UNIT 1 UNIT 1 • Formulas
Real Numbers — All Formulas
1. Law of Exponents – Product
am × an = am+n
Same base, powers are added.
2. Law of Exponents – Quotient
am ÷ an = am−n
Same base, powers are subtracted.
3. Law of Exponents – Power of a Power
(am)n = amn
Powers are multiplied.
4. Law of Exponents – Power of a Product
(ab)n = an bn
5. Law of Exponents – Power of a Quotient
(a/b)n = an/bn
b≠0
6. Zero and Negative Exponents
a0 = 1, a−n = 1/an
a≠0
7. Fractional (Rational) Exponent
a1/n = ⁿ√a, am/n = ⁿ√(am)
8. Root of a Product
ⁿ√(ab) = ⁿ√a × ⁿ√b
9. Root of a Quotient
ⁿ√(a/b) = ⁿ√a ÷ ⁿ√b
b≠0
10. Rationalizing a Monomial Surd
1/√a = √a / a
Multiply top and bottom by √a.
11. Rationalizing a Binomial Surd
1/(a + √b) = (a − √b) / (a² − b)
Multiply by the conjugate a − √b.
12. Product of Conjugate Surds
(a + √b)(a − √b) = a² − b
PCTB Class 9 Mathematics UNIT 1 — Formula Sheet
UNIT 2 UNIT 2 • Formulas
Logarithms — All Formulas
1. Exponential – Log Relation
ax = y ⟹ loga y = x
a > 0, a ≠ 1, y > 0
2. Product Law of Logarithm
loga(mn) = loga m + loga n
3. Quotient Law of Logarithm
loga(m/n) = loga m − loga n
4. Power Law of Logarithm
loga(mn) = n × loga m
5. Log of the Base Itself
loga a = 1
6. Log of 1
loga 1 = 0
7. Change of Base Formula
loga b = logc b / logc a
8. Common Logarithm Split
log x = Characteristic + Mantissa
Mantissa is always taken as positive.
PCTB Class 9 Mathematics UNIT 2 — Formula Sheet
UNIT 3 UNIT 3 • Formulas
Sets and Functions — All Formulas
1. Number of Subsets (Power Set)
n(P(A)) = 2n
n = number of elements in set A.
2. Union – Counting Formula
n(A ∪ B) = n(A) + n(B) − n(A ∩ B)
Used when A and B overlap.
3. Union of Disjoint Sets
n(A ∪ B) = n(A) + n(B)
Used only when A ∩ B = ∅.
4. Complement Rule
n(A′) = n(U) − n(A)
5. Difference Rule
n(A \ B) = n(A) − n(A ∩ B)
PCTB Class 9 Mathematics UNIT 3 — Formula Sheet
UNIT 4 UNIT 4 • Formulas
Factorization & Algebraic Manipulation — All Formulas
1. Square of a Sum
(a + b)² = a² + 2ab + b²
2. Square of a Difference
(a − b)² = a² − 2ab + b²
3. Difference of Two Squares
a² − b² = (a + b)(a − b)
4. Square of a Trinomial
(a + b + c)² = a² + b² + c² + 2ab + 2bc + 2ca
5. Cube of a Sum
(a + b)³ = a³ + 3a²b + 3ab² + b³
6. Cube of a Difference
(a − b)³ = a³ − 3a²b + 3ab² − b³
7. Sum of Two Cubes
a³ + b³ = (a + b)(a² − ab + b²)
8. Difference of Two Cubes
a³ − b³ = (a − b)(a² + ab + b²)
9. Sum of Cubes (Shortcut Form)
a³ + b³ = (a + b)³ − 3ab(a + b)
10. Difference of Cubes (Shortcut Form)
a³ − b³ = (a − b)³ + 3ab(a − b)
11. Remainder Theorem
R = P(a)
Remainder when P(x) is divided by (x − a).
12. Factor Theorem Condition
(x − a) is a factor of P(x) ⟹ P(a) = 0
13. H.C.F. – L.C.M. Relation
H.C.F. × L.C.M. = P(x) × Q(x)
PCTB Class 9 Mathematics UNIT 4 — Formula Sheet
UNIT 5 UNIT 5 • Formulas
Linear Equations & Inequalities — All Formulas
1. General Linear Equation
ax + b = 0 ⟹ x = −b/a
a≠0
2. Definition of Absolute Value
|x| = x if x ≥ 0; |x| = −x if x < 0
3. Absolute Value Equation
|x| = a ⟹ x = a or x = −a
a≥0
4. Inequality – Multiplying by a Negative
If a < b and c < 0, then ac > bc
Inequality sign reverses.
PCTB Class 9 Mathematics UNIT 5 — Formula Sheet
UNIT 6 UNIT 6 • Formulas
Trigonometry — All Formulas
1. Degree – Radian Relation
π rad = 180°
2. Degrees to Radians
Radian = Degree × (π / 180)
3. Radians to Degrees
Degree = Radian × (180 / π)
4. Arc Length Formula
s = rθ
θ measured in radians.
5. Sine Ratio
sin θ = Opposite / Hypotenuse
6. Cosine Ratio
cos θ = Adjacent / Hypotenuse
7. Tangent Ratio
tan θ = Opposite / Adjacent
8. Cosecant Ratio
csc θ = 1 / sin θ
9. Secant Ratio
sec θ = 1 / cos θ
10. Cotangent Ratio
cot θ = 1 / tan θ
11. Tangent – Sine/Cosine Relation
tan θ = sin θ / cos θ
12. Cotangent – Cosine/Sine Relation
cot θ = cos θ / sin θ
13. Pythagorean Identity 1
sin² θ + cos² θ = 1
14. Pythagorean Identity 2
1 + tan² θ = sec² θ
15. Pythagorean Identity 3
1 + cot² θ = csc² θ
PCTB Class 9 Mathematics UNIT 6 — Formula Sheet
UNIT 7 UNIT 7 • Formulas
Coordinate Geometry — All Formulas
1. Distance Formula
d = √[(x₂ − x₁)² + (y₂ − y₁)²]
Distance between A(x₁,y₁) and B(x₂,y₂).
2. Midpoint Formula
M = ((x₁+x₂)/2, (y₁+y₂)/2)
Midpoint of A(x₁,y₁) and B(x₂,y₂).
3. Slope (Gradient) Formula
m = (y₂ − y₁) / (x₂ − x₁)
x₂ ≠ x₁
4. Collinearity Test (Slope Form)
Points A, B, C are collinear if slope of AB = slope of BC
PCTB Class 9 Mathematics UNIT 7 — Formula Sheet