Multiple Integrals

Double Integrals-1
Let f(x,y) be a function of two independent variables ‘x’ and ‘y’ defined at each point of the
region ‘R’ of the x-y plane.
Divide the region R into ‘n’ elementary areas
A1, A2, A3, A4, -----, Ar, ----- , An by
drawing lines parallel to the co-ordinate axes.
Let (xr, yr) be any point in the rth elementary
area Ar.
Consider the sum

f ( x1, y1) A1 + f ( x2 , y2 ) A2 + f ( x3 , y3 ) A3 + .......... + f ( xn , yn ) An

n
=  f ( xr , yr ) Ar
r =1

n
Then the limit of the sum lim  f ( xr , yr )  Ar , if it exists(as the number of subdivisions
n →
 A→ 0 r =1

increases indefinitely and the area of subdivisions decreases to zero) is defined as the
double integral of the function f(x,y) over the region R and is denoted by
 f ( x, y)dA or  f ( x, y)dx dy
R R
Evaluation of Double Integrals: The method of evaluating double integral depends upon the
nature of the curves bounding the region R
o Case-I
o The region of integration is the region
bounded by the lines x = x1, x = x2, y = y1
and y= y2 (Order of integration is immaterial)

(i) Let PQ be a horizontal strip with

uniform thickness dy
First integrate f(x, y) w.r.t x from x= x1 to x
=x2(over the strip PQ) keeping y as constant
and integrate the resulting integral w.r.t y
from y= y1 to y = y2

1|Page Jyothi Lakshmi S

 y2 x2

(ie) 
R
f ( x, y ) dA =  
y = y1 x = x1
f ( x, y ) dx dy

or
(ii)Let PQ be a vertical strip with uniform thickness dx
First integrate f(x, y)w.r.t y from y= y1 to y=y2(over
the strip PQ) keeping x as constant and integrate
the resulting integral w.r.t x from x= x1 to x=x2
x2 y2

(ie)  f ( x, y)dA
R
=  
x = x1 y = y1
f ( x, y ) dy dx

Note: If x1, x2 , y1, y2 are constants, the order of

integration is immaterial, provided the limits of integration are changed accordingly.

o Examples:
1 2
(i) Evaluate   ( x + 2 ) dy dx
0 0

Ans:

1 2
Let I=   ( x + 2 ) dy
x =0 y =0
dx

I1
 The limit of y is from 0 to 2 and 
 the limit of integration of x is from 0 to 1 
 
 
The region of integration is the region bounded by the lines 
 x=0, x = 1, y=0 and y=2(a rectangle) 
First evaluate the inner integral I1 (w.r.t y keeping x as constant)
2
I1 =  ( x + 2 ) dy =  xy + 2 y  =  x  2 + 2  2 −  x  0 + 2  0 = 2 x + 4
2
y =0
y =0
1
1
 x2 
 I =  ( 2 x + 4 ) dx =  2 + 4 x  =  x 2 + 4 x  = 12 + 4 1 − 0 2 + 4  0  = 5
1

x =0
x =0  2  x =0

2|Page Jyothi Lakshmi S

Or

2 1
1 2 1 1
 x2 

x =0
y =0 ( x + 2 ) dy dx = x=0  xy + 2 y  dx = x=0  2 x + 4dx = 2 2 + 4 x  = 1 + 4 = 5
0 0

I1

Case-II
The region of integration is the region bounded by the lines x = x1, x = x2 and the
curves
y = f1(x) and y= f2(x)

Let PQ be a vertical strip with

uniform thickness dx
First integrate f(x, y)w.r.t y from
y = f1(x) to y= f2(x) (over the strip PQ)
keeping x as constant and integrate the
resulting integral w.r.t x from x= x1 to
x=x2
(ie)
x2 f2 ( x )

 R
f ( x, y ) dA =  
x = x1 y = f1 ( x )
f ( x, y ) dy dx

o Example:

2 x2
(ii) Evaluate   ( x 2 + y 2 ) dx dy
1 1
Ans:

2 x2

  (x + y 2 ) dy dx
2
Let I=
x =1 y =1

I1

 The limit of y is from 1 to x 2 and 

 
 the limit of integration of x is from 1 to 2 
 
The region of integration is the region bounded by the lines 
 x=1, x = 2, y=1 and the parabola y=x 2 
 
First evaluate the inner integral (w.r.t y keeping x as constant)

3|Page Jyothi Lakshmi S

 2
x  x
2
2 2
 2 y3 
2
 x6   13 
I =    ( x + y )dy  dx =   x y +  dx =   x 2  x 2 +  −  x 2 1 +  dx
2 2

x =1  y =1
 x =1 
3  y =1 x =1 
3  3

2
2
 x6 1  x7 x5 x3 x 
=   + x 4 − x 2 −  dx =  + − − 
x =1 
3 3  21 5 3 3  x =1
 27 25 23 2   17 15 13 1  1026
=  + − − − + − −  =
 21 5 3 3   21 5 3 3  105

Case-III
The region of integration is the region
bounded by the lines y = y1, y = y2 and
the curves x= f1(y) and x= f2(y)

Let PQ be a horizontal strip with

uniform thickness dy
First integrate f(x, y) w.r.t x from x=
f1(y) to x= f2(y) (over the strip PQ)
keeping y as constant and integrate
the resulting integral w.r.t y from y= y1
to y=y2
y2 f2 ( y )

(ie) 
R
f ( x, y ) dA =  
y = y1 x = f1 ( y )
f ( x, y ) dx dy

a a2 − y2

Example: Evaluate   a 2 − x 2 − y 2 dx dy
0 1

Ans:

a a2 − y2

Let I=  
y =0 x =0
a 2 − y 2 − x 2 dx dy

I1
 The limit of y is from 0 to a and 
 
 the limit of integration of x is from 0 to a − y 
2 2

 
The region of integration is the region bounded 
by the lines y=0, y = a, x=0 and the 
 
circle x= a 2 − y 2 
 
First evaluate the inner integral I1 (w.r.t x keeping y as constant)

4|Page Jyothi Lakshmi S

 ) −x
a2 − y2 a2 − y2

(
2
I1 =  a 2 − y 2 − x 2 dx =  a2 − y2 2
dx
x =0 x =0

( ) sin
a2 − y2
 2

a −y
2 2
 
x
( ) −x
2
−1 x
= a −y
2 2 2
+  
 a 2 − y 2  
2 2 
  x =0
 x 2 a2 x 


 a 2 − x 2 dx =
2
a − x 2 + sin −1  
2 a
refer the formula 

 a2 − y2  a2 − y2 
( ) ( ) a2 − y2
2 2
= a −y2 2
− a −y2 2
+ −1
sin   −
 2 2  a2 − y2 
 
0  
( ) a2 − y2
2
0
 a2 − y2 − 02 + sin −1  
 2  
2  a −y
2 2

 a2 − y2  0
a2 − y2
( ) a2 − y2 
2
= 0+ sin −1 (1)  −  a2 − y2 − 02 + sin −1 ( 0 ) 
 2 2   2 2 
 a2 − y2   
=  + 0  −  0 = ( a 2 − y 2 )
 2 2  4
  03  
a
a
 y3   a3  
 I =  ( a − y ) dy =  a y −  =  a 2  a −  −  a 2  0 −  
2 2 2

y =0
4 4 3  y = 0 4  3  3 
  2a 3   a3
= − = 6
4  3
0


x2 y 2
(i) Evaluate  x 2 y dx dy , where R is the positive quadrant of the ellipse + =1
R a 2 b2
Ans:
The limit of integration is to be found out. Therefore it is mandatory to draw the
region of integration
x2 y 2
The region of integration is the positive quadrant of the ellipse 2 + 2 = 1 as
a b
shown in the figure.

5|Page Jyothi Lakshmi S

 First integrate along the vertical strip PQ w.r.t y keeping x as constant and slide it
from x=0 to x=a
Limit of integration:  x2 y 2 
x: 0 to a  a 2 + b2 = 1 
 2 
b 2  − 
a −x 2 2 2 2
y: 0 to y x a x
 2 = 1− 2 = 
a  b a a 2

 from the equation of the   2 b2 2 
 y = 2 (a − x )  y =
b
ellipse express y in terms of x 
2
a2 − x2 
   a a 
 
 when we slide the strip PQ, P is 
always on y= 0 and Q is on the ellipse

b 2 2
a −x
a a
 I= 
x =0

y =0
x 2 y dy dx

I1
First evaluate the inner integral I1 (w.r.t y keeping x as constant)
b 2 2 b
a −x a2 − x2
a
 y2  a x2  b 2 2 
2
 b2 b2
I1 =  x 2 y dy = x 2   =  a − x  − 02  = 2 x 2 ( a 2 − x 2 ) = 2 ( a 2 x 2 − x 4 )
y =0  2  y =0 2  a   2a 2a

 2 a 3 a 5  
a
b2
a
b2  2 x3 x5  b2
I = 2 0 ( a x2
− x2
)dx =
2a 2
4
 3 5
a − = 2  a  −  − 0 
2a   x = 0 2a  3 5  
b 2  2a 5  a 3b 2
= 2 =
2a  15  15
Note: It can also be evaluated first on a horizontal strip and slide it from y=0 to
y=b. try yourself.
1) Evaluate
a a2 − x2
  ydydx
0 0
Solution: Given region is bounded by x = 0, x = a, y = 0 and
 y 2 = a2 − x2 
y= a −x 2 2
 
 x 2 + y 2 = a 2 , circle 

  − x2
2
a a2 − x2 a a2 − x2 a 2  a a 2 
  y a − x2
  ydydx = 
  ydy dx =   
  2 
dx =  
 2
− 0 dx

0 0 0  0  0 0 0 
a
1 x3  1 a3  1  a 3  1  2a 3  a 3
=  a 2 x −  =  a 2 .a −  =  a3 −  =  =
2  3  2  3  2  3  2  3  3
0

6|Page Jyothi Lakshmi S

 1 2− x
2) Evaluate   xydxdy
0 x2
Solution: Given region is bounded by
x = 0, x = 1, y = x 2 ( parabola) and
y =2− x  x + y = 2
1 2− x  2− x1 
 2 xydxdy =   2
 xydy dx

0 x 0  x 
2− x
1  y2  1 
(2 − x) 2 − x 4 
=  x   dx =  x  dx
 2  2  2
0  x 0  

( )
1
1
=
2  x 4 + x 2 − 4 x − x 4 dx
0

1
1  x2 x4 x3 x 6 
( )
1
1
=  4 x + x3 − 4 x 2 − x5 dx =  4 + −4 − 
2 2  2 4 3 6 
0 0

1  12 14 13 16  1 1 4 1
=  4. + − 4 −  − 0 =  2 + − − 
2  2 4 3 6  2 4 3 6
1 1 4 1 1 9 3
= 2+ − −  = . =
2 4 3 6  2 12 8
2 a 3a − y
3) Evaluate   xydxdy
0 y2
4a
Solution: Region of integration is bounded by

y = 0, y = 2a, x =
y2
4a
(
 y 2 = 4ax and )
x = 3a − y

7|Page Jyothi Lakshmi S

  
2 a 3a − y 2a  3a − y  2 a  2 3 a − y
 x
  xydxdy =   yxdx dy =  y   dy
 2   2  y2
0 y 2 0  y  0  
4a
4a  4a 
  2 
2
 (3a − y ) 2 −  y  
2a   4a   2a
=  y   dy = 1 y 16a 2 (3a − y ) 2 − y 4 dy
  
0   32a 2
2
0
 
 
 
2a
1
=  y 16a 2 (9a 2 − 6ay + y 2 ) − y 4 dy
32a 2  
0
2a
1
=  144a y − 96a3 y 2 + 16a 2 y 3 − y 5 dy
4
32a 2 
0
2a
1 4 y
2
3 y
3
2 y
4
y6 
=  144 a − 96 a + 16 a − 
32a 2  2 3 4 6 
0

1  4 (2a )
2
3 (2a )
3
2 (2a )
4
(2a)6 
=  144 a . − 96 a + 16 a − − 0 
32a 2  2 3 4 6 
 1 4 (2a )
2
1 3 (2a )
3
1 2 (2a)
4
1 (2a) 6 
= 2
144 a . − 96 a + 16 a − − 0 
 32a 2 32a 2 3 32a 2 4 32a 2 6 
 1 4 4a
2
1 3 8a
3
1 2 16a
4
1 64a 6 
= 2
144 a . − 96 a + 16 a − − 0 
 32a 2 32a 2 3 32a 2 4 32a 2 6 
 4 4 2a 
4
4 a
4
8a 4
= 9a − 8a + 2a −
4
 = 3a − =
 6  3 3

4) Evaluate  xydxdy Where R is the region in the positive quadrant for which
R
x + y = 1.
Solution: The region of integration is the area bounded by the line x + y = 1 and the
coordinate axes x = 0, y = 0 .
Integrate first over the vertical strip PQ, w.r.t .to y and then w.r.t . to x, from x=0 to
x=1.

8|Page Jyothi Lakshmi S

 1 1− x
 xydxdy =  xydydx =  x  ydy  dx
R R 0 0
1y 2 1− x
1  
(1 − x) 2
=  x   dx =  x  − 0  dx
0 
2 
0  
2
0
1 1
1 1
=  x 1 − 2 x + x 2 dx =   x − 2 x 2 + x3 dx
2   2  
0 0
1
1  x2 x3 x 4  1 12 13 14 
=  − 2. +  =  − 2. + − 0 
2  2 3 4  2  2 3 4 
0
1 1 2 1 1 1 1
=  − + = . =
2  2 3 4  2 12 24
b a
dxdy
5) Evaluate 
0 0 ( a2 − x2 )(b2 − y2 )
2
Ans: ( Try yourself)
4
1) Evaluate  xydxdy where R is the domain bounded by the X-axis, ordinate x=2a and
R
the curve x = 4ay .
2

Solution: The curve x = 4ay is a parabola symmetrical about X-axis and the
2

ordinate x=2a is a line parallel to y-axis.

9|Page Jyothi Lakshmi S

  x2  x2
2a  2  4a
2a 4 a  y
 xydxdy =   xydy dx =  x  
2
dx
R x =0  y =0  0  0
 
  2 2 
2a   x   2a  6 2a
=  x   − 0 dx =
4 a 1 1 x
 2  2  x5dx = 2  6 
0  32 a 32 a  0
 0
 
1  (2a )6  a 4
=  =
32a 2  6  3

2 x +3 y
2) Evaluate  e dxdy over the triangle bounded by x=0, y=0 and x + y = 1
R
−1  3e2 3 1 
Ans;  − ( e + )
3  2 2 

Solution:

10 | P a g e Jyothi Lakshmi S
 1 1− x 1  2 x +3 y 1− x 1
2 x +3 y 2 x +3 y e 1 2 x +3(1− x )
 e dxdy =   e dydx =    dx =  [e − e 2 x +3.0 ]dx
 3 3
R x =0 y =0 0 0 0

1
1  e3− x e2 x  1   e3−1 e2.1   e3−0 e2.0  
( )
1
1
=  e(3− x ) − e2 x dx =  −  =  − − − 
3 3  −1 2  3   −1 2   −1 2  
0 0

1   −e 2
e  e
2 3
e   1   −3e2   −e3 1   1  −3e2 3 1 
0
=  −  −  −  =  − −  =  +e + 
3   1 2   −1 2   3   2   1 2   3  2 2 

 x y dxdy over the circle x 2 + y 2 = 1 .

2 2
3) Evaluate

1 1− y 2 1 1− y 2

 x y dxdy =   x 2 y 2 dxdy =  
2 2
2 x 2 y 2 dxdy
y =−1 x =− 1− y 2 y =−1 x =0

 2 2
( )
3
1− y 2
1
2 x
3  1  1− y 
=   3
y  dy =  y 2 
 3
dy

−1  0 −1  
 
 Put y = sin   dy = cos  d 
( )
1 3
2  
= .2  y 2 1 − y 2 2
 y = 0   = 0; y = 1   =  
dy
3
0  2
 

( ) ( ) 2 cos d
2 3 2 3
4 4
=  sin 2  1 − sin 2  cos  d =  sin 2  cos 2 
2
3 3
0 0
 

( ) 4 1.3.1  
2 2
4 4
=  sin 2  cos3  cos  d =  sin  cos 4  d = . =
2
3 3 3 6.4.2 2 24
0 0

11 | P a g e Jyothi Lakshmi S
 4) Evaluate,  ( x + y)dydx where R is the region bounded by
R
x = 0, x = 2, y = x, y = x + 2 .

2 x+2
 ( x + y)dydx =   ( x + y )dydx → vertical strip
R x =0 y = x
x+2
2  y2 
=   xy +
2
 dx
x =0  x
2  ( x + 2) 2 x2 
=   x( x + 2) +
2
− x 2 −  dx
2 
x =0 

( 2 x2 + 4 x + x2 + 4 x + 4 − 2 x2 − x2 ) dx
2
1
=
2 
x =0
2
1  8x2  1  8.22 
2
1
=  (8 x + 4 ) dx = .  + 4 x  = .  + 4.2  = 12

2 2  2 0 2  2 
x =0

5) Evaluate  xy − y 2 dydx , where R is the triangle with vertices (0, 0), (10,1), (1,1) .
R

12 | P a g e Jyothi Lakshmi S
   y2 − y1  
Equation of OA is x = y  y − y1 =   ( x − x1 ) 
  x2 − x1  
Equation of OB is x = 10 y
1 10 y
 xy − y dydx =   xy − y 2 dxdy
2

R y =0 x = y

 3 10 y
1 10 y 1
1 xy − y
2 2
 ( )
( )
1
=   xy − y 2 2
dxdy =    dy
 y 3 
y =0 x = y 0 2
  y
1
 y3 
( )
1 3 1
2 1
=  9y 2 2
dy = 18 y dy = 18   = 6
2
3 y  3 
0 0  0

 x
2
6) Evaluate, dxdy , where R is the region in the first quadrant bounded by the
R
hyperbola xy = 16 and the lines y = x, y = 0, x = 8 .

13 | P a g e Jyothi Lakshmi S
  x dxdy =  x 2 dxdy +  x 2 dxdy
2

R R1 R2
16
4 x 8 x
=   x 2 dydx +   x 2 dydx
x =0 y =0 x = 4 y =0
4 8 16
=x 2
( y) x
0
dx +  x ( y )0 x dx
2

0 4
4 8 4 8
2
x
2
( )
=  x ( x )dx +  x 16 dx =  x3dx +  16 xdx
0 4 0 4

x 4 4
x 2 8
=   + 16   = 64 + 8.(64 − 16) = 64 + 384 = 448
 4   2 
 0  4

 xy( x + y)dxdy over the region between y = x ,y= x

2
7) Evaluate
Solution:

14 | P a g e Jyothi Lakshmi S
 1 x
 xy( x + y)dxdy =   xy ( x + y )dxdy
x =0 y = x 2

( x2 y + xy 2 ) dydx
1 x
=  
x =0 y = x 2
x
1 4
x4   x6 x7  
1 2 2
x y xy 3  x
=  +  dx =    +  −  +   dx
 2  3  
0     2
3 2 3
0  x2
1
  x5 x5   x 7 x8     15 15   17 18    1 1   1 1 
 + − +  =  + − +  = + − +
  5.2 5.3   7.2 8.3     5.2 5.3   7.2 8.3   10 15  14 24 
    0     
 5 1 1  1 1 1  9 3
= − − = − − = =
 30 14 24   6 14 24  168 56
o Change of order of integration
o A double integral may be evaluated first w.r.t . x and then w.r.t. y, or first w.r.t . y
and then w.r.t. x. But in some double integrals the limit of y are given as
functions of x. In such case it is expected that the integral is first evaluated w.r.t
. y and then w.r.t. x. However, in many cases the evaluation of integral become
very easy, if order of integration is changed. While changing the order of
integration new limits of the variables x and y is required. In a double Integral
with variable limits, the change of order of integration changes the limits
of integration. To find the new limits it is required to draw the sketch of the
region of integration.
Note:
While changing the order of integration, sometimes it is required to split up the
region of integration and the given integral is expressed as the sum of a number
of double integrals with changed limits.

▪ Eg.

1 1− x 2
1) Evaluate   y 2 dy dx , by changing the order of integration
0 0

Ans:
Clearly the region of integration is bounded by x=0, x=1, y=0 and
y = 1 − x 2 or y 2 = 1 − x 2or x 2 + y 2 = 1 (ie) the positive quadrant of the circle x 2 + y 2 = 1
, which is the shaded area in the figure. Region of integration is divided in to vertical
strips.

In the given integral the constant limit is for x and variable limit is for y(ie, first on a
vertical strip and slide it from x=0 to x=1)
To change the order of integration we divide the region in to horizontal strips.
When we change the order of integration, first integrate on a horizontal strip PQ (as
shown in the figure) and slide it from y=0 to 1
The new limits are:

15 | P a g e Jyothi Lakshmi S
 y:0 to 1
x: 0 to 1 − y 2

1 1− y 2

I =  
y =0 x =0
y 2 dx dy

I1
First evaluate the inner integral I1
(w.r.t x keeping y as constant)

1  1− y 2  1 1 1
y 2 dx  dy =  y 2  x x =0 dy =  y 2  1 − y 2 − 0 dy =  y 2 1 − y 2 dy
1− y 2
I =  
   
0
 x =0
 0 0 0

1
I = 
y =0
y 2 1 − y 2 dy

Put y = sin  , then dy = cos  d

y = sin    = sin −1 y

when y = 0,  = sin −1 0 = 0 and y = 1,  = sin −1 1 =
2
  
2 2 2
1 1  
I =  sin 2  1 − sin 2  cos  d =  sin 2  cos  cos  d =   cos 2  d =  =
2
sin
 =0 =0 =0
4  2 2 16

2) Evaluate by changing the order of integration in

1 2− x
  2
xydydx
0 x
Solution: From the given limit of integration the region of integration is bounded by
x = 0, x = 1, y = x 2 , y = 2 − x .Region of integration is divided into vertical strips.
To change the order of integration, we divide the region of integration in to horizontal
strips.

16 | P a g e Jyothi Lakshmi S
  R1 → y = 0 to y = 1 
 
 x = 0 to x = y 
 R → y = 1 to y = 2 
 2 
 x = 0 to x = 2 − y 
 y = x 2 and y = 2 − x 
 
to get po int of int er sec tion 
 2 
x = 2 − x  x + x − 2 = 0 
2

 solving we get x = −2 and x = 1

 
 when x = −2, y = 4 
 when x = 1, y = 1 
 
 R1 → y = 0 to y = 1 
1 2− x  
 x = 0 to x = y 
  xydydx =  xydxdy +  xydxdy
 R → y = 1 to y = 2 
x =0 y = x 2 R1 R2  2 
 x = 0 to x = 2 − y 
x= y x = 2− y y 2− y
1 2 1  x2  2  2
x
=   xydxdy +   xydxdy =  y   dy +  y   dy
 2   2 
y =0 x =0 y =1 x =0 0  0 1  0
2 
(2 − y ) 2 
1 1 2
 y 1 1
=  y  dy +  y  dy =  y 2 dy +  y (4 + y 2 − 4 y )dy
2  2  2 2
0 1  0 1
1 2
1  y3  1  4 y 2 y 4 y3 
1 2
1
=  y dy +  (4 y + y 3 − 4 y 2 )dy =   + 
2
+ −4 
2 2  3  2  2 4 3 
0 1 0 1

1  13  1   4 ( 2 )2 24 23   4 (1) 14
2
13  
=  − 0 +   + − 4.  −  + − 4. 
2  3  2  2
 4 3   2 4 3 
   
1 1   16 16 32   4 1 4   1 1   96 + 48 − 128   24 + 3 − 16  
= +  + − − + −  = +  − 
6 2   2 4 3   2 4 3   6 2   12   12 
1 1  16 11  1 1  5  4 + 5 3
= +  − = +  = =
6 2  12 12  6 2  12  24 8

17 | P a g e Jyothi Lakshmi S
 4 a 2 ax
3) Evaluate by changing order of integration   dydx
0 x2
4a

Solution: From the given limit of integration the region of integration is bounded by
x2
x = 0, x = 4a, y =  x 2 = 4ay, and
4a
y = 2 ax  y 2 = 4ax
Region of integration is divided in to vertical strips. (Integrated first w.r.t y, then w.r.t.
to x) → strip PQ
On changing the order of integration we have to evaluate the integral first w.r.t to x
and then w.r.t to y.
' '
So we divide the Region of integration in to horizontal strips ( strip P Q ) . Now we
require new limits for x and y.

4 a 2 ay  2 y2 
 y = 4ax  x = 
I=   dxdy  4a 
0 y2  x 2 = 4ay  x = 2 ay 
 
4a

18 | P a g e Jyothi Lakshmi S
 4a
2 ay 4a    3 2   3 
4a  2
dy =  2 a 
y y  y 
=  ( x) dy =   2 ay −  − 
2  4a    3   3.4a  
y    2   
0
4a
0 0
 3 
( 4a ) 2   ( 4a ) 
3
 8 3 64a3 32 2 16 2 16 2
=2 a −  − 0 = 4 a . (a) 2 − = a − a = a
 3   3.4a  3 12a 3 3 3
 2   
 −y
e
4) Evaluate the following integral by changing the order of integration  y
dydx .
0 x
Solution: From the given limit of integration the region of integration is bounded
by x = 0, x = , y = x, y =  . R is divided into vertical strips. To change the
order of integration we have to divide R in to horizontal strips.

 −y
e
 y
dydx → on changing order of integration
0 x

   
e− y e− y e− y
y
( )0

  dxdy =  ( x )0y dy =  ( y )dy =  e− y dy = − e− y
y y y
y =0 x =0 y =0 y =0 0

( )
= − e− − e0 = −(0 − 1) = 1
aa
x
5) Change the order of integration in  x2 + y 2 dxdy and hence evaluate the same.
0y
Solution: From the given limit of integration the region of integration is bounded
by y = 0, y = a, x = y, x = a . Region of integration is divided in to horizontal
strips. To change the order of integration we have to divide R in to vertical strips.

19 | P a g e Jyothi Lakshmi S
 aa
x
 x2 + y 2 dxdy →
0y
on changing order of integration
a x a x
x 1  −1 y 
  x2 + y 2
dydx =  x. x  tan x 0 dx
x =0 y =0 x =0

( tan (1) − tan ( 0 ) )dx = 

a a
−1 −1   a
=  dx = ( x )0a =
4 4 4
x =0 x =0
6) Change the order of integration in  f ( x, y)dydx , where R is a circular ring between
R
the two circles x + y = 1 and x + y = 4 .
2 2 2 2

Given, Region of integration R is a circular ring between the two circles x + y = 1 and
2 2

x 2 + y 2 = 4 . From the given integral, the order of integration is, f ( x, y ) is first

integrated w.r.t to y and then w.r.t x. Region is divided in to vertical strips.
On changing the order of integration we have to integrate f ( x, y ) first integrated w.r.t to x
and then w.r.t y. So divide the region in to horizontal strips.

20 | P a g e Jyothi Lakshmi S
   f ( x, y )dydx =  f ( x, y )dxdy +  f ( x, y )dxdy
R R1 R2

+  f ( x, y )dxdy +  f ( x, y )dxdy
R3 R4

 4− y 2
−1  1  − 1− y
2 
   
=    f ( x, y)dx dy +    f ( x, y )dx dy
y =−2  x =− 4− y 2  y =−1  x =− 4− y 2 
   
1 4− y 2  2  4− y 2 
   
+    f ( x, y )dx dy +    f ( x, y )dx dy
y =−1  x = 1− y 2  y =1  x =− 4− y 2 
   
a x+ 2a
7) Change the order of integration in   f ( x, y )dydx .
x =0 y = a 2 − x 2

21 | P a g e Jyothi Lakshmi S
 From the given limit of integration the region of integration is bounded by
x = 0, x = a, y = a 2 − x 2 → x 2 + y 2 = a 2 and y = x + 2a . Order of
integration is, f ( x, y ) is first integrated w.r.t. to y then w.r.t to x. Region is divided
in to vertical strips.
On changing order of integration, integrate f ( x, y ) first integrated w.r.t. to x then
w.r.t to y. So divide the given region in to horizontal strips.
a x + 2a
  f ( x, y )dydx
x =0 y = a 2 − x2
On changing order of integration
 f ( x, y)dxdy +  f ( x, y )dxdy +  f ( x, y )dxdy
R1 R2 R3
a a 2a a 3a a
=   f ( x, y )dxdy +   f ( x, y )dxdy +   f ( x, y )dxdy
y =0 x = a 2 − y 2 y = a x =0 y =2a x = y −2a

a ax
8) Change the order of integration in   f ( x, y )dydx .
x =0 y = ax − x 2
Try yourself.

o Double integrals in Polar co-ordinates:

Let f ( r , ) be a function defined over region R bounded by the curves r = f1( )
and r = f 2 ( ) and the lines =1 and =2 ( The shaded region in the figure)
Let PQ be a wedge of angular thickness d.
First integrate the function

22 | P a g e Jyothi Lakshmi S
 f(r, ) w.r.t r from r= f1() to
r= f2() (over the wedge PQ)
keeping  as constant and
integrate the resulting
expression w.r.t  from = 1
to  = 2

2 f 2 ( )

(ie)  f (r , )dr d
R
=  
 =1 r = f1 ( )
f (r ,  )dr d

Evaluate  r 2 dr d , where R is the area between the circles r= 2 cos and r= 4cos
R
Ans:
The limit of integration is to be found out. Therefore it is mandatory to draw the
region of integration.
The region of integration is the area between the circles r= 2 cos and r= 4cos as
shown in the figure.
First integrate the given function along the wedge PQ w.r.t r keeping  as constant and
− 
integrate the resulting expression w.r.t  from  = to
2 2

Limits of integration:
r: from r= 2 cos to r= 4cos
−  − 
: from  = to ( rotation of wedge from  = to )
2 2 2 2


2 4cos
 I= 
−

r = 2cos
r 2 dr d
=
2
I1

First evaluate the inner integral I1

(w.r.t r keeping  as constant)

23 | P a g e Jyothi Lakshmi S
 4cos 4cos
 r3  1 1 56
I1 =  r dr =   = ( 4 cos  ) − ( 2 cos  )  = 64 cos 3  − 8cos 3   = cos 3 
2 3 3

 3  r = 2cos 3   3 3
r = 2cos
 

 cos3  is an even function

2
56 56 2
I = − cos  d = 3  2=0 cos  d
3 3

3
=
2

112 2 224
=  =
3 3 9
2) Evaluate  r sin drd over the area of the cardioid r = a(1 + cos ) above the
initial line.
Solution: First integrate the given function along the wedge PQ w.r.t r keeping  as
constant and integrate the resulting expression w.r.t  from  = 0 to  .

Limits of integration:
r: from r=0 to r= a (1 + cos  )
: from  = 0 to  =  ( rotation of wedge from  = 0 to  )

 a (1+ cos )

 I= 
 =0

r =0
r sin  dr d

24 | P a g e Jyothi Lakshmi S
First evaluate the inner integral (w.r.t r keeping  as constant)
 a (1+ cos )  a (1+ cos ) 
 r2   a 2 (1 + cos  ) 2 
I=  
 =0 r =0
r sin  drd =   
 =0  2 0
sin  d =  =0  2
− 0  sin  d

2   2  2
a a2  2   a2  2      
= 0 (1 + cos  ) sin  d = 2 0  2 cos  2   sin  d = 2 0  2 cos  2   2sin  2  cos  2  d
2

2
  
 put 2 =   d = 2d 
  
4a 2  when  = 0,  = 0 and 

a2      
2
2 4.2
= 8.  cos   sin   d = 4a .2  cos ( ) sin ( ) d = 8a
5 2 5
=
2 0 2 2 6.4.2 3   
0
 =  ,  = 
 2 
 


2 a
3) Evaluate   r 2 drd .
0 a (1−cos )
Solution: Region of integration is bounded by the cardioid r = a (1 − cos ) and the

circle r = a between the radii vectors  = 0 to
2
Limits of integration:

r:from a (1 − cos  ) to r = a : from  = 0 to ( rotation of wedge
2

from  = 0 to )
2
  a
2 3
r 
2 a
  r 2 drd =    d
0 a (1−cos ) 0  3 a (1−cos )
 

( )  (1 − (1 − cos  ) )d
1 2
a3 2
= a3 − a3 (1 − cos  )3 d = 3
3 3
0 0
 

( )  ( 3cos  − 3cos )
a3 2
a3 2
= 1 − (1 − 3cos  + 3cos 2  − cos3  ) d = 2
 + cos3  ) d
3 3
0 0
a3    1    2 
= . 3 sin  0 2 −  3. +  Re duction formula
3   2 2   3.1  
a3      1    2   a   3
3
  2 
= . 3 sin − 0  −  3. +
   = . 3 −   +  
3   2   2 2   3.1   3   4   3 
a3
= . ( 44 − 9 )
36

25 | P a g e Jyothi Lakshmi S
 rdrd
4. Evaluate  over one loop of the leminscate r 2 = a 2 cos 2
R a2 + r 2

Solution: : Region of integration is bounded by the leminscate r 2 = a 2 cos 2

− 
between the radii vectors  = and  = .
4 4

Limits of integration:
r: from r = 0 to r = a cos 2
−  − 
: from  = to ( rotation of wedge from  = to )
4 4 4 4

4 a cos 2
rdrd rdrd
 =  
R a2 + r 2 − 0 a2 + r 2
4
a cos 2
 2 2 12 

1 a +r  ( 
)
4  
( )
4 1
=    d =   a 2
+ a 2
cos 2 2
− a  d
1
− 2  2  −  
4   0 4

 
4  
( )
4 1
 1 
= a  (1 + cos 2 ) 2 − 1 d = a   2 cos 2  2 − 1 d
−   −  
4 4
 

 ( )  ( )
4 4
=a 

2 cos  − 1 d = 2a

2 cos  − 1 d
  cos  is even function 
− 0
4

0



4 4

= 2a  2 sin  −   4 = 2a  2 sin  −  = 2a  2.

1 
− ( )
2 4 
 
= 2a 1 − 
 4
o Change of variable in Double integrals:

26 | P a g e Jyothi Lakshmi S
 By changing the variables, a given integral can be transformed into a simpler integral
involving the new variable.
Consider the integral  f ( x, y ) dx dy where R is a region in the X-Y plane
R
Let the variables x and y be changed to the new variables u, and v by the substitution
x= (u,v) and
y = (u,v) where (u,v) and (u,v)are continuous functions and have continuous first
order derivatives in some region R’ in the u-v plane which corresponds to the region R
in the x-y plane.
Then  f ( x, y ) dx dy =  f  (u , v), (u , v)  J du dv , where
R R'

x x
 ( x, y ) u v
J= =
 (u , v) y y
u v
Note:
To change the Cartesian coordinates (x, y) to the Polar coordinate (r, ), apply the
transformation x= r cos and y= r sin
 ( x, y )
Clearly J = = r . Then,
 (r , )
 f ( x, y) dx dy =  f (r cos  , r sin  )  r dr d
R R'
, where R’ is the region in polar

coordinate system corresponding to the region R in the Cartesian coordinates system.


−( x2 + y 2 )
1) Evaluate  e dydx . (by changing to polar co-ordinates)
00

−( x 2 + y 2 )
Solution: Let I =  e dydx
00
changing to polar co-ordinates , put x = r cos , y = r sin  ; dydx = rdrd
Given limits of integration is x from 0 to  and y also from 0 to  .Thus the
region of integration is the first quadrant.
Changing to polar co-ordinates the region of integration is bounded by radii

vectors where r var ies from 0 to  and  var ies from 0 to .
2

27 | P a g e Jyothi Lakshmi S
 
 2
−( x + y )
2 2
−r 2
 x 2 + y 2 = r 2 cos2  + r 2 sin 2  = r 2 
I=  e dydx =   e rdrd  
00 0 0
  

( )
2 2  2
1 −r 1 1
e−r  ( 0 − 1) d =
2 2
=
2  e 2rdrd = −
2  0
d = −
2
0 0 0 0

1 2
1  
 d = ( )0 2 =
2 2 4
0

 ( ) 2dxdy over the circle x2 + y 2 = 1.(by changing to polar

7
2) Evaluate x2 + y 2
co-ordinates)

Solution: changing to polar co-ordinates , put

x = r cos , y = r sin  ; dydx = rdrd
Given Region of integration is the circle x + y = 1 .
2 2

28 | P a g e Jyothi Lakshmi S
 Changing to polar co-ordinates the region of integration is bounded by radii
vectors where
r var ies from 0 to1 and  var ies from 0 to 2  x 2 + y 2 = 1  r 2 = 1  r = 1
 
2 7
( )
7 1
 (x + y ) =   rdrd =
2 2 2 dxdy 2 2
r
x + y 1
2 2  =0 r =0
2 1 2 1
  (r )   ( r ) drd =
7 8
.rdrd =
 =0 r =0  =0 r =0
2  9 1 2
r 1 1 2 2
  9  d = 9  d = 9 ( )0 = 9
0  0 0

3) Evaluate  sin  ( x 2 + y 2 ) dxdy (by changing to polar co-ordinates)

 
x 2 + y 2 1

Solution: changing to polar co-ordinates , put

x = r cos , y = r sin  ; dydx = rdrd
Given Region of integration is x + y  1 .
2 2

Changing to polar co-ordinates the region of integration is bounded by radii

vectors where
r var ies from 0 to1 and  var ies from 0 to 2  x 2 + y 2 = 1  r 2 = 1  r = 1
 

29 | P a g e Jyothi Lakshmi S
 2 1  put r 2 = t → 2rdr = dt 
 sin  ( x 2 + y 2 ) dxdy =   sin( r )rdrd
2
 
   r = 0 → t = 0; r = 1 → t = 1
x 2 + y 2 1 0 0

2 1 2 1
1 1  − cos  t 
=
2   sin( t )dtd =
2     d
 =0 t =0 0 0
2
−1  cos  − cos 0 
=
2    d

0
2 2
−1 1 1 2
=
2  ( −1 − 1)d =   d =  ( )o =2
0 0

1− x − y
2 2
4) Evaluate 
1 + x2 + y 2
dxdy over the positive quadrant of the circle. (by changing

to polar co-ordinates)

2 2
Ans: − (try yourself)
8 4

Application of double integral

1) Area by double integration
(a) Cartesian coordinates
(i) The area A of the region bounded by the curve y = f1 ( x), y = f 2 ( x) and the line
b f2 ( x)
x=a,x=b is given by A =   dydx .
a f1 ( x )
(ii) The area A of the region bounded by the curve x = f1 (y), x = f 2 (y) and the line
d f 2 (y)
y=c,y=d is given by A =   dxdy. .
c f1 (y)

Polar coordinates: The area A of the region bounded by the curve r = f1 ( ), r = f 2 ( ) and
 f 2 ( )
the line  =  , =  is given by A =   r drd . .
 f1 ( )

1) Find by double integration the area bounded by the parabolas

y 2 = 4ax and x 2 = 4ay

30 | P a g e Jyothi Lakshmi S
 4a 2 ax
Area =  dxdy =   dydx → vertical strip
R x =0 y = x 2
4a
4a 4a
 2  dx
 ( y ) x2   2
2 ax
= dx = ax − x
4a 
0 4a 0
4a
  32  3  3 2 2

= 2 a
x  − x  = 4 a . ( 4a ) 3 2 − 64a = 32a − 16a
  3  12a 
 3 12a 3 3
  2  0
16a 2
= [Link]
3

1
and the parabola y = 4 x .
2
2) Find the area of the region bounded by the line x =
4
1
Solution: Region of integration is the region bounded by the line x = and the
4
parabola y = 4 x .
2

31 | P a g e Jyothi Lakshmi S
 Limits of integration:
1
0  x  ; − 2 x  y  2 x → vertical strip
4
1 1
4 2 x 4
Area =  dydx =   dydx ==  ( y )−2
2 x
x
dx
x =0 y =−2 x 0
1 1 1
 33
2 4
( )
4 4
 x  81 2 1
=  2 x + 2 x dx =  4 xdx = 4 =   = [Link]
 3  3 4 3
0 0  2 0
3) Find by double integration the area bounded by a quadrant of the ellipse
4 x 2 + 9 y 2 = 36 .
Solution: The equation of the ellipse is
x2 y 2 x2 y 2
4 x 2 + 9 y 2 = 36  + =1 2 + 2 =1
9 4 3 2

9 y 2 = 36 − 4 x 2 
2  
Limit of integration: 0  x  3, 0  y  9 − x2  2 4(9 − x 2 ) 
y =
3

 9 

Let A be the area of the ellipse in the first quadrant

32 | P a g e Jyothi Lakshmi S
 2 9− x 2 2 9− x 2
3 3 3 
3 3 2 9 − x2
A =  dydx =   dydx =  ( y ) dx =   dx
 3 
x =0 y =0 0 0 0 
3
2  x 9 − x 2 9 −1  x  
3
2 2 9 
=  3 − x dx = 
2 2
+ sin    =  sin −1 (1) 
3 3 2 2  3  3 2 
0  0
 3
= 3. = [Link]
2 2
4) Find by double integration the area bounded by the circles
r = 2sin  and r = 4sin 
Solution:

The given equations are r = 2sin  .....(i) and r = 4sin  .......(ii) .Equations

(i) and(ii) represents circles symmetrical about the line  = with radius
2
1 and 2 respectively.

2 4sin 
Re quired area =  rdrd = 2   rdrd
R  =0 r = 2sin 
 4sin  
2 2  2
 ( 4sin  ) − ( 2sin  ) d
r

2 2
=2   d  =
0  2 2sin  0


( )d = 12 12 . 2 = 3 [Link]
2
 sin 2 
= 12  
0

33 | P a g e Jyothi Lakshmi S
5) Find the area of a loop of the curve r 2 = a 2 cos 2 by double integration.
Solution:


4 a cos 2
Area =  rdrd =   rdrd
R  0
−
4
  
4 r 2  a cos 2 4  a 2 cos 2  1 24
=   2  d =  2
 − 0 

d =
2
.2a  cos 2 d
 0   0
− −
4 4

 sin 2  4 a  
2 2
 a a2
= a2   =  sin 2. − 0  = (1 − 0) = [Link]
 2 0 2  4  2 2
6) Find by double integration, the area lying inside the circle r = a sin  and outside
the cardioid r = a (1 − cos ) .
Solution:

Limit of integration: 0    ; a(1 − cos )  r  a sin 
2

34 | P a g e Jyothi Lakshmi S
  
a sin  a sin 
2 2 2
r
Area =  rdrd =   rdrd =    d
 2 
R  =0 r =a (1−cos ) 0 a (1−cos )
 
2 2 
a sin  − a (1 − cos  )
( )
2 2 2 2 2
a
=  d =  sin 2  − (1 − cos  ) 2 d
 2 2
0  0
 

 ( sin )  ( − cos )
2 2 2 2
a a
= 2
 − 1 − cos 2  + 2 cos  d = 2
 − cos 2  + 2 cos  d
2  2
0 0



( )
a 2 2
1  2
= −2 cos  + 2 cos  d = a  −. .  + a 2 . ( sin  )02
2
2
0
 2 2
    
= a 2  − + 1 = a 2 1 −  [Link]
 4   4

7) Find the area lying inside the cardioid r = a (1 + cos ) and outside the circle r = a
.
Solution:

35 | P a g e Jyothi Lakshmi S
  
Limit of integration: −   ; a  r  a(1 + cos  )
2 2
 
a (1+cos )
2 a (1+cos ) 2 2
r
Area =  rdrd = 2   rdrd = 2    d
 2 
R 0 a 0 a
 
2 2
=  a (1 + cos  ) − a d = a  (1 + 2 cos  + cos  ) − 1d
2 2 2 2 2

0 0

2
= a 2   2 cos  + cos 2  d
 
0
 1  a2
= 2a ( sin  )0 + a
2 2 = 2a .1 +
2 2
22 4
a2
= ( + 8) [Link]
4

8) Find the area lying between the parabola y = 4 x − x and the line y = x .
2

Solution:

36 | P a g e Jyothi Lakshmi S
 Points of intersection

y = 4 x − x 2 .....(i ) y = x....(ii )
x = 4 x − x 2 from(ii )
 x 2 = 3x  x( x − 3) = 0
 x = 0, x = 3
y = 0, y = 3
(0,0),(3,3)
Limit of Integration: 0  x  3; x  y  4 x − x
2

3 4 x− x2 3
4 x− x2
Area =  dxdy =   dydx =  ( y ) x dx
R x =0 x 0
3
 x 2 x3 
( ) ( )
3 3
27 27 9
=  4 x − x − x dx = 
2
3x − x dx =  3 −  =
2
− = = [Link]
 2 3  2 3 2
0 0  0

9) Find by double integration the area enclosed by the pair of curves y = 2 − x and
2
y 2 = 2(2 − x) Ans: (try yourself)
3
10) Find by double integration the smaller of the areas bounded by the curves
 a2 a2
x 2 + y 2 = a 2 and x + y = a . Ans: − (try yourself)
4 2
Volume of a solid by double integration
Let a surface be defined by the equation z = f ( x, y ) and the region be its projection on the
xy -plane. Then the volume V of the solid is given by v =  zdxdy orv =  f ( x, y )dxdy
R R

37 | P a g e Jyothi Lakshmi S
Questions

1) Find the volume bounded by the cylinder x + y = 4 and the planes

2 2

y + z = 4 and z = 0 .
Solution:

From the diagram, it is clear that z = 4 − y is to be integrated over the circle

x 2 + y 2 = 4 in the xy plane.
Limit of integration is − 2  y  2; − 4 − y2  x  4 − y2
2 4− y 2 2 4− y 2
Volume =  zdxdy =   zdxdy =   (4 − y )dxdy
R y =−2 x =− 4− y 2 y =−2 x =− 4− y 2

2 4− y 2 2 2
dy = 2  (4 − y )  4 − y 2  dy
4− y 2
=2   (4 − y )dxdy = 2  (4 − y ) ( x )0
 
y =−2 x =0 −2 −2
2 2
= 2  4  4 − y 2  dy − 2  y  4 − y 2  dy
   
−2 −2
2
= 8   4 − y 2 dy − 0  y 4 − y 2 is an odd function of y
   
−2
2 2
1  y 
= 8  2   4 − y 2 dy = 16  y 4 − y 2 + .[Link] −1   
1
  2 2  2 0
0

= 16  2sin −1 (1)  = 32  = 16 [Link]
  2
x2 y2 z2
2) Find by double integration the volume of the ellipsoid
2
+ 2
+ 2
=1
a b c
Solution:

38 | P a g e Jyothi Lakshmi S
 x2 y2 z2 x2 y 2
The equation of the ellipsoid is + + =1 or z = c 1 − 2 − 2
a 2 b2 c 2 a b

x2 y2
The projection of the ellipsoid in the xy plane is the ellipse + =1
a 2 b2
x2
In the first quadrant ,y varies from 0 to b 1 − and x varies from 0to a
a2
x2
Limit of integration: 0  x  a; 0  y  b 1 −
a2

39 | P a g e Jyothi Lakshmi S
 x2
b 1−
a a2
volume =  zdxdy = 8   zdydx
R x =0 y =0

x2 x2
b 1− b 1−
a a2 a a2  x2 
x2 y2 c
=8   c 1 − 2 − 2 dydx = 8 
b  b 2 1 − 2  − y 2 dydx
 a 
x =0 y =0 a b x =0 y =0  
x2
b 1−
  a2
 
a  2  2 
c 1 x 1 x y
= 8   y b 2 1 − 2  − y 2 + b 2 1 − 2  sin −1  dx
b 2  a  2  a   2 
0   x
 b 2 1 − 2  
 a 
    0

c  1 2  x 2  −1 
a 
x2   
a
= 8   b 1 − 2  sin (1) dx = 4bc  1 − 2  dx
b  2  a    a  2 
0 0
a  3 a
x2   x
= 2 bc  1 − 2  dx = 2 bc  x − 2 
   3a 0
0  a   
 a3   3a3 − a3   2a3  4
= 2 bc  a − 2  = 2 bc  = 2 bc  2  =
 3a 2 
abc [Link]
 3a   3a  3
    
3) Find by double integration the volume enclosed between the cylinders
x 2 + y 2 = 2ax and z 2 = 2ax .
Solution:

From the diagram, z = 2ax , which is to be evaluated over the circle

x 2 + y 2 = 2ax

40 | P a g e Jyothi Lakshmi S
Limit of integration:
 x 2 + y 2 − 2ax = 0 
0  x  2a; − 2ax − x 2  y  2ax − x 2  
 y 2 = 2ax − x 2  y = 2ax − x 2 
 
 x 2 + y 2 − 2ax = 0 
 
 x 2 + y 2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c = 0 = 0 
 
 2 g = −2a  g = − a 
centre = (− g , − f ) = (a, 0) 

2a 2 ax − x 2 2a 2 ax − x 2
Volume = 2   zdydx = 2   2ax dydx
x =0 y =− 2 ax − x 2 x =0 y =− 2 ax − x 2

2a 2 ax − x 2 2a
2 ax − x 2
= 2 2a   x dydx = 2 2a  x ( y) dx
− 2 ax − x 2
x =0 y =− 2 ax − x 2 0
2a 2a
= 2 2a  x  2ax − x 2 + 2ax − x 2  dx = 2 2a  x  2 2ax − x 2  dx
   
0 0

2a  Put x = 2a sin 2   dx = 4a sin  cos  d 

 x( )
 
= 4 2a 2a − x dx   
 when x = 0,  = 0; x = 2a,  = 
0
 2 

2
= 4 2a  2a sin 2   2a − 2a sin 2   4a sin  cos  d

 
0
 
2 2
= 64a3  sin 2   1 − sin 2   sin  cos  d = 64a3  sin 3  cos 2  d
 
0 0
2.1 128 3
= 64a3 = a [Link].
5.3.1 15
Mass of a plane lamina by double integration

For a plane lamina of Area A, if the density at a point p ( x, y ) be  = f ( x, y ) then

its total mass M is given by M =   dxdy .
A
In polar co-ordinates,  = f (r , ) at a point p (r , ) then M =   rdrd .
A
2 2
 x 3  y 3
1) Find the mass of a plate in the shape of the curve   +   = 1 , the density
a b
being given by  =  xy .
Solution:

41 | P a g e Jyothi Lakshmi S
 Required mass M is four times the mass in the first quadrant since it is
symmetrical about both the axis
3
 2  2
 x  3
Limit of integration: 0  x  a; 0  y  b 1 −   
 a 
 
 2  2
3
2
 x  3  y  3
2 2 2  
 y 3  x 3 y  x 3
  +   = 1    = 1 −    = 1 −    
 a  b b a b  a  
  
 3

  
3
2 2
   x   
 y = b 1 −  a   
   

42 | P a g e Jyothi Lakshmi S
 3 3
 2  2  2  2
x 3  x 3
b 1−    b  1−   
  a      a   
a   a  
Mass = 4    dydx = 4    xy dydx
x =0 y =0 x =0 y =0
  2 
3 
 2 
3
2  2   x    3 
x 3
b 1−     b  1 −  a    − 0 
a  y 2    a   
a
      
= 4   2 
x dx = 4   x 
2
dx
x =0  0 x =0  
 
 
 
a  2 
3
 put x = a sin 3   dx = 3a sin 2  cos  d 
2   x  3   
= 2   xb 1 −   dx   
  a     when x = 0,  = 0; x = a,  = 
x =0    2 
 3
 2
3

2
3   a sin 3   
= 2  b  a sin  1 − 
2
   3a sin  cos  d
2
 a
x =0    




( )
2 3
= 2b2  a sin 3   1 − sin 2   3a sin 2  cos  d
 
x =0

2 3
= 6  a 2b 2  sin 3  cos 2   sin 2  cos  d
 
x =0

2
[Link].2  a 2b 2
= 6  a 2b 2  sin 5  cos7  d = 6  a 2b 2
[Link].4.2
=
20
x =0

43 | P a g e Jyothi Lakshmi S
 2) Find the mass of the lamina in the form of the cardioid r = a (1 + cos ) whose
density at any point varies as the square of its distance from the initial line.
Solution: Let ‘M’ be the required mass which is twice the mass above the initial
line.

Since the distance at any point ( r , ) from the initial line is r sin  , the density at
   ( r sin  )2 
any point is  =  ( r sin  ) =  r sin   
2 2 2
  =  ( r sin  )2 
 

For the region above the initial line  varies from 0to  and r varies from
0 to a (1 + cos )

44 | P a g e Jyothi Lakshmi S
  a (1+cos )  a (1+cos )
M = 2   rdrd = 2    r 2 sin 2  .rdrd
0 0 0 0
 a (1+cos )   4  a (1+cos )
r
= 2   r sin  drd = 2    
3 2
sin 2  d
 4 
0 0 0 0
  4 2

( 
)       
=  a (1 + cos  ) − 0 sin  d = 32  a   cos 2     sin   cos    d
4 4 2
 2    2 
4
 2 
0
2
0
  
  put = t  d = 2dt 
 
   
   2
= 32  a 4   cos10    sin 2   d  
0
 2  2  when  = 0, t = 0; =  , t =  
 2 


( ) [Link].1.1 
2
21
= 32  a 4  cos10 ( t ) sin 2 ( t ) 2dt = 64  a 4 =  a 4
[Link].4.2 2 32
0
3) Find the mass of the lamina in the shape of one loop of the leminscate r 2 = a 2 cos 2 .
Solution:

− 
Limit of integration:    ;0  r  a cos 2
4 4
Let  = k

4 a cos 2
mass =   rdrd =    rdrd
R − 0
4
 
a cos 2
4 a cos 2 4 2
r
= 2  krdrd = 2k    d
 2 
0 0 0 0



( ) ka 2
4
1 4 1
=k a 2 cos 2 − 0 d = ka 2  sin 2  = ka 2 (1 − 0) =
0
2 0 2 2

45 | P a g e Jyothi Lakshmi S
Centre of gravity by double Integration

( )
The centre of gravity (C.G) x, y of a plane lamina occupying an area A in the
xy plane and having density  = f ( x, y ) is given by

x=
A x dxdy , y=
A y  dxdy
A  dxdy A  dxdy
In polar coordinates  = f (r , ) at a point p ( r , ) then the centre of gravity

( x, y ) is given by
x=
A r cos . rdrd , y=
A r sin  . rdrd
A  rdrd A  rdrd
0r

 r cos . drd ,  r sin  . drd

2 2
x= A y= A
A  rdrd A  rdrd
Questions

x2 y2
1) A plate in the form of the quadrant of the ellipse
2
+ 2
= 1 is of small but
a b
varying thickness, the density at any point being proportional to the product of
the distance of that point from the major and the minor axes. Find the
coordinates of the centre of gravity of the plate.
Solution: If P(x,y) be any point on the plate, then density  = kxy

b 2
Limit of integration: 0  x  a;0  y  a − x2
a

46 | P a g e Jyothi Lakshmi S
 b 2 2
a −x
a a
mass ( M ) =   dxdy =   kxydydx
x =0 y =0
b 2 2
a −x
a  y 2 a
k
a
b 2 (a 2 − x 2 )
=k  x  2  dx =
2
x.
a2
dx
x =0  0 0
a
kb 2  a 2 x 2 x 4 
a a
kb 2 kb 2
= 2  x(a − x )dx = 2  (a x − x )dx = 2 
2 2
−  2 3
2a 0 2a 0 2a  2 4 
0

kb 2  a 4 a 4  kb 2 a 4 ka 2b 2
==  − = 2 =
2a 2  2 4  2a .4 8
centre of gravity = ( x, y )
b 2 2
a −x
a a
  [Link]
x=
A 
x  dxdy
= A
x  dxdy
=
x =0 y =0

A  dxdy mass  2 2 

 ka b 8 
 
b 2 2 b 2 2
a −x a −x
a a a a
k   x 2 ydydx 8   x 2 ydydx
x =0 y =0 x =0 y =0
= =
 ka b 
2 2 2 2
a b
 
 8 
b 2 2 b
a −x a −x 2 2

2 y 
a a 2 a a
8 8
= 2 2   x ydydx = a 2b2  x  2 
2
dx
a b x =0 y =0 x =0   0
 b2 2 
 2 a −x
2
(  )
( )
a a
8 2 a  8
= 2 2
a b
 x  2
− 0 dx = 4  x 2 a 2 − x 2 dx
 2a x =0
x =0  
 
a
8  2 x3 x5  8  a 5 a 5  8a
a
8
= 4  a x − x dx = 4  a
2 2
−  = 4 − =
4
2 a x =0 2a  3 5 
0
2a  3 5  15

47 | P a g e Jyothi Lakshmi S
 similarly
b 2 2
a −x
a a
  [Link]
y=
A 
y  dxdy
= A
y  dxdy
=
x =0 y =0

A  dxdy mass  ka 2b 2 

 8 

b 2 2 b 2 2
a −x a −x
a a a a
k   xy 2 dydx 8   xy 2 dydx
x =0 y =0 x =0 y =0
=
 ka b 
2 2 2 2
a b
 
 8 
b 2 2 b
a −x a2 − x2
8
a a
8  y3  a a
=
a b2 2   xy 2 dydx = 2 2  x  
a b x =0  3 0
dx
x =0 y =0

 b3 2 
( )
3
 3 a −x
2 2
 3

( )
a a 2
8  8b
= 2 2  x a − 0 dx = 5  x a2 − x2 dx
a b x =0  3  3a x =0
 
 
 put x = a sin  , dx = a cos  d 
 
 x = 0,  = 0; x = a,  =  
 2 
 
3 3

( ) ( )
2 2 5 2 2
8b 8ba
=  a sin  a − a sin  a cos  d =  sin  1 − sin  cos  d
2 2 2 2
3a5 x =0 3a5 x =0
 
3

( ) ( )
2 2 2
8b 8b
=
3  sin  cos 2  cos  d =
3  sin  cos3  cos  d
x =0 x =0

2
8b 8b 3.1 8b
=
3  sin  cos 4  d = . =
3 5.3.1 15
x =0
 8a 8b 
centre of gravity is ( x, y ) =  , 
 15 15 
2) Find the centroid of the loop of the leminscate r 2 = a 2 cos 2
Solution:

48 | P a g e Jyothi Lakshmi S
 The loop being symmetrical about the initial line, its C.G lies on initial line, so
that y = 0 .
Since the density is not given, let  =k

− 
Limit of integration:    ;0  r  a cos 2
4 4
C.G = ( x, y )

4 a cos 2
  r 2 cos  . drd
 r cos  . drd = − 4 0
2
x= A 
A  rdrd 4 a cos 2
   rdrd
− 0
4
 
4 a cos 2 4 a cos 2
  r cos  .kdrd   r 2 cos  .drd
2
k
− 0 − 0
= 4

= 4

4 a cos 2 4 a cos 2
  krdrd k   rdrd
− 0 − 0
4 4
 a cos 2 
 3 3
2 −0
4  r3  4
 a ( cos 2 )  d
 cos    d  cos   
−  3 0 − 
3

= 4

= 4

=
2  a cos 2
r
4 a 4 2
( cos 2 ) − 0  d
  2  d   2 
−  0 −  
4 4
=

49 | P a g e Jyothi Lakshmi S
  
a3 4
( ) 2 d
3 4 3
 cos  ( cos 2 ) 2 d  cos  1 − 2sin 2 
3 −
2a − 4
= 4

= 
3
a2 4 4
( cos 2 ) d  ( cos 2 ) d
2 − −
4 4
 4 
 
( )
3
 
   −    = 
2 2
2 cos 1 2sin d   Let 2 sin sin 
2a.  0   
=   2 cos  d = cos  d  
3  


4
  
 2  ( cos 2 ) d    = 0,  = 0;  = ,  = 
 4 2
 0 

 2  2 
( ) ( )
3 3
 2 1   2 1 
  1 − sin  cos  d   cos  cos  d 
2 2
2  2
2a.  0  = 2a.  0 
=  
3  4
 3  4

   
  ( cos 2 ) d    ( cos 2 ) d 
 0   0 
2  2 
 3
( 1 
  cos  2 cos  d  )  
  cos  d 
4

=
2a.  0  = 2 2a.  0  = 2 2a. 3.1 . 
3    3  1  3 4.2 2
  sin 2  4   
     
 2 0
   
a 2
=
8
a 2 
 C.G is ( x, y ) =  , 0 
 8 
3) Using double integration the centre of gravity of a lamina in the shape of a
2 2
 x 3  y 3
quadrant of the curve   +   = 1 , the density being  =  xy .
a b
Solution:

50 | P a g e Jyothi Lakshmi S
 3
 2  2
  x 3
Limit of integration: 0  x  a; 0  y  b 1 −  
 a 
 
 2  2
3
2
 x  3  y  3
2 2 2  
 y 3  x 3 y  x 3
  +   = 1    = 1 −    = 1 −    
 a  b b a b  a  
  
 3

  2  2 
   x  3
 
 y = b 1 −  a   
   

51 | P a g e Jyothi Lakshmi S
 3 3
 2  2  2  2
x 3  x 3
b 1−    b 1−   
  a      a   
a   a  
Mass =    dydx =    xy dydx
x =0 y =0 x =0 y =0
  2 
3 
 2 
3
2  2   x    3 
x 3
b 1−     b  1 −  a    − 0 
a  y 2    a   
a
      
=   2 
x dx =   x 
2
dx
x =0  0 x =0  
 
 
 

a 2 
3
 put x = a sin 3   dx = 3a sin 2  cos  d 
1 2   x  3   
=   xb 1 −   dx   
2   a     when x = 0,  = 0; x = a,  = 
x =0    2 
 3
 2
3

1 2 2 3   a sin 3   
=  b  a sin  1 −     3a sin  cos  d
2
2  a
x =0    



1 2 2
( )
3
=  b  a sin 3   1 − sin 2   3a sin 2  cos  d
2  
x =0

3 2 2 2 3
=  a b  sin 3  cos 2   sin 2  cos  d
2  
x =0

3 2 2 2 3 [Link].2  a 2b 2
=  a b  sin 5  cos7  d =  a 2b 2 =
2 2 [Link].4.2 80
x =0

52 | P a g e Jyothi Lakshmi S
 centre of gravity = ( x, y )
3
 2  2
 x 3
b1−  
 
a    
a

  x. xydydx
x=
A 
x  dxdy
= A
x  dxdy
=
x =0 y =0

A  dxdy mass   a 2b 2 

 80 

3 3
 2  2  2  2
 x 3   x 3
b 1−  b 1− 
   
a     a    
a a

   x 2 ydydx 80   x 2 ydydx
x =0 y =0 x =0 y =0
= =
 a b 
2 2 2 2
a b
 80 

3
 2  2
x 3 3
b1−   
x 3
2  2
  b1−  
a    
a
2 y 2    a  
a
80 80
=   x ydydx =   
2
x dx
a 2b 2 x =0 y =0 a 2b 2 x =0  2 0
  2 3 
 2  x 3 
 b 1−   
a  a  a  2 3
   
= 2 2  x2    − 0 dx =
80 40 x 3
  x 2  1 −    dx
a b x =0  2
 a x =0   a  
2
 
 
 
 
 put x = a sin 3  , dx = 3a sin 2  cos  d 
 
 x = 0,  = 0; x = a,  =  
 2 
3
 2 
40
a
6   a sin 3   3

= 2  a sin  1 − 
2
  3a sin  cos  d
2

a x =0   a  
 

( ) ( ) sin 2  cos d
a a
40a 2 .3a 3 3
=
a2
 sin 6  1 − sin 2  sin 2  cos  d = 120a.  sin 6  cos 2 
x =0 x =0
a
[Link].6.4.2 128a
= 120a.  sin 8  cos7  d = 120a. =
[Link].[Link] 429
x =0

53 | P a g e Jyothi Lakshmi S
 similarly
3
 2  2
x 3
b1−  
 
a    
a

  y. xydydx
y=
A 
y  dxdy
= A
y  dxdy
=
x =0 y =0

A  dxdy mass   a 2b 2 

 80 

3 3
 2  2  2  2
 x 3  x 3
b1−   b1−  
   
a     a    
a a

   xy 2 dydx 80   xy 2 dydx
x =0 y =0 x =0 y =0
= =
 a b 2 2 a b2 2
 80 
 
3
 2  2
x 3 3
b1−    2 
x 3
2
  
a     b 1− 
a
80 80 a
y 3    a  
=   xy dydx = 
2
x   dx
a 2b 2 x =0 y =0 a 2b 2 x =0  3 0
 9 
 3  x 3 
2 2

 b 1 −     9
a   a   a  2  2
x
= 2 2  x   − 0 dx = 80b
80 3
  x 1 −    dx
a b x =0  3  3a x =0   a  
2
 
 
 
 
 put x = a sin 3  , dx = 3a sin 2  cos  d 
 
 x = 0,  = 0; x = a,  =  
 2 
9
 2
3
2
80b 3 
a  a sin 3   
= 2  a sin  1 −    3a sin 2  cos  d

3a x =0   a  
 

( ) 2 sin 2  cos d
a 9
80b.a.3a
=
3a 2  sin 3  1 − sin 2 
x =0

54 | P a g e Jyothi Lakshmi S
 ( ) 2 sin 2  cos d
a 9
= 80b.  sin  cos 
3 2

x =0
a
[Link].5.3.1 128b
= 80b.  sin 5  cos10  d = 80b. =
[Link].[Link] 429
x =0
 128a 128b 
C.G is ( x, y ) =  , 
 429 429 

4) Find by double integration the centre of gravity of the area bounded by the
 8 −1 
parabola y = x and the line x + y = 2 . Ans:  ,
2

5 2 
5) Find the centre of gravity of the area between y = 6 x − x 2 and y = x .Ans:
5 
 ,5  .
2 
6) Find the centre of gravity of the area in the first quadrant of the curve
2 2 2  256a 256a 
x 3 + y 3 = a 3 .Ans: ,  
 315 315 
7) Find by double integration the centre of gravity of the area of the cardioid
 5a 
r = a (1 + cos ) Ans:  ,0 
 6 
Moment of Inertia
2
A particle of mass m at a distance r from a given line, then mr is called the
moment of inertia of the particle about a given line. The sum of the similar
expressions for all the particles of a body,  mr 2 is called the moment of
inertia of the body about the given line.
Moment of inertia of a plane lamina

55 | P a g e Jyothi Lakshmi S
 Let A be the area of a plane lamina and  its density. Consider an elementary
mass  x y at the point p(x,y) of the lamina so that its M.I about X-axis is

given by I x = A  y
2
dxdy

Similarly M.I about Y-axis is I y = A  x

2
dxdy
In polar coordinates
M.I about initial line is given by I x = A  (r sin  ) rdrd
2

Questions
1) A thin plate of uniform thickness and density is in the form of a lamina
bounded by the parabola x = y and the line y = x + 2 . Find the moment
2

of inertia of the lamina about the coordinate axes.

Solution:

M.I about X-axis I x = A  y

2
dxdy and M.I about Y-axis

I y =   x 2dxdy
A
Limit of integration: −1  x  2; x  y  x + 2
2

Let  =k

56 | P a g e Jyothi Lakshmi S
 2 x+2
mass ( M ) =   dxdy =   2 kdydx
x =−1 y = x

 x 2 = y, y = x + 2 
 
 x2 = x + 2  x2 − x − 2 = 0 
 
 x = −1, x = 2 
 po int of int er sec tion is (−1,1) and (2, 4) 
x+2
( )
2 2 2
x+2
=k   2 dydx = k  ( y ) x2
dx = k  x + 2 − x 2 dx
x =−1 y = x −1 −1
2
 x2 x3   2 2 23   (−1) 2 (−1)3  
= k  + 2 x −  = k  + 2.2 −  −  + 2(−1) −  
 2    2   2
 3 −1  3   3  
 8 1 1   10 7  9
= k  6 −  −  − 2 +   = k  +  = k
 3  2 3   3 6 2
9 2
M = kk = M
2 9
M.I about X-axis

2 x+2
I x =   y dxdy =2
  ky 2 dydx
A
x =−1 y = x 2

x+2 x+2
2  y3  2
( x + 2)3 − x 6 
2
= k   y dydx = k    dx = k  
2
dx
 3  2  3
x =−1 y = x 2 −1  x −1  
2
k  x4 x7 
( )
2
k x3 x2
= ( x + 6 x + 12 x + 8) − x dx =  + 6 + 12 + 8 x − 
3 2 6
3 3  4 3 2 7 
−1 −1
7 2
k  x4 x
=  + 2 x3 + 6 x 2 + 8 x − 

3 4 7 
−1

k  24 27   ( −1) ( −1)7  

4
=  + 2 ( ) ( )
2
3
+ 6 2
2
+ 8.2 −  −  + 2 ( ) ( )
−1
3
+ 6 −1
2
+ 8( −1) − 
3  4 7   4 7 
  
k  16 128   1 ( −1)  
=   + 2 (8) + 6 ( 4 ) + 8 ( 2 ) −  −  + 2 ( −1) + 6 (1) + 8(−1) − 
3  4 7  4 7  
k  128   1 1   k  292   101   k  1168 + 101  
=   60 −  −  − 4 +   =  +  =  
3  7  4 7   3  7   28   3  28 
k  1269    2  1  1269   47
=   =  M .   = M
3  28    9  3  28   14

57 | P a g e Jyothi Lakshmi S
 2 x+2
I y =   x 2 dxdy =   kx 2 dydx
A
x =−1 y = x 2
x+2
( )
2 2 2
x+2
=k   x 2 dydx = k  x 2 ( y ) x 2 dx = k  x 2 x + 2 − x 2 dx
x =−1 y = x 2 −1 −1

( )
2
= k  x3 + 2 x 2 − x 4 dx
−1
2
 x4 x3 x5 
( )
2
= k  x + 2 x − x dx = k  + 2 − 
3 2 4
 4 3 5 
−1  −1
 2 4 23 25   ( −1) 4 ( −1)3 ( −1)5  
= k  + 2 −  −  +2 − 
 4 3 5   4 3 5  
 16 32   1 −2 −1    44   13  
= k  4 + −  −  + −   = k   +   
 3 5  4 3 5   15   60  
2  176 + 13   2  189   7
= M  60   = 9 M  60   = 10 M
9    

2) Find the moment of inertia of one loop of the leminscate r 2 = a 2 cos 2

about in initial line.
Solution:

− 
Limit of integration:    ;0  r  a cos 2
4 4
Let  = k

58 | P a g e Jyothi Lakshmi S
 
4 a cos 2
mass =   rdrd =    rdrd
R − 0
4
 
a cos 2
4 a cos 2 4 2
r
= 2  krdrd = 2k    d
 2 
0 0 0 0



( ) ka 2
4
1 4 1
= k  a 2 cos 2 − 0 d = ka 2  sin 2  = ka 2 (1 − 0) =
0
2 0 2 2

ka 2 2
M= k = 2 M
2 a
M.I about initial line is

4 a cos 2
I x =   (r sin  ) rdrd = 2
  kr 3 sin 2  drd
A
− 0
4

 a cos 2 
 r4 
4  a 4 cos 2 2 − 0  2
4
=k    sin  d = k
2
   sin  d
 
−  4  −  4 
4 0 4
 
ka 4 4 ka 4 4

4 −  cos
= cos 2
2 sin 2
 d = .2 2
2 sin 2  d
4
0
4

4 4  put 2 =  , 2d = d 
ka  
=  cos 2 sin  d
2 2
2  = 0,  = 0; =  ,  =  
0  4 2

ka 4   1
2
=  cos  sin 2   d
2
2
0
22

ka 4  1 − cos  
2
=  cos  d
2
4
0
 2 
 

 ( cos )
ka 4 2
ka 4 2
=  cos 2  (1 − cos  )d = 2
 − cos3  d
8 8
0 0
ka 4  1  2  ka 4   2  ka  3 − 8  2 a 4  3 − 8  4
=  −  =  −  =   = M .  
8  2 2 3.1  8  4 3 8  12  a 2 8  12 
a 2  3 − 8  Ma 2
= M.  = ( 3 − 8 )
4  12  48

59 | P a g e Jyothi Lakshmi S
 3) Using double integrals, find the moment of inertia about the x-axis of the area
x y 1
enclosed by the lines x = 0, y = 0, + = 1 .Ans: Mb2
a b 6
Centre of pressure
If a plane lamina be immersed in a homogenous liquid, then the point in the plane
area at which the resultant pressure of the liquid acts, is called the centre of pressure
of the area.

Let a plane area A be immersed vertically in a homogenous liquid. Take the line of
intersection of the given plane with the free surface of the liquid as the x-axis and
any line perpendicular to it downwards lying in this plane as the y-axis.
Let p be the pressure at a point p(x,y) of the plane area. Then the pressure on an
elementary area  x y surrounding the point P is p x y which is normal to the
plane.

The resultant pressure on A=  pdxdy .

A

Let c ( x, y ) be the centre of pressure where the resultant pressure acts.

Moment of pressure at p about y-axis= xp x y

Moment of resultant pressure about y-axis=sum of the moments of the individual

pressures such as p x y at p about y-axis=  xpdxdy
A

x=
A pxdxdy
A pdxdy

60 | P a g e Jyothi Lakshmi S
Similarly taking moments about x-axis y =
A pydxdy
A pdxdy
 pxdxdy  pydxdy 
( )
Centre of pressure is x, y =   A , A  . In polar coordinates
  pdxdy  pdxdy 
 A A 
 p ( r cos ) rdrd  p ( r sin  ) rdrd 
 A , A 

 A prdrd A prdrd 
centre of pressure is or

 A ( ) (
p r 2 cos drd  p r 2 sin  drd
, A
) 

 
 A prdrd A prdrd 
Question
1) A quadrant of a circle of radius a is just immersed vertically in a homogenous
liquid with one edge in the surface. Find the centre of pressure.
Solution:

Let the equation of the circle be x + y = a

2 2 2

Limit of integration: 0  x  a;0  y  a2 − x2

If w be the weight of the liquid per unit volume, then the pressure p at the point p(x,y)
is given by p = wy .

If c ( x, y ) be the centre of pressure, then

 m  
 p = h g = h  v g  = hw( w = mg ) = wy 
   
P=height x weight of liquid per unit volume.

61 | P a g e Jyothi Lakshmi S
 a a2 − x2 a a2 − x2 a2 − x2
 y2  a

  pxdydx   wyxdydx  x  2  dx
 
x= 0 0 =0 0 = 0 0
a a2 − x2 a a2 − x2 a  2  a −x
2 2

  pdydx   wydydx   y2  dx
0 0 0 0 0   o
 a2 − x2 
( ) ( )
a a a
1
 x  2  dx 2  x a − x dx  a x − x dx
2 2 2 3

 
= 0a = 0a =0a
 a2 − x2  1 2
  2  dx  a − x dx  a − x dx
2 2 2
2
0  0 0
a
 2 x2 x4   a4 a4   a4 
 a −   −   
 2 4  2 4   4  3a
= 0 =  = =
 2 3 a  3 a 3   2a 3  8
x
 a x −   a −   
3  3   3 
 0

62 | P a g e Jyothi Lakshmi S
 a a2 − x2 a a2 − x2 a 3 a2 − x2
y 
  pydydx   wy. ydydx   3 
 dx
 0
y=0 0 =0 0 =0
a a −x
2 2
a a −x
2 2
a  2  a −x
2 2

  pdydx   wydydx   y2  dx
0 0 0 0 0   o
 
( ) 2  dx
3
a a2 − x2


( ) ( ) 2 dx
a 3 a 3
1
3
0
3  a 2
− x 2 2
dx a2 − x2

= a  2
= 0 = 0
a −x  2 2
1 2
a 3 a
  2  dx  a − x 2 dx a − x 2 dx
2
2
0  0 0
 put x = a sin  , dx = a cos  d 
 
 x = 0,  = 0; x = a,  =  
 2 
 

 (a )  (1 − sin ) 2 cos d
2 3 2 3
2
− a sin 
2 2 2
a cos  d 2

4
2 0 2a
= a
= 0
a
3 3
a − x dx a − x 2 dx
2 2 2

0 0
 
2 2
 cos3  cos  d  cos  d
4
4 4
2a 2a
= 0
a
= 0
a
3 3
a − x 2 dx a − x 2 dx
2 2

0 0
 3.1    3   3 
 .    4  
 16  = 2a  16  = 3 a
4 4
=
2a  4.2 2 
=
2a
3  a 3  3 a3  3  2a3  16
x3   −   
 a x −  a
2
 3  3 
 3 0  
 3a 3 a 
centre pressure = ( x, y ) =  , 
 8 16 

2) A uniform semicircular lamina is immersed in a liquid with its plane vertical and its
bounding diameter on the free surface. If the density at any point of the fluid
varies as the depth of the point below the free surface. Find the position of the
centre pressure of the lamina.
Solution:

63 | P a g e Jyothi Lakshmi S
Let the semicircular lamina be x + y = a
2 2 2

By symmetry its centre of pressure lies on y-axis, x = 0

Let ky be the density of the liquid.  = ky

If w is the weight of the liquid per unit volume, then the pressure p at the point p(x,y)
is p = wy = ky. y

y=
A pydxdy  p = height  weight of liquid per unit volume 
 = h   g = y  ky 
A pdxdy  
a2 − x2 a2 − x2 a2 − x2
( y 2 ) ydxdy
a a a
  ( [Link] ) ydxdy     y 3dxdy
= −a 0 = −a 0 = −a 0
a −x
2 2
a −x
2 2
a − x2
2

( y 2 ) dxdy
a a a
  ( [Link] ) dxdy     y 2 dxdy
−a 0 −a 0 −a 0

 y4 
a2 − x2
a
(
 2
 a −x
2 2
 )

a
  dx
  4  dx
−a 
4 
−a  0  
= =
 
( )
a2 − x2 3
a  y3  a  a2 − x2 2 
  3  dx
   dx
−a  0 −a 
3 

 

64 | P a g e Jyothi Lakshmi S
  (a ) ( )
a a
2 2
2
−x dx 2  a 4 + x 4 − 2a 2 x 2 dx
3 3 0
= a− a =
( ) ( )
4 3 4 a 3
 −  −
2 2 2 2 2 2
a x dx 2 a x dx
−a 0
 put x = a sin  , dx = a cos  d 
 
 x = 0,  = 0; x = a,  =  
 2 
a
 4 2 x 
( )
a
x5 3
 a + x − 2a x dx  a x + − 2a
4 4 2 2

3 3  5 3 
=  0 = 
0
4 2 4
( )
3 2
 −     cos  a cos  d
2 2 2 2 4 3
a a sin a cos d a
0 0
 5 a5 a3   5 a 5 2a 5   8a 5 
 a + − 2a 2   a + −    8
5 3   5 3  15  
=  =3 =3   = 3a  15  = 32a
3
4 
2 4 
2 4 a 4 3.1  4 3. 15
a  cos  d
4 4
a  cos  d
4 4 4.2 2 8 2
0 0
 32a 
Centre of pressure x, y =  0,
 15 
 ( )
3) A rectangle of sides a and b immersed vertically in a fluid with one of its surface
in the surface of fluid. Find the centre of pressure.
1 2 
Ans:  b, a 
2 3 

65 | P a g e Jyothi Lakshmi S
Triple Integrals

Consider a function f ( x, y, z ) defined at every point of the three dimensional region

V. Divide the region V in to elementary volumes  v1, v2 , v3 ,........ vn by drawing
planes parallel to the coordinate planes and let ( xr , yr , zr ) be any point in the
subdivision  vr

consider the sum

f ( x1, y1, z1) v1 + f ( x2 , y2 , z2 ) v2 + f ( x3, y3, z3 ) v3 + ....... + f ( xn , yn , zn ) vn
n
=  f ( xr , yr , zr ) vr
r =1

n
Then the limit of the sum lim  f ( xr , yr , zr )  vr , if it exists(as the number of
n →
 v →0 r =1

subdivisions increases indefinitely and the volume of subdivisions decreases to zero)

66 | P a g e Jyothi Lakshmi S
is defined as the triple integral of the function f ( x, y, z ) over the region V and is
denoted by  f ( x, y, z)dv
V
or  f ( x, y, z )dxdydz
V

Evaluation of triple Integrals: For the purpose of evaluation, it can be expressed

x2 y2 z2
as the repeated integral  f ( x, y, z )dzdydx.......(i )
x1 y1 z1
The order of integration depends on limits

Let x1, x2 be function of y, z Let y1, y2 be function of z Let x1, x2 are constants. Let
x1 = f1( y, z ), x2 = f 2 ( y, z ) , y1 = 1( z ), y2 = 2 ( z ) z1 = a, z2 = b
Then the integral (i) is evaluated as

z2 =b y2 =2 ( z ) x2 = f ( y , z )

   f ( x, y, z )dx dy dz
z1 = a y1 =1 ( z ) x1 = f ( y , z )

First f ( x, y, z ) is integrated w.r.t.x (treating y and z constant)between the limits

x1 and x2 .The resulting expression which is a function of y and z is then integrated
w.r.t to y(treating z, a constant) between the limits y1 and y2 . The resulting
expression which is a function of only z is then integrated w.r.t to z between the
limits z1 and z2 .

The order of integration is from the innermost rectangle to the outermost rectangle.

If x1, x2 ; y1, y2 ; z1, z2 are all constants, then the order of integration is immaterial,
provided the limits are changed accordingly. Thus
x2 y2 z2 z2 y2 x2 x2 z2 y2

 f ( x, y, z )dzdydx =   f ( x, y, z )dxdydz =  f ( x, y, z )dydzdx

x1 y1 z1 z1 y1 x1 x1 z1 y1

Questions
122
 x
2
1) Evaluate yzdxdydz .
001

67 | P a g e Jyothi Lakshmi S
Solution:
2
122  x3  1 2 1 2  3
2 − 13 
 =   3 =    3 yzdydz
2
x yzdxdydz   yzdydz 
001 z =0 y =0  1 z =0 y =0  
1 2 1  2 1 2
7 7 y 7
=     yzdydz =    zdz =  ( 2 − 0 )zdz
3 3  2  3
z =0 y =0 z =0  0 z =0
1
14  z 2  14  1  7
=   =  =
3  2  3 2 3
0

e log y e x
2) Evaluate    log zdxdydz
1 1 1
Solution:
e log y e x e log y e x
   log zdxdydz =    log zdzdxdy
1 1 1 y =1 x =1 z =1
e log y e x e log y x
=    ( log z.1)dzdxdy =   ( z log z − z )1
e
dxdy
y =1 x =1 z =1 y =1 x =1
e log y e log y
=   (e x
log e − e
x x
) − ( −1) dxdy =   ( e x .x − e x ) + 1dxdy
y =1 x =1 y =1 x =1

e log y log y

  ( ( x − 1) e )
e e
( x − 1) e − e
  x 1 dy
x

log y
= x
+ 1 dxdy = x
dy +
 
y =1 x =1 y =1 1 y =1
e e
=  ( log y − 1) elog y − elog y + e dy +
   log y − 1dy
y =1 y =1

68 | P a g e Jyothi Lakshmi S
 e e
=  ( log y − 1) y − y + e + log y − 1dy =  ( log y ( y + 1) ) − 2 y + e − 1dy
y =1 y =1
e
=  ( log y( y + 1) ) − 2 y + e − 1dy
y =1
e e
  y2  e 1  y 2   y2 
+ y  −   + y dy −  2  + ( ey − y )1
e
= log y 
      
 2  1 1 y  2   2 1
  e2  e  y 
  2

  2 
 1
( ) (
= log e  + e   −   + 1dy − e2 − 1 + e 2 − e − e + 1 )
e
 e 2   y 2 
=  + e   − 
 2   4
 

1
(
+ y  − e2 − 1 + e 2 − 2e + 1) ( )
e2  e2 1  2 2e2 + 4e − e 2 − 4e + 1 + 4 + 8 − 8e
= + e −  + e − − 1 − e + 1 + e − 2e + 1 =
2
2  4 4  4

e2 − 8e + 13
=
4
1 1− x 1− x − y
1
3) Evaluate    xyzdxdydz Ans:
720
0 0 0

69 | P a g e Jyothi Lakshmi S
 Cylindrical coordinate system ( r , , z )

r =radius(OQ)
 =Angle measured from X-axis in the XY plane(azimuthal angle)
Z=length of cylinder (PQ)
0    2
To change rectangular coordinates ( x, y, z ) to cylindrical coordinates
(r , , z ) , we have x = r cos  , y = r sin  , z = z and J =  ( x, y, z ) = r
 (r , , z )
x 2 + y 2 = r 2 cos2  + r 2 sin 2  = r 2

70 | P a g e Jyothi Lakshmi S
Spherical coordinate system ( r , ,  )

r =radius
 =Angle measured from X-axis in the XY plane(azimuthal angle)
 =Angle measured from Z-axis
0    2 ; 0    
To change rectangular coordinates ( x, y , z ) to spherical polar coordinates
(r , , ) ,we have and x = r sin  cos  , y = r sin  sin  , z = r cos
x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = ( r 2 sin 2  cos 2  + r 2 sin 2  sin 2  ) + r 2 cos 2 
= r 2 sin 2  (cos 2  + sin 2  ) + r 2 cos 2 
= r 2 sin 2  + r 2 cos 2  = r 2

71 | P a g e Jyothi Lakshmi S
Change of variables

To change rectangular coordinates ( x, y, z ) to cylindrical coordinates, we

have x = r cos  , y = r sin  , z = z and J =  ( x, y, z ) = r
 (r , , z )

To change rectangular coordinates ( x, y, z ) to spherical polar coordinates

(r , , ) ,we have and x = r sin  cos  , y = r sin  sin  , z = r cos
 ( x, y , z )
J= = r 2 sin 
 ( r , ,  )

 f ( x, y, z )dxdydz =  f (r sin  cos , r sin  sin  , r cos ) r sin  drd d
2

v v

Examples:

 z( x + y 2 + z 2 )dxdydz through the volume of the cylinder

2
1) Evaluate
x 2 + y 2 = a 2 intercepted by the planes z = 0 and z = h

72 | P a g e Jyothi Lakshmi S
Solution:

Changing to cylindrical polar coordinates by putting x = r cos  , y = r sin  , z = z and

replacing dxdydz by rdrd dz .
Projection

I =  z ( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 )dxdydz
h 2 a  x 2 + y 2 = r 2 cos 2  + r 2 sin 2  
=    z (r + z )rdrd dz
2 2
 
z =0  =0 r =0  = r (cos  + sin  ) = r
2 2 2 2 
h 2 h 2  a
zr 4 z 3r 2 
( zr 3 + z3r )drd dz =  
a
=    
4
+
2
 d dz
z =0  =0 r =0 0 0  0
h 2 
za 4 z 3a 2 
h
za 4 z 3a 2  2
=   + d dz =   +  ( )0 dz
 4 2  4 2
0 0 0 
h
h  za 4 z 3a 2   z 2a 4 z 4a 2 
=  2  + dz = 2  + 
 4 2 2.4 2.4 
0    0
 h 2a 4 h 4a 2   2 2 2
= 2  +  = a h (a + h 2 )
 2.4 2.4  4


1 1− x 2 1− x 2 − y 2
1
2) Evaluate    dxdydz by changing to
0 0 0 1− x − y − z
2 2 2

spherical polar coordinates.

73 | P a g e Jyothi Lakshmi S
Solution:
Region of integration is bounded by
x = 0, x = 1, y = 0, y = 1 − x 2 , z = 0, z = 1 − x 2 − y 2 which is the sphere
x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 1in the positive octant.
changing to spherical polar coordinates.

x = r sin  cos  , y = r sin  sin  , z = r cos and replacing

dxdydz by r 2 sin  drd d
 
Limit of integration: 0  r  1;0    ;0   
2 2

74 | P a g e Jyothi Lakshmi S
 1 1− x 2 1− x 2 − y 2
1
I =   dxdydz
0 0 0 1− x − y − z
2 2 2

 
1
2 2
r 2 sin 
=    drd d
 =0  =0 r =0 1 − r
2

(
 x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = r 2 sin 2  cos 2  + r 2 sin 2  sin 2  + r 2 cos 2  
  )

(
 = r sin  (cos  + sin  ) + r cos  = r sin  + r cos  
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
) 2 2 

 
= r 2 
 
   
2 2 1 1− 1− r( 2
) sin  drd d = 2 2 1  1 
=       − −  sin  drd d
2
 1 r

 =0  =0 r =0 1− r2  =0  =0 r =0  1 − r 2


2 2 1
−1 1 1  r  
=    sin r −  r 1 − r 2 + sin −1     sin  d d
0 0 2 2  1   0
 

 1   
2 2 2
=   sin   2 − 2 2 d d =  4 ( − cos  )02 d
0 0 0


 2
   2
=−  −1d = ( )02 = . =
4 4 4 2 8
0

Questions:

1) Evaluate  E
zdV where E is the solid tetrahedron bounded by four planes
x = 0, y = 0, z = 0 and x + y + z = 1 .
Solution:
(When we set up a triple integral it is wise to draw two diagrams; one of the solid
region E(figure1) and one of its projection on the XY-pane).
The lower boundary of the tetrahedron is the plane Z=0 and the upper boundary is
the plane X+Y+Z=1.
The plane X+Y+Z=1 and the plane Z=0 intersect in the line X+Y=1 in the XY plane.
So the projection of E is the triangular region.

75 | P a g e Jyothi Lakshmi S
 1 1− x 1− x − y 1 1− x 1− x − y
 z2 
 E
zdV = 
0 0
  0
zdzdydx = 
0 0
  
 2 0
dydx

1 1− x 1− x
 (1 − x − y ) 2  1  (1 − x − y )3 
1
=   dydx =    dx
0 0  2  2 0
− 3 0
1   (1 − x − (1 − x)  − (1 − x) 
3
1  −(1 − x)3 
1 3 1
=   dx =    dx
2 0  −3 
 2 0
− 3 
1
1  (1 − x) 4  1
=   =
6  −4 0 24
Application of Triple Integrals
Volume of a solid by triple Integration

Volume=  dxdydz

V

In cylindrical co-ordinates, Volume=  rdrd dz

V

 r sin  drd d

2
In spherical polar co-ordinates, Volume=
V

Questions

1) Find the volume of the region bounded by the surface y = x , x = y and the
2 2

planes z = 0, z = 2 .

76 | P a g e Jyothi Lakshmi S
Solution:

Limit of integration: 0  x  1; x  y  x; 0  z  2
2

1 x 2
V =  dxdydz =    dzdydx
V x =0 y = x 2 z =0

 x 2 = y...(i ), x = y 2 ...(ii )  y 4 = y ( from(ii )) 

 4 
 y − y = 0  y ( y 3
− 1) = 0  y = 0, y = 1; x = 0, x = 1
(0,0),(1,1) 
 
1 x 1 x 1
=   ( z )0 dydx =   ( 2 ) dydx =2 ( y ) x2 dx
2 x

0 x2 0 x2 0
1
 x 3 2 x3 
( )  2 1 2
1
= 2 x − x dx = 2 
2
−  = 2  −  = [Link]
3 3  3 3 3
0
 2 0
2) Find the volume of the tetrahedron bounded by the plane x + y + z = 1 and the
co-ordinate planes.
Solution:

77 | P a g e Jyothi Lakshmi S
Region of integration is the volume of the tetrahedron bounded by
0  x  1;0  y  1 − x;0  z  1 − x − y
1 1− x 1− x − y
V =  dxdydz =    dzdydx
V x =0 y =0 z =0
a 1− x a 1− x

 ( z)  (1 − x − y )dydx
1− x − y
= 0
dydx = 
0 0 0 0
1− x
a
 y2 
a
 (1 − x) 2 
=   y − xy −  dx =   (1 − x ) − x(1 − x) −  dx
0 0 0 
2 2
a
 (1 − x) 2 
=  1 − 2 x + x 2 −  dx
0 
2
1
 2 x 2 x3 (1 − x)3  1 1 1
=x− + −  = − = [Link]
 2 3 −6 0 3 6 6
3) Find the volume common to the cylinders x + y = a and x + z = a
2 2 2 2 2 2

Solution:

78 | P a g e Jyothi Lakshmi S
 Projection in XY plane

Limit of integration: 0  x  a;0  y  a 2 − x 2 ;0  z  a 2 − x 2

a a2 − x2 a2 − x2
V =  dxdydz = 8    dzdydx
V x =0 y =0 z =0

( )
a a2 − x2 a a2 − x2

 ( z)
a2 − x2
= 8 0
dydx = 8  a 2 − x 2 dydx
0 0 0 0

( ) ( )( )
a a

( y )0
a2 − x2
= 8 a2 − x2 dx = 8 a2 − x2 a 2 − x 2 dx
0 0
a
a
 x3   a 3  16a 3
= 8 ( a − x )dx = 8  a 2 x −  = 8  a 3 −  =
2 2
[Link]
0  3  0  3  3

4) Find the volume of the sphere x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = a 2 .

Solution: By symmetry, required volume is 8 times volume of sphere in the positive

octant.

79 | P a g e Jyothi Lakshmi S
Limit of integration: 0  x  a, 0  y  a 2 − x 2 , 0  z  a 2 − x 2 − y 2

Changing to spherical polar co-ordinates

x = r sin  cos  , y = r sin  sin  , z = r cos  and replacing dxdydz by r 2 sin  drd d

 
Limit of integration: 0  r  a;0    ;0   
2 2
 
2 2 a
V =  dxdydz = 8    r 2
sin  drd d
v  
=0 =0 r =0
  a  
2 2
 r3  8a 3 2 2
=8 0  3  sin  d d  =   sin  d d
0 0
3 0 0
 
8a 3 2
 −8a 3 2
8a 3 
=
3  ( − cos  )0 2 d =
0
3 
0
−1d =
3
( ) 0 2
8a  4 3
3
= =  a [Link]
3 2 3

5) Find the volume of the paraboloid of revolution x + y = 4 z cut off by the plane
2 2

Z=4.
Solution:

80 | P a g e Jyothi Lakshmi S
By symmetry, the required volume is 4 times the volume in the positive octant.
The volume in the positive octant is bounded by the XZ plane (Y=0) and YZ plane
(X=0), above by the plane Z=4 and below by the curved surface x + y = 4 z
2 2

x2 + y 2
Limit of integration: 0  x  4;0  y  16 − x ; z4 2

4
4 16 − x 2 4
V =  dxdydz = 4    dzdydx
v x =0 y =0 x +y
2 2
z=
4

4 16 − x 2 4 16 − x 2  ( x2 + y 2 ) 
= 4  ( z) dydx = 4  4− dydx
4
x2 + y 2
 4 
0 0 4 0 0  

(16 − x )
3
16 − x 2

4  y3 
2
x2   x2 
4 2

= 4    4 − y −  dx = 4   4 −  16 − x 2 − dx
0  4  4.3  0 0
4 12
 16 − x 2 3 2  16 − x 2 3 2
(16 − x ( ) − ( ) ) dx
3
2
 16 − x 2 
4 2 4
= 4   16 − x −
2
dx = 4  
 
0
4  12 0
4 12
 
 2 16 − x 2 3 2   put x = 4sin  , dx = 4 cos  d 
4
( ) 4
= 4 
 12  3 0
( )
dx = 2 16 − x 2 3 2 dx 
 x = 0,  = 0; x = 4,  = 


   
0
2
 

 (16 − 16sin  )  (1 − sin  )

2 2
2 3 128.4 3
= 2 2
4 cos  d = 2 2
cos  d =
3 0
3 0

512 2
512 3.1 
 cos  d = . = 32 [Link]
4
.
3 0
3 4.2 2

81 | P a g e Jyothi Lakshmi S
 x2 y2 z2
6) Find the volume of the ellipsoid + + =1
a2 b2 c2

82 | P a g e Jyothi Lakshmi S
 7) Find the volume of the solid cut off from the sphere x + y + z = a by the
2 2 2 2

cone x + y = z , z  0
2 2 2

8) Find the volume of the cylindrical column standing on the area common to the
parabolas y 2 = x, x 2 = y and cut off by the surface z = 12 + y − x 2

83 | P a g e Jyothi Lakshmi S
 9) Find the volume of a solid bounded by the spherical surface x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 4a 2
and the cylinder x 2 + y 2 − 2ay = 0

84 | P a g e Jyothi Lakshmi S
 10) Find the volume of the solid bounded by y 2 + z 2 = 4 x and the plane x = 5

85 | P a g e Jyothi Lakshmi S
Mass of a Solid
For a solid of volume V, if the density at a point P(x,y,z) be  = f ( x, y , z ) then its
total mass is given by M =   dxdydz
v

1) Find the mass of a tetrahedron bounded by the co-ordinate planes and the plane
x y z
+ + = 1 , the variable density  =  xyz
a b c
Solution:

 =  xyz Limit of integration: 0  x  a;0  y  b(1 − x ); 0  z  c 1 − x − y 

 
a  a b 

86 | P a g e Jyothi Lakshmi S
  x  x y
b1−  c1− − 
a  a  a b
M =   dxdydz =     xyzdzdydx
v
x =0 y =0 z =0

 x  x  2 x y 
2
b1− 
a  a
 x y
c1− −  b1− 
a  a  c 1 − −  
 z2 
xy  
 a b
a b 
=   xy   dydx =    dydx
0 0  2 0 0 0
 2 
 
 
 x
b1− 
2
c 2 a  a
 x y 
=
2  
0 0
xy  1 −  −  dydx
 a b 
 x
b1− 
c 2 a  a   x 2  x y y 
2
=
2   xy  1 −  − 2 1 −  + 2 dydx
 a  a  b b 
0 0 

87 | P a g e Jyothi Lakshmi S
  x
b1− 
c 2 a  a   x 2  x y
2
y3 
=
2   x  1 −  y − 2 1 −  + 2 dydx
 a  a  b b 
0 0 
 x
b 1− 
c   x 2 y2
2 a
 x y
3
y4   a

2 0   a  2
= x  1 − − 2 − +
 a  3b 4b 2 
1 dx
0
 2 x
2
3 x
3
4 x  
4

 2 b 1 −  b 1 −  b 1 −   
c2 a    x   a  x  a 
+  2   dx
a
=  x 1 − 

2 0  a 2
− 2 1 − 
 a 3b 4b 
   
 
  2  x 4 3 x
4
4 x  
4

 − − −  
 c 2 a    a    
b 1 b 1 b 1
 a  +  a   dx
2 0  
= x − 2
2 3b 4b 2 
   
 
c2   b 2  x 4 2b 2  x 4 b 2  x 4  
a

2 0   2  a 
= x   1 −  − 1 −  + 1 −   dx
3  a 4  a  

c2  b 2 2b 2 b 2   x  4 
a
c2 b2 a  x 
4

2 0   2 2 12 0  a 
= x − +  1 −   dx = . x 1 −  dx
3 4   a  
 c 2b 2  a
x x2 x3 x 4 
=  − + − + 4 dx  ( a + b ) = a 4 + 4a 3b + 6a 2b 2 + 4ab3 + b 4 
4
x  1 4 6 2
4 3  
24 0  a a a a 
a
 c 2b 2 a  x2 x3 x 4 x5   c 2b 2  x 2 x3 x4 x5 x6 
24 0 
=  x − 4 + 6 − 4 + dx =  − 4 + 6 − 4 + 
a a2 a3 a 4  24  2 3a 4a 2 5a 3 6 a 4  0
 c 2b 2  a 2 a3 a4 a5 a6 
=  −4 +6 2 −4 3 + 4 
24  2 3a 4a 5a 6 a 
 c 2b 2  a 2
4a 2 3a 2 4a 2 a 2   c 2b 2 a 2
=  − + − + =
24  2 3 2 5 6  720

88 | P a g e Jyothi Lakshmi S
Centre of gravity of a solid

The C.G ( x, y, z ) of a solid occupying a volume V and having density  = f ( x, y , z )


 x dxdydz ;
is given by  v
 y  dxdydz ;  z  dxdydz 
v v

   dxdydz   dxdydz   dxdydz 

 v v v

1) A solid is in the form of the positive octant of the sphere x + y + z = a ,The

2 2 2 2

density at any point ( x, y , z ) is given by  =  xyz , where  is a constant. Find

the co-ordinates of the centre of gravity of the solid.
Solution:

Let V be the volume of the solid in the positive octant .

Centre of gravity is


( )  x dxdydz ;
x, y , z =  v
 y  dxdydz ;  z  dxdydz 
v v

   dxdydz   dxdydz   dxdydz 

 v v v

x=
 x dxdydz =  x xyzdxdydz
v v

  dxdydz   xyzdxdydz

v v

Changing to spherical polar co-ordinates

x = r sin  cos  , y = r sin  sin  , z = r cos 

and replacing
dxdydz by r 2 sin  drd

 
Limit of integration: 0  r  a;0    ;0   
2 2

89 | P a g e Jyothi Lakshmi S
  ( r sin  cos  )  ( r sin  cos  )( r sin  sin  )( r cos ) r sin  drd d
2

x= v

  ( r sin  cos  )( r sin  sin  )( r cos ) r sin  drd d

2
v

 ( r sin  cos  )( r sin  cos  )( r sin  sin  )( r cos ) r sin  drd d
2

= v

 ( r sin  cos  )( r sin  sin  )( r cos ) r sin  drd d

2
v

 r sin  cos  sin  cos  drd d

6 4 2

= v

 r sin  cos  sin  cos  drd d

5 3
v
 
2 2 a

  r sin 4  cos  sin  cos 2  drd d

6

= 0
 
0 0
2 2 a

  r sin 3  cos  sin  cos  drd d

5

0 0 0

  a  
2 2
 r7  2 2
 a7 
 0       d d  0      d d
4 2 4 2
sin cos sin cos sin cos sin cos 
 7 0  7 
= 0
  a
= 0
 
2 2
 r6  2 2
 a6 
 0       d d  0       d d
3 3
sin cos sin cos sin cos sin cos
0  6 0 0  6 
  
 3.1 
2 2 2

  sin  cos  sin  cos  d d  sin  cos  d 

4 2 2

6a 7
6a  5.3.1 
= 0
 
0
= 0

7a 6 7
 2 
2 2 2

  sin  cos  sin  cos  d d  sin  cos  d  4.2 

3

0 0 0

2
 1 
 sin  cos  d
2

6a 4  3.1  6a 4 2 16a
= . 
6a 4
= . 0 = . . =
7 5 2 7 5 1 7 5 3 35
 
 sin  cos  d 
0
2

16a
By symmetry, x = y = z =
35

 16a 16a 16a 

C.G is  , , 
 35 35 35 
Moment of Inertia of a solid
Let V be the volume of the solid and  its density.
Consider an elementary mass  x y z at the point P(x,y,z) of the solid ‘

Distance of P from the X-axis is y 2 + z 2

The moment of inertia of the solid about X-axis is given by

90 | P a g e Jyothi Lakshmi S
I x =   ( y 2 + z 2 )dxdydz
v

Similarly, the moment of inertia of the solid about Y-axis is given by

I y =   ( x 2 + z 2 )dxdydz
v

The moment of inertia of the solid about z-axis is given by

I z =   ( x 2 + y 2 )dxdydz
v

The perpendicular axis theorem

If I x and I y be the moment of inertia of a lamina about X-axis and Y-axis

respectively and I z be the moment of inertia of the lamina about an axis
perpendicular to the lamina and passing through the point of intersection of the axes
OX and OY, then

Iz = Ix + I y

1) The mass of a solid right circular cylinder of radius ‘r’ and height ‘h’ is M. Find the
moment of inertia of the cylinder about
(i) Its axis.
(ii) Any diameter through its base.
Solution:

Let the equation of the base of the cylinder be x 2 + y 2 = r 2 .

Limit of integration: −r  x  r ; − r 2 − x 2  y  r 2 − x 2 ; 0  z  h

91 | P a g e Jyothi Lakshmi S
 r r 2 − x2 h
Mass =   dxdydz =     dxdydz
v
x =− r y =− r − x z =0
2 2

r r 2 − x2 h r r 2 − x2 r r 2 − x2
     (z)  
h
= kdzdydx = 2k 0
dydx = 2k h dydx
x =− r y =− r 2 − x 2 z =0 −r 0 −r 0
r r r
r 2 − x2
= 2kh  ( y )0 = 2kh  r − x dx = 2kh.2 r 2 − x 2 dx
2 2

−r −r 0
r
1 1  x  1 
= 4kh  x r 2 − x 2 + r 2 sin −1    = 4kh  .r 2 .  = k r 2 h
2 2  r  0 2 2
M
M = k r 2 h  k = 2
r h
Moment of Inertia about its axis (Z-axis)

I z =   ( x 2 + y 2 )dxdydz
v
r 2 − x2 r 2 − x2
( ) ( x2 + y 2 ) ( z )0h dydx
r h r
=    k x + y dzdydx = k  
2 2

x =− r y =− r 2 − x 2 z =0 −r − r 2 − x2

r 2 − x2 r 2 − x2
( x2 + y 2 ) hdydx = kh  ( x2 + y 2 ) dydx
r r
=k   
−r − r 2 − x2 −r − r 2 − x2

92 | P a g e Jyothi Lakshmi S
 r 2 − x2 r −x 2 2
 2 y3 
( )
r r
= 2kh   x + y dydx = 2kh   x y + 
2 2
dx =
 3 
−r 0 −r  0
 
( )
3
r r 2 − x2 2   put x = r sin  ; dx = r cos  
= 4kh   x r − x +
2 2 2
 dx   
 =  = =  =
0  
3 x 0, 0; x r ,
  2 
 
  
( ) 2 r cos d
3
2 r 2 − r 2 sin 2 
= 4kh   r sin 2  r 2 − r 2 sin 2  +
2
3 
0  
 
  
( ) 2 r cos d
3
2 r 3 1 − sin 2 
= 4kh   r sin 2  .r 1 − sin 2  +
2
3 
0  
 

2 
r 3 cos3 
= 4kh   r sin  .r cos  + r cos  d
2 2
3
0  

2
r 4 cos 4  
= 4kh    + d
4 2 2
 r sin cos
3
0  
 1.1  1 3.1   4    4  2 
= 4kh r 4  +  = 4kh r  +  = 4kh r  
 4.2 2 3 4.2 2   16 16   16 
M  2  1
= 4. 2 .h r 4  = Mr
2
r h  16  2

Moment of Inertia about the diameter through its base -about X-axis (or Y-axis)

I x =   ( y 2 + z 2 )dxdydz
v
r 2 − x2 h r 2 − x2
r h  2 z3 
r
=    k ( y + z )dzdydx = k    y z + 3  dydx
2 2

x =− r y =− r 2 − x 2 z =0 −r − r 2 − x2  0

r 2 − x2
 2 r r 2 − x2 
h3  2 h 
r 2
=k    y h + 3  dydx = kh    y + 3  dydx
−r − r 2 − x2   −r − r 2 − x2  

93 | P a g e Jyothi Lakshmi S
 r 2 − x2  r 2 − x2
2 h 
r  3
h2 y 
r 2
y
= 2kh    y +  dydx = 2kh   +  dx
 3  3 3 
−r 0 −r  0
 2 
( ) 2 + h2
3
 r −x
2  x = r sin  , dx = r cos  d 
r −x 
r 2 2
= 2kh    dx  
 x = 0,  = 0, x = r ,  =  
− r  
3 3
  2 
 
  
( ) 2 + h2
3
2 r 2 − r 2 sin 2  r 2 − r 2 sin 2  
= 4kh  
3 3
 r cos  d

0  
 
  3 
( ) 2 + h2r
3
 r 1 − sin 
2
2
1 − sin  
2
= 4kh  
 3 3
 r cos  d

0  
 
  3 
( ) 2 + h2r
3
2 r cos 2  cos  
2
= 4kh  
 3 3
 r cos  d

0  
 

2 4   r 4 3.1  h 2 r 2 1  
r cos 4  h 2 r 2 cos 2 
= 4kh  
3
+
3
 d = 4kh  + . 
3 2 2 
0    3 4.2 2
  r 4  h2r 2  M   r 4  h2r 2 
= 4kh  +  = 4. .h  + 
 16 12  2 16 12 
  r h 
M  r 2  r 2 h2  M
=  +  =
2  4
r  3  1 2
3r 2 + 4h 2 ( )
2) Find the moment of inertia and radius of gyration about Z-axis of the region in the
x y z
first octant bounded by + + = 1
a b c
Solution: Let  = k
 x  x y
b1−  c1− − 
a  a  a b
M =   dxdydz =    kdzdydx
v
x =0 y =0 z =0
 x  x
b1−  b1− 
a  a  x y a  a
c1− − 
 x y
= k
0
 ( z)
0
0
 a b
dydx = k 
0

0
c 1 − − dydx
 a b
 x
b1− 
a  a
 x y 
= kc    1 − a  − b dydx
0 0   

94 | P a g e Jyothi Lakshmi S
  x
b 1− 
a
 x y2   a
= kc   1 −  y −  dx
0
a 2b 0
 2 x  
2
  x  
2


a  b  1 −    
a  2 b  1 −  
   x  x  a      x  a  
= kc  1 −  b 1 −  − dx = kc  b 1 −  − d
  a   a  2b    a  2 
0
   
0
   
   
a
  x 3 
 1− 
kcb   a  
2 2
 b  x  b  x
a a
kabc kabc
= kc   b − 1 −  dx = kc  1 −  dx = = (0 − 1) =
0
2  a  2 0 a 2  −1  −6 6
 a .3 
  0

kabc 6M
M= ;  =k =
6 abc

95 | P a g e Jyothi Lakshmi S
  a 2 + b2  6M  a 2 + b2  6M
M .I =  abc   = abc  =
 60  abc  60  abc
   
 a 2 + b2 
=M
 10 
 
M .I = M r 2
 a 2 + b2 
M = M r2
 10 
 
 a 2 + b2   a 2 + b2 
r2 =  r=
 10   
   10 

M .I = M r 2 , where r is the radius of gyration about Z-axis.

Surface Area
Let Z= f(x,y) be the surface S. Let its projection on the XY-plane be the region A.
Divide it in to elementary areas by drawing lines parallel to X axis and Y axis.
Consider an element  x y in the region A. Erect a cylinder on the element
 x y having its generator parallel to OZ and meeting the surface S in an
element of area  s .

96 | P a g e Jyothi Lakshmi S
 As  x y is the projection of  s on the XY-plane,
 x y =  s cos  , where  is the angle between the XY plane and the tangent
plane to S at P ( ie, angle between the Z-axis and the normal to S at P).
Since the direction cosines of the normal to the surface f ( x, y, z ) = 0 are
f f f
proportional to , , .
x y z
The direction cosines of the normal to S: z = f ( x, y ) are proportional to
−z −z
, ,1 and those of the z-axis are 0,0,1.
x y
1
cos  =
2 2
 z   z 
  +   +1
 x   y 

 x y  z   z 
2 2 
 s = =   +   + 1 x y
cos   x   y  
Hence  
 z 2  z 2 
S = lim   s =    +   + 1 dxdy
 s →0  x   y 
A 


 z 2  z 2 
S =    +   + 1 dxdy → projection of S on xy plane
A 
 x   y  

Similarly, if B and C are the projections of S on the YZ and XZ planes
respectively, then
 x 2  x 2 
S =    +   + 1 dydz → Pr ojection of S on yz plane
 y   z  
B  
 y 2  y 2 
S =    +   + 1 dxdz → Pr ojection of S on xz plane
C  x   z  

97 | P a g e Jyothi Lakshmi S
 1) Find the surface area portion of the cylinder x 2 + z 2 = 4 lying inside the
cylinder x + y = 4 .
2 2

1
Solution: Given figure shows th of the required area
8
Projection on the XY plane is a quadrant circle x + y = 4
2 2

98 | P a g e Jyothi Lakshmi S
 For the cylinder x2 + z 2 = 4

2) Find the surface area of the portion of the sphere x + y + z = 9 lying

2 2 2

inside the cylinder x + y = 3 y .

2 2

Solution:

Given figure shows one fourth of the required area. Its projection on the XY plane
is the semicircle x + y = 3 y bounded by Y-axis.
2 2

99 | P a g e Jyothi Lakshmi S
 3) Find the area of that part of the surface of the paraboloid y + z = 2ax ,
2 2

which lies between the cylinder y = ax and the plane x = a

2

100 | P a g e Jyothi Lakshmi S

101 | P a g e Jyothi Lakshmi S