JU, JIT, HE
JIMMA UNIVERSITY
JIMMA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
FACULTY OF CIVIL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
HYDROLOGY AND HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING CHAIR
[Link]. IN HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING
APPLIED HYDROLOGY
ASSIGNEMNET
BEREKET ABERA BEDADA
SUBMITTED TO: Prof. Dr. -Ing Tamene Adugna
FEBRUARY, 2024
JIMMA, ETHIOPIA
Applied hydrology Assignment
APPLIED HYDROLOGY ASSIGNEMENT I
1) The consecutive monthly flows into and out of a reservoir in a given year are the
following, in relative units:
Month J F M A M J J A S O N D
Inflow 3 5 4 3 4 10 30 15 6 4 2 1
Outflow 6 8 7 10 6 8 20 13 4 5 7 8
The reservoir contains 60 units at the beginning of the year. How many units of water are in
the reservoir at the middle of August? At the end of the year?
Answer
Month Inflow Outflow S ST= Si + S
January 3 6 -3 60-3=57
February 5 8 -3 57-3=54
March 4 7 -3 54-3=51
April 3 10 -7 51-7=44
May 4 6 -2 44-2=42
June 10 8 2 42+2=44
July 30 20 10 44+10=54
August 15 13 2 54+2=56
September 6 4 2 56+2=58
October 4 5 -1 58-1=57
November 2 7 -5 57-5=52
December 1 8 -7 52-7=45
Storage at the middle of august
54+56
ST@Aug=
2
110
=
2
=55 unit
or
ST@Aug= Initial storage + inflow at the middle of august – outflow at the middle of august
15
Inflow at the middle of august = = 7.5 unit
2
13
Outflow at the middle of august = = 6.5 unit
2
Initial storage = storage at the end of July = 54 unit
ST@Aug= Initial storage + inflow at the middle of august – outflow at the middle of august
ST@Aug = 54 unit + 7.5 unit – 6.5 unit
ST@Aug = 55 unit
Storage at the end of the year
ST= 45 unit
JU, JIT, HE 1
APPLIED HYDROLOGY ASSIGNEMENT I
2) At a climate station, the following measurements are made: air pressure = 101.1 kPa, air
temperature = 25°C, and dew point temperature = 20 0C. Calculate the corresponding
vapor pressure, relative humidity, specific humidity, and air density.
Answer
17.27 T
es ¿ 611exp → saturated vapor pressure
237.3+T
17.27 (25)
¿ 611exp
237.3+(25)
¿ 611exp (1.646016)
¿ 3,168.81 Pa=3.168 kpa
17.27 T
e = 611exp → Vapor pressure
237.3+T
17.27 (20)
¿ 611exp
237.3+(20)
¿ 611exp (1.646016)
¿ 2339 Pa=2.339 kpa
e
Rh ¿ → relative humidity
es
2339 pa
¿
3168.81 pa
¿ 0.73813=73.813 %
e
Qv ¿ 0.622 → specific humidity
p
2339 pa
¿ 0.622
101.1 ×100 pa
¿ 0.01439 kg /kg
P
ρa ¿ → air density
Ra ×T
Ra ¿ Rd (1+0.608 qv )
J
¿ 287 (1+0.608(0.0143902))¿ 289.51
kg . K
P
ρ a=
Ra ×T
101.1× 1000 pa
ρ a=
J
289.51 ×(25+273) K
kg . K
101.1 ×1000
ρ a=
86,273.98
JU, JIT, HE 2
APPLIED HYDROLOGY ASSIGNEMENT I
ρ a=1.17 kg /m3
3) Calculate the vapor pressure, air pressure, specific humidity, and air density at elevation
1500 m if the surface conditions are as specified in Prob. 3.2.1 and the lapse rate is
9°C/km.
Answer
T 2=T 1−α (Z 2−Z 1)
T 2=25−0.009 (1500−0)
T 2=25−13.5
T 2=11.50C = 284.5K
17.27 T
e¿ 611exp
237.3+T
17.27(11.5)
e¿ 611exp
237.3+11.5
e = 1357.43pa = 1.35743Kpa
T 2 g/ra
P 2=P 1( )
T1
284.5 9.81/0.009*287
P 2=101.1( )
298
284.5 3.7
P 2=101.1( )
298
P 2=84.949Kpa
e
qv =0.622
p
1.3574
qv =0.622
84.949
qv =0.009938
P
ρa ¿ → air density
Ra ×T
Ra ¿ Rd (1+0.608 qv )
J
¿ 287 (1+0.608(0.009938))¿ 288.734
kg . K
P
ρ a=
Ra ×T
84.949 × 1000 pa
ρ a=
J
289.51 ×(11.5+ 273) K
kg . K
JU, JIT, HE 3
APPLIED HYDROLOGY ASSIGNEMENT I
84.949× 1000
ρ a=
82,144.863
ρ a=1.034 kg /m3
4) If the air temperature is 15°C and the relative humidity 35 percent, calculate the vapor
pressure, specific humidity, and air density. Assume standard atmospheric pressure (101.3
kPa).
Answer
17.27 T
es ¿ 611exp
237.3+T
17.27 (15)
¿ 611exp
237.3+(15)
¿ 611exp (1.0267538)
¿ 1,705.9 Pa=1.7059 kpa
e
Rh ¿
es
e ¿ Rh× es
e ¿ 0.35 ×1.7059 kpa
e ¿ 0.597 kpa
e
Qv ¿ 0.622 → specific humidity
p
597 pa
¿ 0.622
101.3 ×1000 pa
¿ 0.003665 kg /kg
P
ρa ¿ → air density
Ra ×T
Ra ¿ Rd (1+0.608 qv )
J
¿ 287 (1+0.608(0.003665))¿ 287.6396
kg . K
P
ρ a=
Ra ×T
101.3 ×1000 pa
ρ a=
J
287.6396 ×(15+ 273) K
kg . K
JU, JIT, HE 4
APPLIED HYDROLOGY ASSIGNEMENT I
101. 3 ×1000
ρ a=
82,840.2185
ρ a=1.2228 kg /m3
5) The following incremental rainfall data were recorded at gage 1-WLN in Austin, Texas,
on May 24, 1981. Plot the rainfall hyetograph. Compute and plot the cumulative rainfall
hyetograph. Calculate the maximum depth and intensity of rainfall for 5, 10, 30, 60, 90,
120 minutes for this storm. Compare the results for 30, 60, and 120 minutes with the
values given in Table 3.4.1 for gage 1-Bee in the same storm. Which gage experienced the
more severe rainfall?
Time 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Rainfall - 0.09 0.00 0.03 0.13 0.10 0.13 0.21 0.37 0.22
Time 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100
Rainfall 0.30 0.20 0.10 0.13 0.14 0.12 0.16 0.14 0.18 0.25 0.48
Time 105 110 115 120 125 130 135 140 145 150
Rainfall 0.40 0.39 0.24 0.41 0.44 0.27 0.17 0.17 0.14 0.10
Cum. Running time
Time Rainfall
Rainfall 5 10 30 60 90 120
0 0
5 0.09 0.09 0.09
10 0.00 0.09 0.00 0.090
15 0.03 0.12 0.030 0.030
20 0.13 0.25 0.130 0.160
25 0.10 0.35 0.100 0.230
30 0.13 0.48 0.130 0.230 0.480
35 0.21 0.69 0.210 0.340 0.600
40 0.37 1.06 0.370 0.580 0.970
45 0.22 1.28 0.220 0.590 1.160
50 0.30 1.58 0.300 0.520 1.330
55 0.20 1.78 0.200 0.500 1.430
60 0.10 1.88 0.100 0.300 1.400 1.880
65 0.13 2.01 0.130 0.230 1.320 1.920
70 0.14 2.15 0.140 0.270 1.090 2.060
75 0.12 2.27 0.120 0.260 0.990 2.150
80 0.16 2.43 0.160 0.280 0.850 2.180
85 0.14 2.57 0.140 0.300 0.790 2.220
90 0.18 2.75 0.180 0.320 0.870 2.270 2.750
95 0.25 3.00 0.250 0.430 0.990 2.310 2.910
100 0.48 3.48 0.480 0.730 1.330 2.420 3.390
105 0.40 3.88 0.400 0.880 1.610 2.600 3.760
110 0.39 4.27 0.390 0.790 1.840 2.690 4.020
115 0.24 4.51 0.240 0.630 1.940 2.730 4.160
120 0.41 4.92 0.410 0.650 2.170 3.040 4.440 4.920
125 0.44 5.36 0.440 0.850 2.360 3.350 4.670 5.270
JU, JIT, HE 5
APPLIED HYDROLOGY ASSIGNEMENT I
130 0.27 5.63 0.270 0.710 2.150 3.480 4.570 5.540
135 0.17 5.80 0.170 0.440 1.920 3.530 4.520 5.680
140 0.17 5.97 0.170 0.340 1.700 3.540 4.390 5.720
145 0.14 6.11 0.140 0.310 1.600 3.540 4.330 5.760
150 0.10 6.21 0.100 0.240 1.290 3.460 4.330 5.730
Running time 5 10 30 60 90 120
Max depth (in) 0.48 0.88 2.36 3.54 4.67 5.76
Max intensity (in/hr.) 5.76 5.28 4.72 3.54 3.1133 2.88
FIGURE 1: Cumulative rainfall vs time graph
JU, JIT, HE 6
APPLIED HYDROLOGY ASSIGNEMENT I
FIGURE 2: Incremental rainfall vs time graph
As compare the values given in Table 3.4.1 for gage 1-Bee the present gage relatively
experiences less intensity with lower max. depth, max. intensity, cumulative rainfall depth
also receives less max. intensity and depth on the running time of 30min, 60min, and
120min.
6) Suppose the parameters for Philip's equation are sorptivity S = 5 cm-h-1/2 and K = 0.4
cm/h. Determine the cumulative infiltration after 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 h. Plot the
infiltration rate and the cumulative infiltration as functions of time. Plot the infiltration
rate as a function of the cumulative infiltration. Assume continuously ponded conditions.
Answer
Cumulative infiltration Infiltration rate
F(t) = St1/2 + Kt 1
f(t) = St-1/2 + K
2
F(0) = 5(0)1/2 + 0.4(0) = 0
at t=0 the function will be undefined so
F(0.5) = 5(0.5)1/2 + 0.4(0.5) let us take a number close to zero.
F(0.5) = 3.73 cm 1
f(0.1) = (5)(0.1)-1/2 + 0.4 = 8.305
2
F(1.0) = 5(1)1/2 + 0.4(1)
cm/hr.
F(1.0) = 5.4 cm 1
f(0.5) = (5)(0.5) -1/2 + 0.4
F(1.5) = 5(1.5)1/2 + 0.4(1.5) 2
f(0.5) = 3.9355 cm/hr.
F(1.5) = 6.71237 cm
1
F(2.0) = 5(2.0)1/2 + 0.4(2.0) f(1.0) = (5)(1)-1/2 + 0.4
2
F(2.0) = 7.87 cm f(1.0) = 2.9 cm/hr.
1
f(1.5) = (5)(1.5)-1/2 + 0.4
2
f(1.5) = 2.44 cm/hr.
1
f(2.0) = (5)(2)-1/2 + 0.4
2
f(2.0) = 2.1677 cm/hr.
JU, JIT, HE 7
APPLIED HYDROLOGY ASSIGNEMENT I
FIGURE 3: Graph infiltration rate and the cumulative infiltration as functions of time
FIGURE 4: Graph infiltration rate as a function of the cumulative infiltration.
JU, JIT, HE 8
APPLIED HYDROLOGY ASSIGNEMENT I
7) Parameters in Philip's equation for a clay soil are S = 45 cm-h -1/2 and K = 10 cm/h.
Determine the cumulative infiltration and the infiltration rate at 0.5-hour increments for a
3-hour period. Plot both as functions of time. Plot the infiltration rate as a function of the
cumulative infiltration. Assume continuously ponded conditions.
Answer
Cumulative infiltration Infiltration rate
F(t) = St1/2 + Kt 1
f(t) = St-1/2 + K
2
F(0.0) = 45(0)1/2 + 10(0) = 0
at t=0 the function will be undefined so let
F(0.5) = 45(0.5)1/2 + 10(0.5) us take a number close to zero.
F(0.5) = 36.82 cm 1
f(0.1) = (4 5)(0.1)-1/2 + 10 = 71.55
2
F(1.0) = 45(1)1/2 + 10(1) = 55 cm
cm/hr.
F(1.5) = 45(1.5)1/2 + 10(1.5) 1
f(0.5) = (4 5)(0.5)-1/2 + 10 = 41.82
F(1.5) = 70.11 cm 2
cm/hr.
F(2.0) = 45(2.0)1/2 + 10(2.0)
1
F(2.0) = 83.64 cm f(1.0) = (45)(0.5)-1/2 + 10 = 32.5 cm/hr.
2
F(2.5) = 45(1)1/2 + 10(1) = 96.15 cm 1
f(1.5) = (4 5)(1)-1/2 + 10 = 28.37 cm/hr.
2
F(3.0) = 45(1.5)1/2 + 10(1.5) = 107.94 cm
1
f(2.0) = (45)(1) -1/2 + 10 = 25.91 cm/hr.
2
1
f(2.5) = (4 5)(1.5)-1/2 + 10
2
f(2.5) = 24.24 cm/hr.
1
f(3.0) = (4 5)(2)-1/2 + 10
2
f(3.0) = 22.99 cm/hr.
JU, JIT, HE 9
APPLIED HYDROLOGY ASSIGNEMENT I
FIGURE 5: Graph infiltration rate and the cumulative infiltration as functions of time.
FIGURE 6: Graph infiltration rate as a function of the cumulative infiltration.
JU, JIT, HE 10
APPLIED HYDROLOGY ASSIGNEMENT I
8) The one-hour unit hydrograph of a small rural catchment is triangular in shape with a
peak value of 3.6m3/s occurring at three hours from the start time and a base time of 9
hours. Following urbanization over a period of two decades, the infiltration index φ has
decreased from 0.70 cm/h to 0.40 cm/h. also the one-hour unit hydrograph has now a
peak of 6.0m3/s at 1.5 hours and a time base of 6 hours. If a design storm has intensities
of 4.0cm/h and 3.0 cm/h for two consecutive one our intervals, estimate the percentage
increase in the peak storm runoff and in the volume of flood runoff, due to urbanization.
Answer
3.6 m3/sec 3.6 cm
2.6
0.7 cm 0.7
3 hr.
9 hr. 0 1 2
ER
Percentage increase
1-hr. UH ordinate Direct runoff due to
Time (hr.) DRH(m3/s)
(m3/s) ER- 3.3 cm ER- 2.3 cm
0 0.0 0 0.0 0.00
1 1.2 3.96 0.0 3.96
2 2.4 7.92 2.76 10.68
3 3.6 11.88 5.52 17.40
4 3.0 9.90 8.28 18.18
5 2.4 7.92 6.90 14.82
6 1.8 5.94 5.52 11.46
7 1.2 3.96 4.14 8.10
8 0.6 1.98 2.76 4.74
9 0.00 0.0 1.38 1.35
10 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
TOTAL 90.72
Total volume of DRH = 90.72 m3/s * 10hr * 60min * 60 sec
Total volume of DRH = 326,592 m3
Due to urbanization
6 m3/sec
1.5
6 hr. ER
3.6 cm
2.6
0.4 cm 0.4
0 1 2
JU, JIT, HE 11
APPLIED HYDROLOGY ASSIGNEMENT I
1-hr. UH ordinate Direct runoff due to
Time (hr.) DRH(m3/s)
(m3/s) ER- 3.6 cm ER- 2.6 cm
0 0.0 0.00 0.0 0.00
1 4.0 14.40 0.00 14.40
1.5 6.0 21.60 10.40 32.00
2 5.33 19.19 15.60 34.79
3 4.00 14.40 13.86 28.26
4 2.67 9.67 10.40 20.01
5 1.33 4.79 6.94 11.73
6 0.00 0.00 3.48 3.46
7 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
TOTAL 144.65
Total volume of DRH = 144.65 m3/s * Hr.
Total volume of DRH = 520725.6 m3
Increase in volume = 520725.6 m3 - 326,592 m3 = 194133.6 m3
194133.6 m3
Percentage increase = ( )*100 = 59.44%
326,592 m3
Increase in the peak = 34.79 – 18.18 = 16.61 m3/s
JU, JIT, HE 12