ALL IMPORTANT INTEGRATION FORMULAS
A broad calculus reference sheet: standard integrals, substitutions, trigonometric forms, inverse-trigonometric forms, reduction formulas,
partial fractions, integration by parts, definite integrals, and applications.
1. Fundamental Rules
∫ dx = x + C
∫ k dx = kx + C
∫ x■ dx = x■■¹/(n+1) + C, n ≠ −1
∫ [f(x) ± g(x)]dx = ∫f(x)dx ± ∫g(x)dx
∫ kf(x)dx = k∫f(x)dx
∫ f′(x)/f(x) dx = ln|f(x)| + C
∫ f′(x)[f(x)]■ dx = [f(x)]■■¹/(n+1)+C, n≠−1
2. Exponential and Logarithmic
∫ e■ dx = e■ + C
∫ e^(ax+b) dx = e^(ax+b)/a + C, a≠0
∫ a■ dx = a■/ln(a) + C, a>0, a≠1
∫ a^(mx+n) dx = a^(mx+n)/(m ln a) + C
∫ ln x dx = x ln x − x + C
∫ log_a x dx = (x ln x − x)/ln a + C
∫ dx/x = ln|x| + C
3. Trigonometric Integrals
∫ sin x dx = −cos x + C
∫ cos x dx = sin x + C
∫ tan x dx = ln|sec x| + C = −ln|cos x| + C
∫ cot x dx = ln|sin x| + C
∫ sec x dx = ln|sec x + tan x| + C
∫ csc x dx = −ln|csc x + cot x| + C = ln|csc x − cot x| + C
∫ sec²x dx = tan x + C
∫ csc²x dx = −cot x + C
∫ sec x tan x dx = sec x + C
∫ csc x cot x dx = −csc x + C
4. Common Trig Powers / Identities
sin²x = (1−cos 2x)/2
cos²x = (1+cos 2x)/2
tan²x = sec²x−1
cot²x = csc²x−1
sin x cos x = (1/2)sin 2x
∫ sin²x dx = x/2 − sin 2x/4 + C
∫ cos²x dx = x/2 + sin 2x/4 + C
∫ tan²x dx = tan x − x + C
∫ cot²x dx = −cot x − x + C
5. Inverse-Trigonometric Standard Forms
∫ dx/√(a²−x²) = sin■¹(x/a) + C
∫ dx/(a²+x²) = (1/a)tan■¹(x/a) + C
∫ dx/(a²−x²) = (1/2a)ln|(a+x)/(a−x)| + C
∫ dx/(x²−a²) = (1/2a)ln|(x−a)/(x+a)| + C
∫ dx/√(x²+a²) = ln|x+√(x²+a²)| + C
∫ dx/√(x²−a²) = ln|x+√(x²−a²)| + C
∫ dx/(a²−x²)^(3/2) = x/[a²√(a²−x²)] + C
∫ dx/(x²+a²)^(3/2) = x/[a²√(x²+a²)] + C
6. Linear / Shifted Forms
∫ dx/(ax+b) = (1/a)ln|ax+b| + C
∫ (ax+b)■ dx = (ax+b)■■¹/[a(n+1)] + C, n≠−1
∫ dx/√(ax+b) = 2√(ax+b)/a + C
∫ e^(ax+b) dx = e^(ax+b)/a + C
∫ sin(ax+b)dx = −cos(ax+b)/a + C
∫ cos(ax+b)dx = sin(ax+b)/a + C
7. Integration by Substitution
If u=g(x), du=g′(x)dx, then ∫f(g(x))g′(x)dx = ∫f(u)du.
∫ f(ax+b)·a dx = F(ax+b)+C, where F′=f.
Useful patterns: ∫g′(x)/g(x)dx = ln|g(x)|+C.
Useful patterns: ∫g′(x)e^{g(x)}dx = e^{g(x)}+C.
Useful patterns: ∫g′(x)/[1+g(x)²]dx = tan■¹(g(x))+C.
Useful patterns: ∫g′(x)/√(1−g(x)²)dx = sin■¹(g(x))+C.
8. Integration by Parts
∫u dv = uv − ∫v du
∫u v dx = u∫v dx − ∫[u′∫v dx]dx
Common choices for u: logarithmic, inverse trig, algebraic, trigonometric, exponential (LIATE guideline).
∫x e■ dx = e■(x−1)+C
∫x sin x dx = −x cos x + sin x + C
∫x cos x dx = x sin x + cos x + C
∫ln x dx = x ln x − x + C
9. Partial Fractions
1/[(x−a)(x−b)] = A/(x−a) + B/(x−b)
1/[x(x+a)] = (1/a)(1/x − 1/(x+a))
1/(x²−a²) = 1/(2a)[1/(x−a) − 1/(x+a)]
For repeated linear factors: A/(x−a)+B/(x−a)²+…
For irreducible quadratic ax²+bx+c: (Ax+B)/(ax²+bx+c).
After decomposition, integrate each term using logarithmic and arctangent forms.
10. Standard Rational / Radical Integrals
∫ dx/[x(x+a)] = (1/a)ln|x/(x+a)| + C
∫ dx/(x²−a²) = (1/2a)ln|(x−a)/(x+a)| + C
∫ dx/(a²−x²) = (1/2a)ln|(a+x)/(a−x)| + C
∫ dx/(x²+a²) = (1/a)tan■¹(x/a)+C
∫ dx/√(a²−x²)=sin■¹(x/a)+C
∫ dx/√(x²+a²)=ln|x+√(x²+a²)|+C
11. Reduction Formula: Powers of sin and cos
I_n = ∫sin■x dx
I_n = −sin■■¹x cos x/n + (n−1)/n I_{n−2}, for n≥2
J_n = ∫cos■x dx
J_n = sin x cos■■¹x/n + (n−1)/n J_{n−2}, for n≥2
12. Reduction Formula: Powers of sec and tan
∫sec■x dx = [sec■■²x tan x/(n−1)] + [(n−2)/(n−1)]∫sec■■²x dx, n≠1
∫tan■x dx = tan■■¹x/(n−1) − ∫tan■■²x dx, n≠1
∫sec■x tan x dx = sec■x/n + C
∫tan■x sec²x dx = tan■■¹x/(n+1)+C
13. Reduction Formula: Powers of x with e■ / sin x / cos x
∫x■e■dx = x■e■ − n∫x■■¹e■dx
∫x■sin x dx = −x■cos x + n∫x■■¹cos x dx
∫x■cos x dx = x■sin x − n∫x■■¹sin x dx
14. Definite Integrals
∫■■ f(x)dx = F(b)−F(a), where F′(x)=f(x)
∫■■f(x)dx = 0
∫■■f(x)dx = −∫■■f(x)dx
∫■■[f(x)±g(x)]dx = ∫■■f(x)dx ± ∫■■g(x)dx
∫■■ kf(x)dx = k∫■■f(x)dx
∫■■f(x)dx = ∫■■f(x)dx + ∫■■f(x)dx
15. Symmetry
If f is even: ∫■■■f(x)dx = 2∫■■f(x)dx
If f is odd: ∫■■■f(x)dx = 0
∫■■■f(x)dx = ∫■■■f(−x)dx
16. Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
If F(x)=∫■■f(t)dt, then F′(x)=f(x).
d/dx[∫■^{g(x)}f(t)dt] = f(g(x))g′(x).
∫■■f(x)dx gives accumulated change / signed area when f is integrable.
17. Area and Average Value
Area under y=f(x): A=∫■■f(x)dx when f(x)≥0.
Area between curves: A=∫■■[upper−lower]dx.
Average value: f_avg=(1/(b−a))∫■■f(x)dx.
Volume by discs: V=π∫■■[R(x)]²dx.
Volume by washers: V=π∫■■[R(x)²−r(x)²]dx.
Volume by cylindrical shells: V=2π∫■■(radius)(height)dx.
18. Useful Trigonometric Identities for Integration
sin²x+cos²x=1
1+tan²x=sec²x
1+cot²x=csc²x
sin(2x)=2sin x cos x
cos(2x)=cos²x−sin²x=1−2sin²x=2cos²x−1
tan(2x)=2tan x/(1−tan²x)
sin(A±B)=sin A cos B ± cos A sin B
cos(A±B)=cos A cos B ■ sin A sin B
19. Trigonometric Substitutions
For √(a²−x²): use x=a sin θ.
For √(a²+x²): use x=a tan θ.
For √(x²−a²): use x=a sec θ.
These substitutions convert common radicals into trigonometric expressions.
20. Important Reminders
Indefinite integrals always include +C.
For ln|x|, the absolute value is important when the domain allows both signs.
Different-looking antiderivatives can differ only by a constant.
Always differentiate your final answer to check it.
Use substitution, parts, partial fractions, or trig identities according to the structure of the integrand.
This sheet covers the main standard integration formulas used in school and introductory university calculus; no finite sheet can literally
contain every possible integral.