis Method
V1 V2
Node 1 Node 1 Node 2
Node 2 Node 3
V3 = Zero
September
1,
2015
Nodal analysis method 5
Example 1
• Determine the nodal voltage for the network shown below:
September
1,
2015
Nodal analysis method 6
Example 2
• Find all unknown current and their directions for the circuit
shown below:
September
1,
2015
Nodal analysis method 7