Topic – 1 (Power System Control)
1. A small system consists of 4 identical 500 MVA generating units feeding a total load of
1020 MW. The inertia constant H of each unit is 5.0 seconds on 500 MVA base. The load
varies by 1.5% for a 1% change in frequency. When there is a sudden drop in load by 20
MW,
a. determine the system block diagram with constants H and D expressed on 2000 MVA
base.
b. find the frequency deviation, assuming that there is no speed governing action.
2. Consider a system consisting of four generators with set points 1000 MW, 800 MW, 700
MW and 500 MW, supplying a total of 3000 MW load. The nominal power is the same as the
power set point. The losses in the network can be neglected.
The droop setting is 0.05 pu with the power setpoint as a base. The inertia constant is 4
seconds for each of the units. The inertia of the load can be neglected.
Suddenly the load decreases by 250 MW. Assume that the frequency before the loss of load
event is equal to the fundamental frequency (50 Hz). Then, find:
a. The immediate rate of frequency variation (Hz/s) due to the load variation.
b. The new steady state frequency due to the load variation.
3. A power system has 3 generators, A, B, and C with SA, SB and SC rated power. Each
generator has the same speed droop R given in percentage (per unit). Determine the
equivalent speed regulation (in percentage) of the system when the three generators are
connected.
The rated power of the generators A, B and C are 100 MW, 200 MW, and 300 MW
respectively, with R equal to 5 % each. Generator A and B are supplying power at its full
capacity, while generator C is supplying 50 % of its full capacity. Determine the effective R
in Hz/MW when there is a frequency drop and when there is a frequency rise.
4. A power system has a total load of 1260 MW at 60 Hz. The load varies 1.5% for every 1%
change in frequency (D=1.5). Find the steady-state frequency deviation when a 60 MW load
is suddenly tripped,
a. there is no speed control,
b. the system has 240 MW of spinning reserve evenly spread among 500 MW of
generation capacity with 5% speed regulation based on this capacity. All other
generators are operating with valves wide open with also 5 % speed regulation.
Assume that the effect of governor dead bands is such that only 80% of the governors
respond to the reduction in system load.
c. Assuming no dead bands, repeat b for a 40 MW load increase.
5.
Area-1 Area-2
1000 MW
Load = 10,000 MW Load = 20,000 MW
Generation = 9,000 MW Generation = 21,000 MW
The connected load at 60 Hz is 10,000 MW in area-1 and 20,000 MW in area-2. The load in
each area varies 1% for every 1% change in frequency. Area-1 is importing 1,000 MW from
area-2. The speed regulation R is 5% for all units. Area-1 is operating with a spinning reserve
of 1000 MW spread uniformly over a generation of 4000 MW capacity, and area-2 is
operating with a spinning reserve of 1000 MW spread uniformly over a generation of 10,000
MW. Determine the steady-state frequency, generation and load of each area, and tie-line
power for the following cases:
a. Loss of 1000 MW load in area-1, assuming that there are no supplementary controls.
b. Loss of 1000 MW generation in area-1 (not carrying spinning reserve), when the
generation carrying spinning reserve in each area is on supplementary control with
frequency bias factor of 250 MW/0.1 Hz for area-1 and 500 MW/0.1 Hz for area-2.
6. Consider the two interconnected areas as follows:
Area-1 Area-2
Load = 20,000 MW Load = 40,000 MW
Generation = 19,000 MW Generation = 41,000 MW
The connected load at 60 Hz is 20,000 MW in area-1 and 40,000 MW in area-2. The load in
each area varies 1% for every 1% change in frequency. Area-1 is importing 1,000 MW from
area-2. The speed regulation R, is 5% for all units.
Area-1 is operating with a spinning reserve of 1000 MW spread uniformly over a generation
of 4000 MW capacity, and area-2 is operating with a spinning reserve of 1000 MW spread
uniformly over a generation of 10,000 MW.
Determine the steady-state frequency, generation and load of each area, and tie-line power for
the following cases:
a. Loss of 1000 MW load in area-1, assuming that there are no supplementary controls.
b. Each of the following contingencies, when the generation carrying spinning reserve
in each area is on supplementary control with frequency bias factor settings of 250
MW/0.1 Hz for area-1 and 500 MW/0.1 Hz for area-2.
i. Loss of 1000 MW load in area-1
ii. Loss of 500 MW generation, carrying part of the spinning reserve, in area-1
iii. Loss of 2000 MW generation, not carrying spinning reserve, in area-1
iv. Tripping of tie-line, assuming that there is no change in interchange schedule of the
supplementary control
v. Tripping of tie-line, assuming that the interchange schedule is switched to zero when
the tie-line is on outage.
2
7. Three control areas with autonomous AGC systems comprise the interconnected 60 Hz system of
the following figure. The aggregate speed-droop characteristics and on-line generating capacities of
the three areas are
Area A: RAu = 0.0200 pu; SRA = 16000 MW
Area B: RBu = 0.0125 pu; SRB = 12000 MW
Area C: RCu = 0.0100 pu; SRC = 6400 MW
e
lin
C
D
V
H
For reasons of economy area C is importing 500 MW of its load requirements from area B, and 100
MW of its interchange passes over the tie lines of area A, which has a zero scheduled interchange of
its own. The area frequency bias settings are
BfA = 120 MW/0.1 Hz
BfB = 150 MW/0.1 Hz
BfC = 95 MW/0.1 Hz
Consider also that there is line LBC is an HVDC line with a power setpoint of 400 MW. Determine the
steady state frequency at each system and each tie-line power for the following cases:
a) Loss of 400 MW load at area B.
b) Loss of 2000 MW generation at area B.
c) Tripping of tie-line LAB. Consider that the HVDC line changes its power setpoint according to
the desired power export.