Elementary Logic
At the end of the module, you should be
able to:
1. identify propositions,
2. form compound propositions, and
3. express compound propositions in symbolic
forms and vice-versa.
Logic
• Logic is the discipline that deals
with the methods of reasoning.
• It is regarded as one of the
oldest intellectual disciplines
in the history of humanity.
• It was the Greek philosopher
Aristotle who pioneered logical
reasoning.
Propositions
Propositions
• A proposition, sometimes called a
statement,
• Declarative sentence that is either true
or false, but not both.
• It's Not a Question or Command
• It Ends with a Period
• To represent propositions, the lower case
letters like p,q,r,s,… are used. These are
called propositional variables.
Proposition or not ?_?
1. Where is your teacher?
2. Open the door.
3. Tarlac is a province in Region III.
4. Twenty is less than fifty.
5. 1+1=3
6. This food is delicious.
7. 5x + 2 = 12
8. 15 – 2x = 8, if x = 5.
Simple and Compound
Statements
A simple statement is a single statement
that does not have other statements as
parts.
A compound statement contains two or
more statements joined by logical
connectives.
Simple Statements
p: Two is a rational number
q: four is an even number
Compound Statements
Two is a rational number and four is an even
number
Propositional Connective Symbol/Term Symbolic Read as
Logic Form
Negation not
~ curl or tilde ~p not p
¬p
¬ dash with a
tail
Conjunction And/but ∧ caret mark p ∧ q p and q
Disjunction or ∨ wedge or vee p ∨ q p or q
Conditional/
Implication
If…then → right arrow p→q if p, then q
if p, q
p implies q
p only if q
q if p
q whenever p
q is necessary for p
Biconditional If and double- p q p if and only if q p
implies q, and q implies
only if headed arrow
p
Negation
p: The traffic in EDSA is heavy.
q: Today is Friday.
r: I do not like milk tea.
s: The students did not attend the webinar
Negation
t: 23 + 34 ≠ 57
u: 3 + 1 ≤ 6
Negation
w: 3 > 2
Conjunction
Let p, q, r, and s be the following propositions:
p: Russel is not happy.
q: Russel is going to a party.
r: It is a holiday.
s: Jack is not invited.
Disjunction
Let p, q, and r be the following propositions:
p: Jerald is a producer.
q: Jerald is a composer.
r: 2 > 5
s: 5 < 7
Conditional
In "if p, then q", p is called the
antecedent (hypothesis or
premise), and q is called the
consequent (or the conclusion).
Conditional
Let p, q, and r be the following propositions:
p: It is going to rain.
q: I will not go out.
r: Cherry is going to visit a friend.
s: All even numbers are integers.
t: Zero is an integer.
Biconditional
Let p, q, and r be the following propositions:
p: Lewis is a singer.
q: Lewis is a vocalist.
r: Lewis is a recording artist.
s: Seven is a whole number.
t: 9 + 13=25
Compound Statements and
Grouping Symbols
p: Cathy is good in Chemistry.
q: Cathy is good in Statistics.
r: Cathy is a scholar.
s: Cathy is an athlete.
1.) ~𝑠 ⋀ (𝑝 ⋀ 𝑟)
2.) If Cathy is good in Chemistry and she is
good in Statistics, then she is a scholar.
End of Lesson