Optical Instruments
Visual angle (o)
by the object on the eye is
The angle subtended
known as visual angle
no O
when the object is brought near to the eye its visual angle
'O'and hence size of the Image will increase and objects
looks larger
distinct vision (D)
Near point (8) Least distance of
The nearest point at which an object is seen clearly by the
eye is called near point @) (LADY)
The value q D= 25cm
Far point:- the farthest point from the eye at which an object
is distinctly seen is called for point
for normal eye it is theoritically Infinely.
Defects of vision:-
common optical defects q eye are
① Myopia (shortsightedness)
② Hypermetropia (long sightedness)
c, presbyopia.
Myopia:-
The light from the distant object entering at eye lens
may be converged at a point in front of the retina.
This defect is rectified by using concave lens
100
P- Ifm, (a)
form lens formula fcom)
unit of power is
p = #= -F-P) - (distance q object) diopter
for convex lens power → the
F.P → for point q defective eye
Conceue 1, 11 → -he
* Hypermetropia [Long sightedness
The light from an object at the eye lens may be
converged at a point behind the retina.
* This defect is rectified by using a convex lens.
p= f- = I
(Nop) (object distance)
N-P → Near point q defective eye
I
p→ power of lens (P = fam, (a) from,
100 ; unit q power q
lens → diopter]
presbyopia:-
For this defective eye, for point is lesser than Infinity
and near point is greater than 250m and both near and far
objects are not clearly visible.
* The defect is rectified by using bifocal lens.
Optical Instrument
Microscope
compound microscope
simple microscope
with Instrument
magnifying power.(m) = visual angle
Maximum visual angle without instrument
for unaided eye.
M=I
Simple microscope?-
he
no
D
F
IF U
V-D to α
General formula for magnification
M= ♀
case 1 when final Image is formed at Infinity (or) Normal adjustment
(or) relaxed eye on unstrained eye
u=f; v = N
Ma = ♀
Case 2!- when find imaged is formed at Near point (or)
strained eye.-
V =-D, u is-we
# =#it, ⇒ I =#⅓
Mp =D, ⇒ Mp =D [#⅓
MD = ['+ ♀]
Note!-
If lens is kept at a distance 'a' from the eye than 'D'is
replaced by (D-a) than
Ma = (Dfa) n
MD = 11¥]
* some Important points regarding microscope
☒ with increasing wavelength of light used, focal length q
microscope will increase and hence magnifying power will decrease
Compound Microscope
compound microscope consists of two bus system, one towards
the eye is called eye lens and other towards the object is called
objective lens.
eye lens is larger in size and larger in focal length
objective lens is smaller in size and smaller in focal length
(fate)
→ eye lens
objective lens
Ue
A
B
O''
B →
to
u
u → object distance
A
↳ Image distance
If
q objective lens
↳ length of tube
⇐ Dton
A"
Magnifying power (M)= visual angle with instrument
= %
Max, visual angle for unaided eye
Magnification of compound microscope
M = Mox Me
Mo → magnification due to objective lens
Me → ., " " eye lens
since eye lens is same as
Mo = ¥ Me = Due simple microscope
• - General formula for magnifying power of compound
microscope is
Length of tuse
;
M = E)(E) ↳ V + He
Case:- If the final image is formed at Infinity (or) Normal
adjustment (or) relaxed eye
In this case Me=fe, ye = N
and ↳ = Vtfe
" o
Ma =-* (E)
at Near point (or) LDDY (D)
Case 2! If the final image is formed
for eye piece ve =-D; He is-we
¥- Ine-½ ⇒ tee-fett
fe-D
ute-⅓ [HE me =
fetD
Mp = Mox Me
Mp =-¥ (It ¥]
Length of tube
- ✗ + fed
fetD
Note:- when the object is very close to the principal focus (Fo) of
to the objective becomes
the objective, the Image due
very close to the eyepiece, replace 'n'with 'fo' and 'V'with
'L' . they
; MD =-∄ ('+ E)
Ma ≈-F.(E)
here-we sign indicates that image formed is truely Inverted.
Note:- In low power microscope, the magnifying power is
about 20 to 40 and in high power microscope the
magnifying power is about 500 to 2000
Telescope
A device used to look at distant objects such as star, a planet
⑨ 1 a cliff etc is known as Telescope.
There are 3 type of telescopes
① Astronomical telescope
ii, Terrestrial telescope } " "this 9. use lens as objective
So, this 2 are called refracting
telescopes
vii, Galilean telescope. In this curved mirror is used as
objective, so it is known as
reflecting telescope.
Astronomical Telescope
* objective lens is larger in size & larger in focal length
and eye lens smaller in size and smaller in focal length
(fo > f)
u= N
to He
n l
objective
lens ←
eye lens
(fo) (f)
f
V = Dtox
magnifying power in = Visual angle with Instrument o
visual angle for unaided eye = %
General formula for Magnifying power
M =-£ here -we sign indicates that find
Image formed is truly inverted
Length of the tube L=fotUe
Case 1:- If the final Image is formed at Infinite (or) Normal
adjustment Carl unstrained eye
if V = α, He =fe
My = ffore ; length of tube ↳ = fo + fe
Case 2!- If the final Image is formed at Near point (or) LDDY
(i-e ve D)
if Ve =-D, He =-Ue a
'o The £ ⇒ the#¼ ½:(it:]
•
MD =-# (+ ¥]
from ep@ He = F. D
fetD
↳ = fo + fed
Length of the fuse fetD
some important points regarding Astronomical Telescope
① In case of telescope, if object and final image are at
infinity and total light entering the telescope leaves it,
parallel to its anis
:-magnifying power = fog = Age
where Ao, Ae are the Size of Apertures q objective and
eye bus.
* A telescope produces angular magnification whereas a
microscope produces linear magnification. The image due to a
telescope appear to be near to the eye increasing the Visual
angle.
Terrestrial Telescope
This is used to see distant objects on earth form the earth
surface. we use a 3rd lens known as erecting lens to see
the erect image.
Ye = Dton
to
U= N If (final
fe
image) f
to
Ie
Io
he
If 2f eye lens
erecting lens
→ objective lens
Case 1:- when final Image is formed at Infinity ⑨ for point
⑨ Normal adjustment.. for relaxed eye
Ma =-(E)en ⇒ ma = He
Length of the tube
↳ = fot4f+fe
near point (or) LDDY (D)
Case 2 when final image is formed at
Mp = + ♀ (Itf)
length of tube ↳ = for 47 + IIe