Power and distribution
transformers:
DIFFERENT VECTOR GROUPS
WEEK 7
In this naming convention,
the first letters represent
the H.V windings and are
written in uppercase.
The second letters
represent the L.V windings
and are written in
lowercase.
The letter "n" indicates that
the neutral point is exiting
the circuit.
The number 11 represents
a +30 degree angle
difference between H.G.
and A.G.
Three-Phase Transformer
A three-phase power transformer
is used at the power generating
station to step-up the voltage
from 11kV to 120 kV.
Whereas in the power distribution
substation, the three-phase
voltage is again stepped down to
11 kV voltage through a three-
phase distribution transformer.
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• Three-phase transformer can be made up of:
• three windings wound on a common core or
• by three single-phase transformer connected together
in a three-phase bank.
• The first approach is a cheaper one that results in a
transformer with smaller size and less weight. The main
disadvantage of the first approach is that if one phase
becomes defective, then the whole transformer needs
to be replaced.
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Transformer Vector Groups
• In a 3 phase transformer :
• The 2 ways through which primary and secondary windings are
linked first one is delta and the second one is wye.
• So there are 4 ways of connection among these windings.
• Wye-delta (Y -Δ)
• Delta-delta (Δ-Δ)
• Wye-wye (Y-Y)
• Delta-wye (Δ-Y)
WYE-WYE CONNECTION Configuration: (Y Y)
There are 2 main drawbacks of this connection arrangement.
• If load of the transformer circuitry is
not balanced, voltage at the phases of
the transformer are also not balanced.
• The second is that 3rd harmonic
voltage can be very high.
• If 3 phase voltage is given to the Y-Y
configuration the voltage at any phase
are one twenty-degree different from
any other.
• So 3rd harmonic element of every one
of the 3 phases will be in phase to one
another.
• So nonlinear behavior of transformer
core and these elements will be added
• very high 3rd harmonic element of
voltage at upper of fifty to sixty-hertz
fundamental voltage.
WYE-DELTA CONNECTION Configuration
DELTA-WYE CONNECTION Configuration
DELTA-DELTA CONNECTION
VECTOR GROUPS
VECTOR GROUPS
• The vector group is used to identify the phase shift between
the primary and secondary windings.
• The windings and their position to each other are usually
marked by vector group.
30° phase shift
• If primary and secondary windings are
connected in different configuration pair then
the secondary voltage waveforms will differ from
the primary voltage waveforms by 30 electrical
degrees.
• This condition is called a ‘30° phase shift’
condition.
• The secondary voltage may have the phase shift
of 30° lagging or leading
No phase shift:
• The secondary voltage waveforms of a three-
phase transformer are in phase with the
primary waveforms when the primary and
secondary windings are connected in the same
configuration. This condition is known as ‘no
phase shift’ condition.
• 0° no phase shift or 180° reversal with respect
to the primary voltage.
• The transformer vector group is labeled by capital
and small letters plus numbers from 1 to 12 in a
typical clock-like diagram. The capital letter indicates
primary winding and small letter represents
secondary winding.
• In the clock diagram, the minute
hand represents the primary line to
neutral line voltage, and its place is
always in the 12.
• The hour hand represents the
secondary line to neutral voltage and
its position in the clock changes
based on the phase shift as shown in
Fig. 2.15.
Fig. 2.15.
vector groups
There are four vector groups used in the three-phase transformer:
• Group I: 0 o’clock, zero phase displacement (Yy0, Dd0, Dz0),
• Group II: 6 o’clock, 180° phase displacement (Yy6, Dd6, Dz6),
• Group III: 1 o’clock, −30° lag phase displacement (Dy1, Yd1, Yz1),
• Group IV: 11 o’clock, 30° lead phase displacement (Dy11, Yd11,
Yz11).
Y represents wye connection, D represents delta connection and z
represents the zigzag connection.
Transformer vector group
1. Removing harmonics: Dy connection-y connection
nullifies 3rd harmonic
2. Parallel operations: All transformer shoud have same
vector group
3. Type of the transformer application:
Generally for power plant transformer the generator side is
connected in delta and load side is connected in star
The connection diagrams for different combinations are shown
Zigzag Connection:
In a zigzag connection, one winding of each phase is
connected in series with another winding of one of
the other phases
What “1” means:
•The secondary voltage is
shifted by 30° relative to the
primary.
•In clock notation:
•Primary is at 12 o’clock
•Secondary is at 1 o’clock
•(secondary is later than
primary by 30 degrees).
Yd1:
Secondary (delta) lags
primary by 30°
Different vector groups in
transformers
WEEK 5
The Per-Unit System
Power-system quantities such as voltage, current, power, and
impedance are often expressed in per-unit or percent of specified
base values.
For example, if a base voltage of 20 kV is specified, then the voltage
18 kV is (18/20)= 0.9 per unit or 90%.
Calculations then can be made with per-unit quantities rather than
with the actual quantities.
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Per-unit quantities are calculated as follows:
where actual quantity is the value of the quantity in
the actual units. The base value has the same units as
the actual quantity, thus making the per-unit quantity
dimensionless.
Also, the base value is always a real number. Therefore,
the angle of the per-unit quantity is the same as the
angle of the actual quantity.
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Usually the base voltage VbaseLN and base complex
power Sbase1Ø are selected for either a single-phase
circuit or for one phase of a three-phase circuit.
Then, in order for electrical laws to be valid in the
per-unit system, the following relations must be
used for other base values:
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To convert a per-unit impedance from ‘‘old’’ to ‘‘new’’ base values:
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Three-Phase Transformers Per Unit System:
The per-unit system of calculation is applicable for both single-phase and three-
phase transformers
• Example:
For the network given, calculate :
a) the per-unit impedances of the source, line, and load.
b) the per-unit source voltage.
c) Find the load current in amperes and its per-unit value.