What is Hub?

A Hub is just a connector that connects the wires coming from different
sides. There is no signal processing or regeneration. It is an electronic
device that operates only on physical layers of the OSI model.
It is also known as a repeater as it transmits signal to every port except the
port from where signal is received. Also, hubs are not that intelligent in
communication and processing information for 2nd and 3rd layer.

What is Switch?
Switch is a point to point communication device. It operates at the data link
layer of OSI model. It uses switching table to find out the correct
destination.
Basically, it is a kind of bridge that provides better connections. It is a kind
of device that set up and stop the connections according to the
requirements needed at that time. It comes up with many features such as
flooding, filtering and frame transmission.
What is Router?
Routers are the multiport devices and more sophisticated as compared to
repeaters and bridges. It contains a routing table that enables it to make
decision about the route i.e. to determine which of several possible paths
between the source and destination is the best for a particular
transmission.
It works on the network layer 3 and used in LANs, MANs and WANs. It
stores IP address and maintains address on its own.
Difference between Hub, Switch and Router
Hub Switch Router

Hub is a physical
Switch is a data link layer Router is a network
layer device i.e.
device i.e. layer 2. layer device i.e. layer 3.
layer 1.

A Hub works on
Switch works on the basis of A router works on the
the basis of
MAC address. basis of IP address.
broadcasting.

A Hub is a A Switch is a tele- A router reads the

multiport repeater communication device which header of incoming
in which a signal receives a message from any packet and forward it to
introduced at the device connected to it and the port for which it is
input of any port then transmits the message intended there by
appears at the only to the device for which determines the route. It
 Hub Switch Router

can also perform

output of the all
the message is intended. filtering and
available ports.
encapsulation.

A route is more
sophisticated and
intelligent device as it
Hub is not an A Switch is an intelligent can read IP address
intelligent device device as it passes on the and direct the packets
that may include message to the selective to another network with
amplifier on device by inspecting the specified IP address.
repeater. address. Moreover routers can
built address tables that
helps in routing
decisions.

At least single
Router needs at least
network is At least single network is
two networks to
required to required to connect.
connect.
connect.

Router is a relatively
Hub is cheaper as
Switch is an expensive device much more expensive
compared to
than hub. device than hub and
switch and router.
switch.

maximum speed for

Speed of original
wireless is 1-10 Mbps
hub 10Mbps and maximum speed is 10Mbps to
and maximum speed
modern internet 100Mbps.
for wired connections is
hub is 100Mbps.
100 Mbps.

Routers are used in

Hubs are used in
Switch is used in LANs. LANs, MANs and
LANs.
WANs.

Conclusion
TCP/IP OSI Model Protocols

Application DNS, DHCP, FTP, HTTPS, IMAP, LDAP, NTP,POP3, RTP, RTSP,
Layer SSH, SIP, SMTP, SNMP, Telnet, TFTP

Application
Presentation
Layer JPEG, MIDI, MPEG, PICT, TIFF
Layer

Session Layer NetBIOS, NFS, PAP, SCP, SQL, ZIP

Transport
Transport Layer TCP, UDP
Layer

Internet Layer Network Layer ICMP, IGMP, IPsec, IPv4, IPv6, IPX, RIP

ARP, ATM, CDP, FDDI, Frame Relay, HDLC, MPLS, PPP, STP,
Data Link Layer
Token Ring
Link Layer

Physical Layer Bluetooth, Ethernet, DSL, ISDN, 802.11 Wi-Fi

Computer Network Protocols:

Port
Network number of
Protocol Description protocol

A family of protocols that specify how devices on the

Ethernet same network segment format and transmit data. 44818, 2222

Wi-Fi or A family of protocols that deal with wireless transm-

-
WLAN ission.

Splits data into packets (reassembles later). Error

TCP checking is also included, as the acknowledgment is 22
expected to be sent within a specified timeframe.
 Port
Network number of
Protocol Description protocol

UDP User Datagram Protocol 4096-65535

Every device has an IP address. Packets are "addressed"

IP to ensure they reach the correct user. -

HTTP Used to access web pages from a web server. 80

HTTP'S uses encryption to protect data. 443

File Transfer Protocol: Handles file uploads and

FTP downloads, transferring data and programs. 21

SMTP server has a database of user email addresses.

SMTP Internet Message Access Protocol: Handles incoming 587
mail.

Internet Message Access Protocol: Process incoming

IMAP mail. 993

ARP finds a host's hardware address (also known as

ARP MAC (Media Access Control) address) based on its -
known IP address.

DNS is the host name for the IP address translation

service. DNS is a distributed database implemented on a
DNS hierarchy of name servers. It is an application layer 53
protocol for messaging between clients and servers.

FTPS is known as FTP SSL which refers to File Transfer

Protocol (FTP) over Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) which
FTPS 21
is more secure from FTP. FTPS also called as File
Transfer Protocol Secure.
 Port
Network number of
Protocol Description protocol

POP3 is a simple protocol that only allows downloading

POP3 messages from your Inbox to your local computer. 110

Session Initiation Protocol was designed by IETF and is

described in RFC 3261. It’s the protocol of application
SIP layer that describes the way to found out Internet 5060,5061
telephone calls, video conferences and other multimedia
connections, manage them and terminate them.

The SMB protocol was developed by Microsoft for direct

SMB file sharing over local networks. 139

SNMP is an application layer protocol that uses UDP

port numbers 161/162. SNMP is also used to monitor
SNMP networks, detect network errors, and sometimes 161
configure remote devices.

SSH (Secure Shell) is the permissions used by the SSH

SSH protocol. That is, a cryptographic network protocol used 22
to send encrypted data over a network.

VNC VNC stands for Virtual Network Communication. 5900

Remote Procedure Call (RPC) is a powerful technique

for building distributed client-server based applications.
It is based on extending traditional calls to local 1024 to
RPC
procedures so that the called procedure does not have to 5000
be in the same address space as the calling procedure.

NFS uses file handles to uniquely identify the file or

directory on which the current operation is being
NFS performed. Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) to 2049
provide error control. Used for reporting errors and
administrative queries.
 Port
Network number of
Protocol Description protocol

Internet Control Message Protocol(ICMP) to provide an

ICMP error control. It is used for reporting errors and -
management queries.

Bootstrap Protocol (BOOTP) is a network protocol used

by network management to assign IP addresses to each
BOOTP member of that network in order to join other network 67
devices through a main server.

Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) is an

application layer protocol. DHCP is based on a client-
DHCP server model, based on discoveries, offers, requests, and 68
ACKs.

Network Address Translation (NAT) is the process of

translating one or more local IP addresses into one or
NAT more global IP addresses, or vice versa, in order to 5351
provide Internet access to local hosts.

Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) is basically an asymmetric

protocol suite for various connections or links without
PPP framing. H. Raw bit pipe. PPP also expects other 1994
protocols to establish connections, authenticate users, and
carry network layer data as well.

Routing Information Protocol (RIP) is a dynamic routing

RIP protocol that uses hop count as a routing metric to find 520
the best path between source and destination networks.

Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) is a link-state routing

OSPF protocol used to find the best path between a source and 89
destination router using its own shortest path first).

EIGRP Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP) is 88

a dynamic routing protocol used to find the best path and
 Port
Network number of
Protocol Description protocol

deliver packets between any two Layer 3 devices.

Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) is a protocol used to

BGP exchange Internet routing information and is used 179
between ISPs in different ASes.

Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) is used to create a loop-

free network by monitoring the network, tracking all
STP connections, and shutting down the least redundant 0 to 255
connections.

RARP, stand for Reverse Address Resolution Protocol, is

a computer network-based protocol used by client
RARP computers to request IP addresses from a gateway -
server's Address Resolution Protocol table or cache.

The D-channel LAPD or Link Access Protocol is

basically the Layer 2 protocol normally required for the
LAPD ISDN D-channel. It is derived from the LAPB (Link -
Access Protocol Balanced) protocol.

IP Security (IPSec) is a standard suite of Internet

Engineering Task Force (IETF) protocols between two
IPsec communication points on IP networks to provide data 4500
authentication, integrity, and confidentiality. It also
defines encrypted, decrypted, and authenticated packets.

ASCII (American Standard Code for Information

Interchange) is the standard character encoding used in
ASCII telecommunications. The ASCII representation "ask-ee" 9500
is strictly a 7-bit code based on the English alphabet.
ASCII codes are used to represent alphanumeric data.

EBCDIC EBCDIC (Extended Binary Encoded Decimal -

Interchange Code) (pronounced "ehb-suh-dik" or "ehb-
 Port
Network number of
Protocol Description protocol

kuh-dik") is an alphanumeric binary code developed by

IBM to run large-scale computer systems .

X.25 is an International Telecommunication Union

Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T)
X.25 protocol standard simply for Wide Area Network
-
PAD (WAN) communications that basically describes how the
connections among user devices and network devices are
established and maintained.

High-Level Data Link Control (HDLC) commonly uses

the term "frame" to denote units or logs of units of data
HDLC that are frequently transmitted or transmitted from one -
station to another, express. Each frame on the link must
start and end with a flag sequence field (F).

SLIP stands for Serial Line Internet Protocol. It is a

SLIP TCP/IP implementation which was described under RFC
1055 (Request for Comments).

Link Access Procedure (LAP) is basically considered as

an ITU family of Data Link Layer (DLL) protocols that
LAP are subsets of High-Level Data Link Control (HDLC). -
LAP is particularly derived from IBM’s System
Development Life Cycle (SDLC).

Network Control Protocol (NCP) is a set of protocols that

NCP are part of Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP). 524

Mobile IP is a communication protocol (created by

extending the Internet Protocol, IP) that allows a user to
Mobile IP move from one network to another using the same her IP 434
address.

VOIP Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP), is a technology that 5060

allowing you to make voice calls over a broadband
 Port
Network number of
Protocol Description protocol

Internet connection instead of an analog (regular) phone

line. Some VoIP services allow you to call people using
the same service, but others may allow you to call
anyone.

Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP) is an

internet protocol works on TCP/IP, used to access
LDAP information from directories. LDAP protocol is basically 389
used to access an active directory.

GRE or Generic Routing Encapsulation is a tunneling

GRE protocol developed by Cisco. It encapsulates IP packets 47
i.e. deliverable inner packets into outer packets.

The HTTP headers Authorization header is a request type

header that used to contains the credentials information
AH to authenticate a user through a server. If the server 51
responds with 401 Unauthorized and the WWW-
Authenticate header not usually.

Encapsulation security payload, also abbreviated as ESP

plays a very important role in network security. ESP or
ESP Encapsulation security payload is an individual protocol 500
in IPSec.

Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP) is the

underlying protocol of UseNet, which is a worldwide
NNTP discussion system which contains posts or articles which 119
are known as news.

DCOM- Distributed Component Object Model– helps

RPC-
remote object via running on a protocol known as the -
DCOM
Object Remote Procedure Call (ORPC).

IRC Internet Relay Chat (IRC) is an Internet application that 6667

was developed by Jakko Oikarinen in Finland. Chat is the
 Port
Network number of
Protocol Description protocol

most convenient immediate way to communicate with

others via Internet.

A port number is a virtual address for a program on your device. It’s

like a miniature-scale version of an IP address (which is a device’s
address on the internet). So if someone sends you a message on
Instagram, that message will have a double address: the IP of your
device and the port number that Instagram uses. Now, finding what
ports are open:
How to find your port number

Windows MacOS

1. Press Windows Key + S. 1. Press Command + Spacebar.

2. Type in "cmd" and press Enter. 2. Type in "terminal" and press Enter.
3. In the console, type in "netstat -a" and 3. In the terminal, type in "netstat -an" and
press Enter again. press Enter again.

4. Your ports will be listed under the Local 4. Your ports will be listed under the Local
Address column in the format Address column in the format