Chapter-Three
Introduction to Robotics
❖ The term: robot had come from the Czech word: robota, which means
forced or slave laborer
❖ In 1921, Karel Capek, a Czech playwright, used the term: robot first in
his drama named Rossum’s Universal Robots (R.U.R)
A Few Questions
❖ What is a robot?
❖ What is robotics?
❖ Why do we study robotics?
❖ How can we teach a robot to perform a particular task?
❖ What are possible applications of robots?
❖ Can a human being be replaced by a robot? And so on
Introduction to Robotics
Outline
• Definition
• Types
• Uses
• History
• Key components
• Robotics System
• Applications
• Future
Robot Defined
• Word robot was coined by a
Czech novelist Karel Capek in a
1920 play titled Rassum’s
Universal Robots (RUR)
• Robot in Czech is a word for
worker or servant Karel Capek
• Definition of robot:
–Any machine made by by one our members: Robot Institute
of America ☺
–A robot is a reprogrammable, multifunctional
manipulator designed to move material, parts, tools or
specialized devices through variable programmed motions for
the performance of a variety of tasks: Robot Institute of
America, 1979
Types of Robots: I
Manipulator
Types of Robots: II
Legged Robot Wheeled Robot
Types of Robots: III
Autonomous Underwater Vehicle Unmanned Aerial Vehicle
Robot Uses: I
Jobs that are
dangerous for humans
Decontaminating Robot
Cleaning the main circulating pump
housing in the nuclear power plant
Robot Uses: II
Repetitive jobs that are
boring, stressful, or labor-
intensive for humans
Welding Robot
Robot Uses: III
Menial tasks that
human don’t want to do
The SCRUBMATE Robot
Robotics
❖ It is a science, which deals with the issues related to
design, manufacturing, usage of robots
❖ In 1942, the term: robotics was introduced by Issac
Asimov in his story named Runaround
❖ In robotics, we use the fundamentals of Physics, Mathematics,
Mechanical Engg., Electronics Engg., Electrical Engg.,
Computer Sciences, and others.
Motivation
To cope increasing demands of a dynamic and a competitive market,
modern manufacturing methods should satisfy the following
requirements:
❖ Reduced production cost (piece prod.(no auto.) batch prod.(flexible
and auto.) Mass prod.(Fixed hard Auto.))
❖ Increased productibility
❖ Improved product quality
Notes:
(1) Automation can help to fulfill the above requirements
(2) Automation: Either Hard or flexible automation
(3) Robotics is an example of flexible automation
Laws of Robotics
• Asimov proposed three “Laws of
Robotics” and later added the
“zeroth law”
• Law 0: A robot may not injure
humanity or through inaction,
allow humanity to come to harm
• Law 1: A robot may not injure a
human being or through inaction,
allow a human being to come to
harm, unless this would violate a
higher order law
• Law 2: A robot must obey orders
given to it by human beings, except
where such orders would conflict
with a higher order law
• Law 3: A robot must protect its
own existence as long as such
protection does not conflict with a
higher order law
History of Robotics: I
• The first industrial
robot: UNIMATE
• 1954: The first programmable
robot is designedby George
Devol, whocoins the term
Universal Automation. He later
shortens this to Unimation, which
becomes the name of the first
robot company (1962).
UNIMATE originally automated the
manufacture of TV picture tubes
History of Robotics: II
1978: The Puma (Programmable
Universal Machine for
Assembly) robot is developed
by Unimation with a General
Motors design support
PUMA 560 Manipulator
History of Robotics: III
1980s: The robot industry enters a phase of rapid growth. Many
institutions introduce programs and courses in robotics. Robotics
courses are spread across mechanical engineering, electrical
engineering, and computer science departments.
Adept’s SCARA robots Cognex In-Sight Robot Barrett Technology Manipulator
History of Robotics: IV
1995-present: Emerging
applications in small
robotics mobile
and robots a second
drive growth start-up
companies
of and research
2003: NASA’s Mars Exploration Rovers will launch toward
Mars in search of answers about the history of water on Mars
Knowledgebase for Robotics
• Typical knowledgebase for the design andoperation of
robotics systems
–Dynamic system modeling and analysis
–Feedback control
–Sensors and signal conditioning
–Actuators (muscles) and power electronics
–Hardware/computer interfacing
–Computer programming
Disciplines: mathematics, physics, biology,
mechanical engineering, electrical engineering,
computer engineering, and computer science
Key Components
Power conversion
unit
Sensors Actuators
Controller
User interface
Manipulator
linkage
Base
A Robotic System
Various
Wrist Components
Controller 1. Base
Drive/Actuator
2. Links and Joints
3. End-Effector &
gripper
4. Wrist
5. Drive/Actuator
6. Controller
7. Sensors
Base Link Joint End-Effector &
gripper
Robotic systems can be defined as systems that provide
intelligent services and information by interacting with their
environment, including human beings, via the use of various
sensors, actuators and human interfaces.
Links enable robots to bend, twist, and move in various directions,
allowing them to perform tasks and interact with their environment.
Robot joints come in many forms, including rotational joints like
those in arms and legs, as well as sliding joints found in robotic
grippers and other tools.
One of the most important components of your robotic build is the
actuator. An actuator is a device that converts energy into physical
motion, and the vast majority of actuators produce rotary or linear
motion. Linear actuators are defined by force, rotary actuators are
defined by torque.
The robot controller is a computer system that connects to the robot
in order to control the movements of the industrial robot arm.
A robot sensor is a device that measures some attribute of its
environment and converts it into a signal that can be read or
interpreted by a robotic system.
Robot Base: Fixed v/s Mobile
Robotic manipulators used in Mobile bases are typically
manufacturing are examples of platforms with wheels or tracks
fixed robots. They can not attached. Instead of wheels or
move their base away from the tracks, some robots employ
work being done. legs in order to move about.
Robot Mechanism
Mechanical Elements
Sensors
• Human senses: sight, sound, touch, taste, and
smell provide us vital information to function and
survive
• Robot sensors: measure robot
configuration/condition and its environment and send
such information to robot controller as electronic Accelerometer
Using Piezoelectric Effect
signals (e.g., arm position, presence of toxic gas)
• Robots often need information that is beyond 5
human senses (e.g., ability to: see in the dark, detect
tiny amounts of invisible radiation, measure movement
that is too small or fast for the human eye to see)
Flexiforce Sensor
Vision Sensors
Vision Sensor: e.g., to pick bins,
perform inspection, etc.
Part-Picking: Robot can handle In-Sight Vision Sensors
work pieces that are randomly piled
by using 3-D vision sensor. Since
alignment operation, a special parts
feeder, and an alignment pallete
are not required, an automatic
system can be constructed at low
cost.
Force Sensors
Force Sensor: e.g., parts
fitting and insertion,
force feedback in robotic
surgery
Parts fitting and insertion:
Robots can do precise fitting and
insertion of machine parts by using
force sensor. A robot can insert parts
that have the phases after matching
their phases in addition to simply
inserting them. It can automate high-
skill jobs.
Proximity Sensors
Example
Infrared Ranging Sensor
KOALA ROBOT
•6 ultrasonic sonar transducers to explore wide, open areas
•Obstacle detection over a wide range from 15cm to 3m
•16 built-in infrared proximity sensors (range 5-20cm)
• Infrared sensors act as a “virtual bumper” and
allow for negotiating tight spaces
Tilt Sensors
Tilt sensors: e.g., to balance a robot
Example
Tilt Sensor
Planar Bipedal Robot
Actuators/Muscles: I
• Common robotic actuators utilizecombinations
of different electro-mechanical devices
– Synchronous motor
– Stepper motor
– AC servo motor
– Brushless DC servo motor
– Brushed DC servo motor
[Link]
Actuators/Muscles: II
Pneumatic Cylinder
Hydraulic Motor Stepper Motor
DC Motor
Pneumatic Motor Muscle Wire Servo Motor
Controller
• Provide necessary intelligence to control the
manipulator/mobile robot
• Process the sensory information and compute the
control commands for the actuators to carry out
specified tasks
Storage Hardware
Storage devices: e.g., memory to store the
control program and the state of the robot system
obtained from the sensors
Computation Hardware
Computational engine that computes the control
commands
RoboBoard Robotics Controller BASIC Stamp 2 Module
Interface Hardware
Interface units:Hardware to interface digital
controller with the external world (sensors and actuators)
Analog to Digital Converter Operational Amplifiers
LM358 LM358
LM1458 dual operational amplifier
Robots in Industry
•Agriculture
•Automobile
•Construction
•Entertainment
•Health care: hospitals, patient-care, surgery , research, etc.
•Laboratories: science, engineering , etc.
•Law enforcement: surveillance, patrol, etc.
•Manufacturing
•Military: demining, surveillance, attack, etc.
•Mining, excavation, and exploration
•Transportation: air, ground, rail, space, etc.
•Utilities: gas, water, and electric
•Warehouses
Industrial Applications of Robots
•Material handling
•Material transfer
• Machine and/or
loading unloading
•Spot welding Material Handling Manipulator
•Continuous arc welding
•Spray coating
•Assembly
•Inspection
Assembly Manipulator
Spot Welding Manipulator
Robots in Space
NASA Space Station
Robots in Hazardous Environments
TROV in Antarctica HAZBOT operating in
atmospheres containing
operating under water combustible gases
MedicalRobots
Robotic assistant for
micro surgery
Robots in Military
PREDATOR
SPLIT STRIKE:
Deployed from a ISTAR
sub’s hull, Manta
could dispatch tiny
mine-seeking AUVs
or engage in more
explosive combat.
GLOBAL HAWK GOLDENEYE
Robots at Home
Sony SDR-3X Entertainment Robot Sony Aido
Future of Robots: I
Artificial Intelligence
Cog Kismet
Future of Robots: II
Autonomy
Robot Work Crews Garbage Collection Cart
Future of Robots: III
Humanoids
HONDA Humanoid Robot
Robotics @ MPCRL:
Remote Robot Arm Manipulation
Robotics @ MPCRL:
Smart Irrigation System
Robotics @ MPCRL: RoboDry
Robotics @ MPCRL:
4-Legged Hexapod
Robotics @ MPCRL: Hexapod
for Disaster Recovery
Robotics @ MPCRL: Hexapod
for Disaster Recovery
Robotics @ MPCRL:
Robotic Vacuum Cleaner
Robotics @ MPCRL:
Automated Distinguisher
Robotics @ MPCRL:
Automated Distinguisher