MUFFAKIR IBN HAMID

JKBOSE 11
IP
PYQ’S
 [Link] STANDS FOR INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY.
[Link] FACTS ARE CALLED DATA.
[Link] BRAIN OF THE COMPUTER IS CPU (CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT).
[Link] PERFORMS ARITHMETIC AND LOGICAL OPERATIONS.
[Link] STANDS FOR CONTROL UNIT.
[Link] IS NON-VOLATILE.
[Link] IS SHORT FOR BINARY DIGIT.
8.1 BYTE = 8 BITS.
[Link] IS AN EXAMPLE OF SECONDARY MEMORY.
[Link] IS AN EXAMPLE OF OPEN SOURCE SOFTWARE.
[Link] NUMBER SYSTEM BASE IS 2.
[Link] SYSTEM BASE IS 16.
[Link] GATE OUTPUTS 1 ONLY WHEN BOTH INPUTS ARE 1.
[Link] GATE OUTPUTS 1 WHEN AT LEAST ONE INPUT IS 1.
[Link] GATE GIVES OUTPUT THAT IS COMPLEMENT/INVERSE OF INPUT.
[Link] STANDS FOR OPERATING SYSTEM.
[Link] IS A MOBILE OPERATING SYSTEM.
[Link] OS PROCESSES JOBS SEQUENTIALLY WITHOUT USER INTERACTION.
[Link]-TIME OS IS USED IN CRITICAL / TIME-SENSITIVE SYSTEMS.
[Link] IS STORED IN ROM (READ-ONLY MEMORY).
[Link] IS A TYPE OF FIRMWARE.
[Link] 10 IS AN EXAMPLE OF GUI / PROPRIETARY OS.
[Link] TRANSLATES PROGRAM WHOLE PROGRAM AT ONCE.
[Link] TRANSLATES PROGRAM LINE BY LINE.
[Link] USES DIAMOND SHAPE TO REPRESENT DECISION-MAKING.
 [Link] PYTHON, INDENTATION IS MANDATORY.
[Link] WAS CREATED BY GUIDO VAN ROSSUM.
3.“IN” IS A MEMBERSHIP OPERATOR IN PYTHON.
[Link] DATA IS CHARACTERIZED BY 3VS: VOLUME, VELOCITY, AND VARIETY.
[Link] STANDS FOR ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE.
[Link] STANDS FOR MACHINE LEARNING.
[Link] STANDS FOR NATURAL LANGUAGE PROCESSING.
[Link] OVERLAYS DIGITAL CONTENT ON REAL WORLD.
[Link] CREATES A COMPLETELY VIRTUAL / SIMULATED ENVIRONMENT.
[Link] STANDS FOR INTERNET OF THINGS.
[Link] COMPUTING PROVIDES SERVICES OVER THE INTERNET.
[Link] STANDS FOR SOFTWARE AS A SERVICE.
[Link] STANDS FOR PLATFORM AS A SERVICE.
[Link] STANDS FOR INFRASTRUCTURE AS A SERVICE.
[Link] DEALS WITH DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION, AND OPERATION OF ROBOTS.
[Link] CONTAINS ALU AND CU (CONTROL UNIT).
17.4GB RAM REQUIRES A 64-BIT OS TO USE FULLY (EFFICIENTLY).
[Link] DRIVE IS A SECONDARY STORAGE / FLASH DEVICE.
[Link] NUMBER SYSTEM BASE IS 10.
[Link] STANDS FOR PORTABLE DOCUMENT FORMAT.
[Link] ALGORITHM IS A STEP-BY-STEP SET OF STEPS TO SOLVE A PROBLEM.
[Link] FILE EXTENSION IS .PY.
[Link] LOOP THAT REPEATS UNTIL A CONDITION IS FALSE IS WHILE LOOP.
[Link] STORAGE EXAMPLE IS GOOGLE DRIVE / DROPBOX / ONEDRIVE.
[Link] IS USED IN TRACKING / IDENTIFICATION DEVICES.
1. Define Information Technology.
Information Technology (IT) refers to the use of computers, storage,
networking, and other physical devices to create, process, store, secure,
and exchange all forms of electronic data.

2. What is data? Give an example.

Data refers to raw, unprocessed facts and figures consisting of numbers,
text, or symbols that have no specific meaning on their own. Example: The
number "25" or the name "Ravi".

3. What is information?
Information is processed, organized, and structured data that provides
context and meaning. Example: "Ravi is 25 years old."

4. Explain ALU.
ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit) is a component of the CPU responsible for
performing mathematical calculations (addition, subtraction) and logical
operations (comparisons like AND, OR, NOT).
5. Explain CU.
CU (Control Unit) is the component of the CPU that directs the flow of data.
It acts as a traffic police, decoding instructions and telling other parts of
the computer how to respond.

6. What is secondary memory?

Secondary memory (or auxiliary memory) is non-volatile storage used to
store data and programs permanently. The CPU does not access it directly.
Examples include HDD, SSD, and Pen drives.

7. Define software.
Software is a collection of instructions, data, or computer programs that
tell the computer how to work. It acts as an interface between the user and
the hardware.

8. What is open-source software?

Open-source software is software where the source code is made freely
available to the public for use, modification, and redistribution. Example:
Linux, Python.
9. What is closed-source software?
Closed-source (Proprietary) software is software where the source code is
restricted and owned by a specific company. Only the original authors can
modify it. Example: Microsoft Windows, Adobe Photoshop.

10. Define binary number system.

The binary number system is a base-2 numeral system that uses only two
digits: 0 and 1. It is the fundamental language of computers.

11. Explain decimal number system.

The decimal number system is a base-10 system that uses ten digits (0
through 9). It is the standard system used by humans for daily calculations.

15. Define operating system. An Operating System (OS) is system software

that manages computer hardware and software resources and provides
common services for computer programs. It is the interface between the
user and the computer.
16. What is batch operating system?
In a batch OS, similar types of jobs are grouped together and executed
sequentially without user intervention. The user does not interact with the
computer while the job is running.

17. What is multitasking operating system? A multitasking OS allows a user

to perform multiple tasks simultaneously. The CPU switches between tasks
so quickly that it appears they are running at the same time.

18. Define multiprocessing OS. A multiprocessing OS utilizes two or more

CPUs (processors) within a single computer system to execute multiple
processes simultaneously, increasing speed and performance.

19. What is real-time OS? A Real-Time Operating System (RTOS) serves

real-time applications that process data as it comes in, typically without
buffer delays. It is used in critical systems like air traffic control.
20. Define firmware with example.
Firmware is a specific class of computer software that provides the low-
level control for a device's specific hardware. It is usually stored in Read-
Only Memory (ROM). Example: BIOS (Basic Input/Output System) in a PC.

21. What is Windows OS?

Windows is a graphical operating system developed by Microsoft. It is the
most popular desktop OS, known for its user-friendly interface and wide
software compatibility.

22. What is a programming language? A programming language is a formal

language comprising a set of instructions that produce various kinds of
output. It is used to implement algorithms and control a computer.

23. What is low-level language? Low-level languages are programming

languages that provide little or no abstraction from a computer's
instruction set architecture. They are machine-friendly but hard for humans
to read. Example: Machine Code, Assembly.
24. What is high-level language? High-level languages are user-friendly
programming languages that use English-like syntax and are independent
of the computer's hardware. Example: Python, Java, C++.

25. Define compiler. A compiler is a translator program that converts high-

level language code (source code) into machine language (object code) in
one go (as a whole unit) before execution.

26. Define interpreter. An interpreter is a translator that converts high-level

language code into machine code line-by-line during execution. It stops if it
encounters an error.

27. What is assembler? An assembler is a utility program that converts

assembly language code (mnemonics) into executable machine code
(binary).

28. Define syntax in programming. Syntax refers to the set of rules that
defines the combinations of symbols that are considered to be a correctly
structured document or fragment in that language (essentially the
"grammar" of the code).
29. Define semantics.
Semantics refers to the meaning of the instructions. A program may be
syntactically correct (no grammar errors) but semantically wrong (does
not do what the programmer intended).

30. What is an algorithm? An algorithm is a finite sequence of well-defined,

computer-implementable instructions, typically to solve a class of
problems or to perform a computation.

31. What is pseudocode? Pseudocode is an informal high-level description

of the operating principle of a computer program. It uses structural
conventions of a programming language but is intended for human reading.

32. What is a flowchart? A flowchart is a visual representation of an

algorithm. It uses standard symbols (ovals, rectangles, diamonds)
connected by arrows to show the sequence of steps.
33. Define Python. Python is a high-level, interpreted, general-purpose
programming language known for its easy readability and comprehensive
standard library.

34. What is a variable in Python? A variable is a symbolic name that is a

reference or pointer to an object. It is a container used to store data values.
Example: x = 5 (Here, 'x' is the variable).

35. What is a keyword in Python? Keywords are reserved words in Python

that have special meanings and cannot be used as variable names.
Examples: if, else, while, def, return.

36. Define operator with example. Operators are special symbols used to
perform operations on variables and values. Example: + is an arithmetic
operator used for addition.
37. What is indentation in Python? Indentation refers to the spaces at the
beginning of a code line. In Python, indentation is mandatory and is used to
indicate a block of code (scope).

38. Define if-else statement. The if-else statement is a conditional

statement that executes a block of code if a specified condition is true, and
another block of code if it is false.

39. Define loop. A loop is a programming structure that repeats a sequence

of instructions until a specific condition is met.

40. What is Big Data? Big Data refers to extremely large and complex data
sets that traditional data processing software cannot manage. It is defined
by Volume, Velocity, and Variety.
41. Define Artificial Intelligence. AI is the simulation of human intelligence
processes by machines, especially computer systems. These processes
include learning, reasoning, and self-correction.

42. Define Machine Learning. Machine Learning is a subset of AI that

provides systems the ability to automatically learn and improve from
experience without being explicitly programmed.

43. Define NLP. Natural Language Processing (NLP) is a branch of AI that

helps computers understand, interpret, and manipulate human language.

44. Define AR. Augmented Reality (AR) is an interactive experience where

computer-generated perceptual information (images/sounds) is
superimposed on the real-world environment.
45. Define VR. Virtual Reality (VR) is the use of computer technology to
create a simulated environment. Users are immersed and able to interact
with 3D worlds.

46. Define IoT. The Internet of Things (IoT) is the network of physical objects
("things") embedded with sensors and software to connect and exchange
data with other devices over the internet.

47. Define Cloud computing. Cloud computing is the on-demand delivery of

IT resources (storage, computing power, databases) over the Internet with
pay-as-you-go pricing.

48. What is SaaS? SaaS (Software as a Service) is a cloud distribution

model where a third-party provider hosts applications and makes them
available to customers over the Internet. Example: Gmail, Zoom.
49. What is IaaS? IaaS (Infrastructure as a Service) provides virtualized
computing resources over the internet, such as virtual machines and
storage. Example: AWS EC2.

50. What is Robotics? Robotics is an interdisciplinary branch of engineering

and science that includes the design, construction, operation, and use of
robots.
SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS ⟶
1. Explain components of IT.
Hardware: Physical devices (Servers, computers,
routers).
Software: Programs and operating systems
(Windows, Linux, Apps).
Data: The raw information processed by the system.
People: Users, developers, and administrators who
manage the system.
Network: The connectivity (Internet/Intranet)
allowing communication between devices.
3. Differentiate between RAM and ROM.
RAM (Random Access Memory): Volatile (data lost
when power is off), Read/Write capability, faster,
used for temporary execution.
ROM (Read Only Memory): Non-Volatile (retains data
without power), Read-only (mostly), slower than
RAM, used to store startup instructions (BIOS).
4. Differentiate between primary and secondary memory.
Primary Memory: Directly accessible by CPU, volatile
(mostly), expensive, smaller capacity (e.g., RAM,
Cache).

Secondary Memory: Not directly accessible (data

moves to RAM first), non-volatile, cheaper per GB,
large capacity (e.g., HDD, SSD, USB).
5. Explain input devices with examples. Devices used to
provide data and control signals to the computer.
Keyboard: Typing text/commands.
Mouse: Pointing and clicking.
Scanner: Converting physical docs to digital.
Microphone: Audio input.
6. Explain output devices with examples. Devices used to
communicate the results of data processing carried out
by the computer.
Monitor: Visual display (Soft copy).
Printer: Physical paper output (Hard copy).
Speaker: Audio output.
Projector: Large screen display.
8. Explain system software with examples. Software
designed to run the computer's hardware and application
programs. It is the interface between hardware and user
apps.
Examples: Operating Systems (Windows, Linux),
Device Drivers, Firmware (BIOS), Utility software
(Antivirus)

9. Explain application software with examples. Software

designed for the end-user to perform specific tasks.
Examples: Word processors (MS Word), Web
Browsers (Chrome), Media Players (VLC), Photo
Editors (Photoshop).
14. Explain functions of an operating system.
Process Management: Creating/scheduling
processes.
Memory Management: Allocating RAM to apps.

File Management: Organizing files/folders.

Device Management: Handling inputs/outputs.
Security: Password protection and access control.
17. Explain 32-bit vs 64-bit OS.
32-bit: Can handle $2^{32}$ addresses (supports up
11

to 4GB RAM only). Older standard.

12

64-bit: Can handle $2^{64}$ addresses (supports

13

huge RAM amounts—16 Exabytes). Faster data

14

processing.
20. Explain file structure of Windows. Windows uses a
hierarchical tree structure.
Root: Drive letters (C:, D:).
Folders (Directories): Containers for organization.
Files: Data with extensions (e.g., .txt, .exe).
Path: Specific location (e.g.,
C:\Users\Name\[Link]).
21. Explain categories of programming languages.
Low-Level: Machine Code (0s/1s) and Assembly. Fast
but hard to write.
High-Level: English-like (Python, Java). Easy to
write, portable.
Scripting: Interpreted languages for automation
(JavaScript, PHP).
22. Explain compiler vs interpreter.
Compiler: Scans whole code $\rightarrow$ Creates
object code $\rightarrow$ Executes. Faster
execution, harder debugging (C++).
Interpreter: Translates line-by-line $\rightarrow$
Executes immediately. Slower execution, easier
debugging (Python).
SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS ⟶
2. Explain all types of software with examples.
System Software: OS (Windows), Language
Processors (Compiler), Device Drivers.
Application Software: General Purpose (Word),
Specific Purpose (Hotel Management System),
Custom (Bespoke).
Utility Software: Maintenance tools (Antivirus, Disk
Cleanup).
1. Explain computer hardware and software in detail.
Define Hardware (Tangible parts).
Categories: Input, Output, Processing, Storage.
Define Software (Intangible instructions).
Types: System (OS) vs Application (User apps).
Relationship: Hardware is the body; Software is the
soul. One cannot function without the other.
3. Describe components of a computer system with a
diagram.
Input Unit: Accepts data.
CPU: (ALU + CU + Registers). The processing hub.
Memory Unit: Primary (RAM/ROM). 32

Output Unit: Displays results.

Secondary Storage: Permanent storage. 33

(Draw block diagram connecting Input $\rightarrow$

CPU/Memory $\rightarrow$ Output).
4. Explain memory types with examples.
Primary:
RAM: SRAM (Static - fast/cache), DRAM
(Dynamic - main memory).

ROM: PROM (Programmable), EPROM (Erasable),

EEPROM (Electrically Erasable).

Secondary: Magnetic, Optical, Flash.

5. Explain types of computer storage in detail.
Magnetic Storage: Uses magnetization patterns
(HDD, Floppy). High capacity, cheap.

Optical Storage: Uses lasers to read/write pits and

lands (CD, DVD). Portable.
Solid State Storage: Uses electronic
circuits/transistors (SSD, Pen drive). Fast, shock-
resistant.
7. Explain logic gates AND, OR, NOT with truth tables &
diagrams.
AND: Series circuit. Output High if All High. (Draw
Symbol & Table 00=0, 01=0, 10=0, 11=1).
OR: Parallel circuit. Output High if Any High. (Draw
Symbol & Table 00=0, 01=1, 10=1, 11=1).
NOT: Inverter. (Draw Symbol & Table 0=1, 1=0).
Mention NAND/NOR as universal gates.
8. Explain types of operating systems with examples.
Single User: MS-DOS.

Batch: Mainframes (Payroll systems).

Multitasking: Windows 10, macOS.

Real-Time: RTOS (Robotics, Medical).

Distributed: Loosely coupled systems communicating
over network.
9. Explain operating system functions in detail.
Processor Management: Job scheduling, traffic
control.
Memory Management: Allocation and de-allocation
of RAM.

File Management: Keeping track of information,

location, status.
Device Management: Managing I/O channels
(Drivers).
Security & Error Detection: Logs, firewalls, error
dumps.
10. Explain Windows OS features, versions & file
structure.
Features: GUI, Start Menu, Taskbar, Control Panel. 41

Versions: Win 95, XP (Stability), Win 7 (Popular), Win

10 (Modern), Win 11.
Structure: Drive $\rightarrow$ Folder $\rightarrow$
Sub-folder $\rightarrow$ File.
FAT32 vs NTFS: File systems used by Windows.