Solid, LIQUIDS & Gases
Chapter 03
Solids, liquids and gases
3.1- Matter
What is matter?
Matter is anything that has weight and takes up space.
Everything we can see and touch is made up of matter.
Matter exists in three different states.
A state of matter is called a phase
Ex: When temperature changes matter can undergo a phase change, shifting
from one form to another.
These phases are known as solid, liquid or gas.
Water exists in three different phases: ice (solid), water (liquid) , and water
vapour(gas),which we often call steam.
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Characteristics of solids, liquids and gases.
Solids Liquids Gases
Have a definite Have no definite shape. Have no definite shape.
shape.
Takes up a definite Takes up a definite space. Take up all the space
space. available.
Do not flow. Can flow. Can flow.
Ex: Big boulders Ex: Milk and orange Ex:
of rocks are solids. juice are one of the
liquids.
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Gases in air
Air is everywhere around us.
Air is a mixture of different gases. Ex: 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, 0.9%
argon, 0.1% other gases.
We need oxygen to live, so we breathe it. We breathe out a gas called carbon
dioxide.
Carbon dioxide also we can found in air.
Some gases do have a colour and a smell.
Ex: Hydrogen sulfide smells like rotten eggs.
Liquid chlorine is a clear amber colour.
Gaseous chlorine is greenish yellow.
Chlorine gas is yellow Hydrogen sulfide
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Activity 3.1- Making carbon dioxide
Ingredients for the experiment
Bicarbonate of soda
Vinegar
Empty Glass bottle
Balloon
Measuring spoon
Funnel
Steps
1. Put some bicarbonate of soda in a balloon.
2. Then fill the glass bottle half away with vinegar.
3. Attach the balloon to the bottle using an elastic band.
4. Ensure that do not mix the bicarbonate of soda and the vinegar whilst
attaching the balloon.
5. Once attached, shake the bicarbonate of soda into the vinegar.
6. Observe what happens.
7. The gas you have made is carbon dioxide.
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Questions-Page 39
1). What state of matter is:
a). Vinegar – Liquid
b). Bicarbonate of soda- Solid
c). Produced in the reaction – gas
2). Draw a picture to show the reaction.
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3.2- Matter is made of particles
A particle is a very small part of something.
All matter is made up of particles.
Particles are attracted to each other.
Particles of matter have spaces between them.
Examples
In a solid the particles are packed close enough together. They can hardly
move.
Diamond ring
In a liquid they are closer together, but they can slide pass each other and
change place.
Glass of juice
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In a gas there are large spaces between them. So gases can have any shape.
Aero plane in the air
**Note- Do activity 3.2 in the classroom.
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Questions – Page number 41
1). Compare what happened when you tried to shake as solids, liquids and
gases.
We could shake our bodies as ‘solids’ but not our arms because they were
linked tightly with people next to us. We could shake more easily as ‘
liquids’ and very easily as ‘gases’.
2). What happened when you tried to move closer together in each case?
We could not move closer together or further apart as ‘solids’ we could as
‘liquids’ but our arms remained linked so we stayed in lines. As ‘gases’ we
could easily move closer together or further apart.
3). What happened when you tried to change the shape of each of your
groups.?
We could not change the shape of our group as ‘solids’ as ‘liquids’ we could
change shape in some ways but we remained in lines as ‘gases’ we could
easily change the shape of our group.
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3.3 – How do solids, liquids and gases behave?
Can matter change its shape?
Solids
A solid is a material that has tightly packed molecules (particles) and keeps
its own size and shape.
Most solids do not change shape.
Examples : Table ,chair, cupboard , rock etc….
Liquids
Liquids are a type of matter that changes shape depending on the shape of its
container.
It can flow or be poured easily. They are not easy to hold.
Example: when you pour milk into a cup, it takes up the cup’s inner shape.
Even when liquids change their shape, they always take up the same amount
of space. Their volume stays the same.
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Gases
Gases are often invisible
Gases do not have a fixed shape. They spread out and change their shape and
volume to fill up whatever container they are in.
Gases can squashed.(Compressed)
Air is a gas.
Examples: helium, which is put inside birthday party balloons.
**Note: Activity 3.3a and 3.3b do it in the class
Questions – page number 43
1). a). Draw a picture of particles of air inside a bubble.
b). Draw the same number of particles of air when the bubble bursts.
(Go through teachers guide answers)
2). Why can’t you change the shape of a brick by squeezing it?
The brick contains particles closely packed together, which cannot move
enough to change shape.
3). Draw a labelled diagram to explain how a puddle forms when it rains.
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Puddles are formed by rain that falls from the clouds in the sky as
droplets of water. When you have lots and lots of water droplets you get a
puddle. The water cycle uses the same water over and over again and there is
no start or end to the process.
3.4 – Melting, freezing and boiling
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Some materials can ‘change state’. Solid and liquids can be changed from
one state to another by heating or cooling.
Heat melts a solid and turns it in to a liquids. Cooling freezes a liquid in to a
solid.
Heat causes melting
Solid liquid
Melting
When a substance changes from a solid to a liquid we say it melts.
Substances need heat to do this.
Examples : Ice melts to form water at zero degrees.
Milk chocolate melts at around 40 degrees.
Freezing
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This is when a substance turns from a liquid into a solid.
They need to be cooled to do this.
It is the opposite of melting.
It happens at the same temperature as melting.
Boiling
When a liquid becomes a gas it is called boiling or vaporization.
Examples : Water will begin to boil is around 212 degrees Fahrenheit/100
degree Celsius.
Activity 3.4 a – What happens to ice when it is heated?
You will need;
Ten ice cubes
A pan
An electric stove/hot plate
Steps
Put the ice-cubes in to the pan.
Heat the pan on the hot plate.
Reaction
Heat
Ice (Solid phase) Water (liquid phase)
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When heating the water until it starts to boil, we can see water particles
move more quickly and can see water bubbles and in a certain point. We can
see gaseous molecules of water vapor which releases to the air.
Activity 3.4b- What happens to steam when it is cooled?
You will need:
Steam from boiling water.(an electric kettle can use)
A board with a shiny surface.(Mirror/aluminum foil/shiny plastic tray)
A pair of protective gloves.
A plastic container/ice-tray.
Access to a freezer.
Steps
Boil the water using the electric kettle.
Hold the mirror in front of the kettle.
Reaction
On boiling water, it changes to water vapour (Steam)
On cooling, water vapour changes back to water droplets.
Once collecting those water droplets in to an ice-tray and freezing of water
we can see ice.
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Questions –Page number 45
Cool down
1). Steam ((gas phase) Water (liquid phase)
2). What happens to the water when you put it in the freezer?
It changes into ice/it freeze.
Cool down
3). Water (liquid phase) ice (solid phase)
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3.5-Melting in different solids.
Activity 3.5
Conclusion
We discovered that butter melts faster than chocolate.
Ice melts faster than butter and chocolate.
Recordings
Some solids take longer time to melt than others.
EX; Gold, iron…
Metals have to be heated in a furnace to melt.
Phase changes the gold has passed through;4
Heat Cool
Solid liquid solid
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Questions – Page number 46
1). Describe the phase change that each substance went through when you
heated it.
Solid to liquid phase.
2). How did you try to make this investigation a fair test?
We used three identical pans and three identical hot plates. We started to
heat each substance at exactly the same time.
3). In what ways the investigation not a fair test?
It was not possible to have exactly the same amount of each substance. It is
possible that not all the hot plates gave off the same amount of heat.
4).What will happen to the water if you continue heating it?
If you continue heat the water it will turn into steam.
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3.6- Melting and boiling points
Different substance take different times to melt because it takes different
amounts of heat to melt them.
The amount of heat in a substances is called the temperature.
We measure temperature with a thermometer.
Unit use – degrees centigrade
When a solid is heated and changes state to become a liquid is called
melting.
The temperature at which a substance changes a solid to a liquid is called
the melting point.
The melting point vary from material to material.
Examples: The melting point of water is zero degrees centigrade.
When a liquid becomes a gas this called evaporation.
The temperature at which a substance changes from a liquid to a gas is
called the boiling point.
Examples: Water boiling point is 100 degrees centigrade
Activity 3.6- Measuring the temperature of water
You will need;
Half a cup of water
Six ice cubes
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A pot/pan
Hot plate
A thermometer
Tongs
Steps
Put some water in a cup.
Measure the temperature of the water in room temperature using the
thermometer.
Record the temperature.
Then get some ice cubes and put them in to a pan and heat them.
Once the ice cubes get melted, remove the pan from the hot plate.
Take the temperature from the heated water.
Heat the same water until it boils.
Measure the temperature.
Recordings
Temperature
Normal water
Heated water
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Boiled water
Questions page number 49
1). What temperatures did you record for:
a). the melting point of water – 0 ºC
b). the boilinf point of water – 100 ºC
c). water at room temperature – 180 ºC
2). Draw a bar chart to show these three temperatures.
Temperature ℃
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
Water (Melting point) Water (Boiling Point) Water (Room temperature)
3). Why do you think the temperatures you measured were different?
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This is probably because it is difficult to measure the temperature at the precise
time that ice melts and water boils.
4). Why should you never put your hand in steam?
Never put your hand into stem as it will scald you.
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