Name:________________________________________________ Block:_________________

Unit 8: Fluids

Lesson 8.1: States of Matter, Density, Liquid Pressure (slides 1-11)

Warmup:
1. Why does a life jacket help you float? 2. Where is pressure the greatest in a pool?

Objective: Students will be able to

1.​ Describe and compare the properties of solids, liquids, and gases.
2.​ Calculate density and explain how mass and volume affect it.
3.​ Explain how pressure in a liquid depends on depth, density, and gravity.
4.​ Apply the equation 𝑃=𝜌𝑔ℎ to analyze liquid pressure situations.

Essential Question: How do the properties of matter and density influence pressure in fluids?

States of Matter
Solids Liquids Gases
- __________ density - __________ density - ______ density
- _______ to expand/ - _______ to expand/ - _______ to expand/
compress compress compress
- ________ shape - Takes the _______ of - _______ the container
the container - Considered a _______.
- Considered a _______.

Density
__________________ is the amount of matter taken up in a given space per unit of volume.

Density (“rho”) = mass divided by Volume

●​ As an object gains more mass in the same volumetric space, it will be more _______. The same is true
if the volume decreases for the same mass. Think of a ping pong ball versus a steel ball–which one is
more dense, and why?

●​ Units of density vary, so it’s important to keep them organized:

Common units: ​ ​ g/ml​ ​ g/cm^3​​ kg/L​ ​ kg/m^3
​ ​ ​ ​ 1 g/ml ​ =​ 1 g/cm^3​ 1 kg/L ​ =​ 1000 kg/m^3
●​ This means 1 ml = 1 cm^3 and 1000 L = 1 m^3

Liquid Pressure
𝐹
𝑃= 𝐴
Units for pressure: Pascals (Pa)

●​ A liquid in a container exerts forces on the _______ and ___________ of the container.
●​ At any point within a liquid, the forces that produce pressure are exerted __________ in all directions.
How much a liquid weighs, and thus how much pressure it exerts, depends on its density.
●​ For the same depth, a denser liquid exerts _______ pressure.
●​ Mercury is _______ times as dense as water.
●​ For the same _________ of liquid, the weight of mercury is ______ times the weight of water.
●​ The pressure of mercury on the bottom is _______ times the pressure of water.

The pressure that the liquid exerts at rest depends on _____________,

_____________, and _________of the liquid.

P = 𝝆gh
Pressure due to liquid = (density (“rho”)) x (gravity) x (height or depth)

The __________________ due to a liquid is density × g × depth _______

the pressure of the atmosphere. In equation form:
Ptotal = Patm + 𝝆gh Liquid Pressure Demo

A surprising truth: the pressure of a liquid _____________ depend on the

____________ of liquid, ____________, nor even the total ___________
of liquid matters.
●​ For example, if you sampled water pressure at 1 meter beneath the
surface of a large lake and 1 meter beneath the surface of a small
pool, the pressures would be the ________.
●​ The dam that must withstand the greater pressure is the dam with
the ___________ water behind it, not the ______ water.
●​ Pascal's Vases illustrate that water pressure depends on
__________, not on _____________.

CP: Water pressure at the bottom of a lake depends the most on the
A.​ weight of water in the lake. B. surface area of the lake C. depth of the lake. D. density of the
water.

CP: What determines the pressure of a liquid?

Practice Problems
What is the density of a material if a sample with a A submarine is at a depth of 200 meters in the ocean.
mass of 45.82 g takes up a volume of 8.75 mL? What is the gauge pressure exerted on the
3
submarine? Assume sea water density is 1025 𝑘𝑔/𝑚 .
Lesson 8.2: Buoyancy and the Buoyant Force (slides 12-30)
Warmup:
1. What does liquid pressure depend on? 2. The deepest a free-diver (no scuba gear) has ever
gone in the ocean (ρ = 1025 kg/m3) is 214 ft (1 meter =
3.28 ft). The pressure at this depth is…

Objective: Students will be able to

1.​ Define buoyancy and describe how fluids exert forces on objects.
2.​ Explain the relationship between weight and buoyant force in determining whether an object sinks or
floats.
3.​ Apply Archimedes’ Principle to calculate buoyant force.
4.​ Determine apparent weight and explain how it differs from actual weight.

Essential Question: What determines whether an object sinks, floats, or remains suspended in a fluid?

Buoyancy
Buoyancy is the apparent __________ of weight of objects when
submerged in a liquid.
●​ When the box is submerged, the water exerts an upward force
____________ in direction to gravity. This upward force is called
the buoyant force.
●​ The buoyant force is the net ____________ force exerted by a
fluid on a submerged or immersed object.

Weight versus Buoyant Force

When the weight force of a When the weight of a submerged When the weight is ___________
submerged object is ______ than object is _______ than the the buoyant force, the object will
the buoyant force, the object will buoyant force, the object will be ______________ buoyant and
_____. _______ and rise above the water can float anywhere in the fluid.
line.

Eureka! Archimedes Principle

●​ A completely submerged object always displaces a volume of liquid
________ to its own volume.
●​ Archimedes Principle: the buoyant force is __________ to the
weight of the displaced water.
○​In Equation Form: Fapparent = Fg,object – Fbuoyant
 The density of water is 1 g /mL or 1 kg/L, which in other words means that 1 L
of water by volume has a mass of 1 kg. Its weight calculated with Fg = mg
will weigh about 10 N.

Ex) A 300-gram brick weighs about 3 N in air. If the brick displaces 2 N of water when it is submerged, the
buoyant force on the submerged brick will equal ___________.
●​ The brick will seem to weigh less under water than above water. This is the apparent weight. The
________________________ of a submerged object is its weight in air __________ the buoyant
force. (Fapparent = Fg,objectt – Fbuoyant )
●​ The weight of this _____________ (not the weight of the submerged object!) is the buoyant force.

CP: To determine the buoyant force acting on an object, we look at the difference between…
a.​ the weight of the fluid and the apparent weight
b.​ the apparent weight of the object and the density of the fluid
c.​ the weight of the object and the object’s apparent weight in the fluid
d.​ the density of the fluid and the density of the object

CP: If an object submerged in water displaces 20 kg of water, then the buoyant force that acts on the object is
approximately…

Ex) A 1-liter (L) container filled with mercury has a mass of 13.6 kg. When it is submerged in water, what is the
buoyant force on it? What is its apparent weight?

●​ There is more pressure at greater depths but the difference in

pressures on the bottom and top of the block is the __________ at
any depth.
●​ The difference in the upward force and the downward force acting
on the submerged block is the __________ at any depth.
●​ A block is held suspended beneath the water in the three positions,
A, B, and C. In which position is the buoyant force on it greatest?
________________
●​ A stone is thrown into a deep lake. As it sinks deeper and deeper
into the water, does the buoyant force on it increase, decrease, or
stay the same? __________________

Does it sink or does it float?

Object Log Fish Clay

Buoyancy

Density (compared to water)

Buoyant force (compared to weight)

How can we make the log sink?

How can we make the ball of clay float?
How can the fish float? Sink?
Flotation
The principle of flotation states that a floating object displaces a weight of fluid ________ to its own weight.

CP: The buoyant force that normally acts on a 1-kg fish is

CP: A rock has an apparent weight of 7 N when submerged in water. If the rock originally weighed 12 N, what
is the buoyant force?

Lesson 8.3: Density (slides 30)

Warmup:
1. A metal block is first weighed while submerged 2. In order for a sailboat to float, it must…
underwater. The block is then weighed by a spring a)​ Have a greater density than water
scale while held in air. What must be true about the b)​ Experience a buoyant force less than its
two scale readings? weight
a)​ The first scale reading is larger than the c)​ Displace water weighing less than the boat
second scale reading d)​ Experience a buoyant force equal or greater
b)​ The second scale reading is larger than the than the weight of the boat
first scale reading
c)​ The scale readings are equal
d)​ The second scale reading is zero

Lab Activity 8.1

What factors can change an object’s density, and how can it be tested? Let’s explore in today’s Lab Activity 8.1:
Exploring Density and Buoyant Force.
Lesson 8.4: Pascal’s Principle and Atmospheric Pressure (slides 31-46)
Warmup:
1. A 6-liter container is filled with copper that has a 2. A rock suspended by a string weighs 5 N out of the
mass of 48 kg. This container is then fully submerged water and 3 N when it is submerged. What is the
in a pool full of water. Determine the apparent weight magnitude of the buoyant force on the rock?
of the container when it is submerged in water. Note:
1 L of water displaced = 1 kg of water displaced.

Objectives: Students will be able to

1.​ Explain Pascal’s Principle and how pressure is transmitted in a fluid.
2.​ Analyze how force and area affect pressure in hydraulic systems.
3.​ Describe the properties and behavior of gases in the atmosphere.
4.​ Explain how atmospheric pressure is measured and how it changes with altitude.

Essential Question: How is pressure transmitted through fluids, and how does atmospheric pressure affect our
everyday experiences?

Pascal’s Principle
___________________________ states that changes in pressure at any point in an enclosed fluid at rest are
transmitted undiminished to all points in the fluid and act in all directions.
●​ Pressure is the same ____________________. P1 = P2
●​
-​ The piston on the left has an area of 1 cm^2, and the piston on the right has an
area 50 times as great, 50 cm^2.
-​ A 1-newton load on the left piston causes an additional pressure of 1 newton per
square centimeter (1 N/cm^2).
-​ The pressure is transmitted throughout the liquid and up against the larger
piston.

-​ We can multiply forces with such a device—1 N input, 50 N output.

-​ By further increasing the area of the larger piston, we can multiply forces to any amount.

Ex) A small piston with an area of 1.75 m^2 exerts a force of 6.25N. What force does the larger piston exert if it
has an area of 5.25 m^2?

Ex) A large piston with an area of 9.75 m^2 exerts a force of 525 N. What force does the small piston exert if it
has an area of 2.75 m^2?
CP: Consider a U-shaped tube filled with water with pistons at each end. When pressure is increased at one
end of the tube, pressure at the other side will

The Atmosphere
●​ Gases are similar to liquids in that they flow; hence both are called _________.
●​ In a gas, the molecules are far apart, allowing them to move _________ between collisions.
●​ A gas expands to fill ______ space available to it and takes the ________ of its container.

●​ Unlike the ocean’s uniform density at any depth, the

density of the atmosphere ______________ with
altitude.
●​ Molecules in the atmosphere are closer together at sea
level than at higher altitudes. This _____________ the
density.
●​ The air gets _____________ (i.e., less dense) the higher
one goes; it eventually thins out into space.
●​ The temperature of the atmosphere _________ as one
goes higher (until it rises again at very high altitudes).

Atmospheric pressure is caused by the ___________ of air, just

as water pressure is related to the weight of water.
-​ In the vacuous regions of interplanetary space, there is a
gas density of about one molecule per cubic centimeter.
This is primarily ____________, the most plentiful
element in the universe.

The density of air ___________ with temperature. At sea level, 1

m^3 of air at 20°C has a mass of about 1.2 kg.

CP: Atmospheric pressure is due to the

a.​ weight of the atmosphere.
b.​ weight and volume of the atmosphere.
c.​ density and volume of the atmosphere.
d.​ weight of planet Earth itself.
The Simple Barometer
●​ Atmospheric pressure at sea level is approximately ________________.
●​ _________________ — a device to measure the pressure of the atmosphere.

-​ The vertical height of the mercury column remains

__________________ even when the tube is tilted.
-​ The barometer “balances” when the weight of liquid in
the tube exerts the same pressure as the atmosphere
outside.
-​ If the atmospheric pressure ______________, then it will
push the mercury column higher than 76 cm.

CP: A barometer makes use of the fact that atmospheric pressure

●​ The operation of a barometer is similar to the process of drinking through a _____. By sucking, you
reduce the air pressure in the straw that is placed in a drink. Atmospheric pressure on the liquid’s
surface pushes liquid up into the reduced-pressure region. The liquid is pushed up into the straw by
the pressure of the atmosphere.
○​ Atmospheric pressure can cause a change in _________, __________, and create a vacuum.
●​ Demonstrations:
○​ Can Crusher (Sci Guys)
○​ Cartesian Diver (SpranglerScienceTV)
○​ Upside Down Water Glass (Mocomi Kids)
○​ Atmospheric Pressure and Suction (KClass Science Channel)

Lesson 8.5: Boyle’s Law and Bernoulli’s Principle (slides 47-64)

Warmup:
1. The smaller piston of a hydraulic lift has an area of 2. Complete the table if the piston moves upward
1.1 m2. A car weighing 5.0 x 10^4 N is set on a rack
mounted on the larger piston. If a force of 2.2 x 10^4
Change in Air Volume x4
N is applied to the small piston to raise the car, what
is the area of the larger piston? Change in Air Density

Change in Air Pressure

Objectives: Students will be able t0

1.​ Describe the relationship between pressure and volume in gases using Boyle’s Law.
2.​ Apply the equation P1V1=P2V2​to solve problems.
3.​ Explain Bernoulli’s Principle and the relationship between fluid speed and pressure.
4.​ Apply Bernoulli’s Principle to real-world examples like lift and fluid flow.

Essential Question: How do changes in pressure, volume, and fluid speed explain the behavior of gases and
moving fluids?
Boyle’s Law
●​ Pressure comes from little molecular collisions with the
container’s wall. If you __________ the volume, but keep the
amount of gas the _______, the collisions with the wall will
happen _________________.
●​ Suppose there are _________ as many molecules in the
___________________. The air density is then
________________. If the molecules move at the same average
speed, the number of collisions will ______________. This
means the pressure is _______________.
○​ This shows that _______________ is directly
proportional to _______________.

●​ The density of the air can also be _______________ by

compressing the air to ________ its volume.
○​ We increase the density of air in a balloon when we
___________ it. We ____________ air density in the
cylinder of a tire pump when we push the piston
______________. When the volume of gas is decreased,
the density—and therefore pressure—is increased.
○​ This shows that ___________ is inversely proportional
to ______________.

Boyle’s Law: the product of pressure and volume for a given mass of gas is a constant as long as the
temperature does not change.
P1V1 = P2V2

P1 and V1 represent the original pressure and volume. P2 and V2 represent the second, or final, pressure and
volume.

CP: When you squeeze an air-filled party balloon, you increase its
a)​ Volume b) Mass C) Weight D) Density

●​ Scuba divers must be aware of Boyle’s law when ascending! As the diver returns to the surface,
_____________ decreases and thus the volume of ______ in the diver’s lungs increases.
○​ A diver must not hold his or her breath while ascending—the expansion of the diver’s lungs can
be very dangerous or even fatal.

Ex) If you squeeze a balloon to one third its volume, by how much will the pressure inside increase?

Ex) An air bubble has a volume of 5.0 cm3 underwater where the pressure is 2 x 105 Pa. What will the volume
of the bubble be when it reaches the surface (Patm = 1.01 x 105 Pa)? Give your answer in cubic centimeters.
Bernoulli’s Principle
Bernoulli’s Principle —When the speed of a fluid _______________, the pressure _____________.
This is an example of what type of proportionality relationship?

●​ Consider a continuous flow of water through a pipe. The amount

of water that flows past any given section of the pipe is the
_________ as the amount that flows past any other section of
the same pipe. This is true whether the pipe widens or narrows.
The water in the wide parts will ________________ , and in the
narrow parts, it will _______________.

CP: Compared to the speed of the water within a fire hose, the speed of the water leaving the hose outlet is

Ex) Consider a continuous flow of water through a garden hose. If you place your finger on the end of the
hose outlet, what happens to the speed of the water flowing out?

Ex) Consider a continuous flow of water through a stream. Is the water flowing faster before the bridge or
under the bridge?

●​ Bernoulli’s principle holds only for __________

flow.
●​ If the flow speed is too great, the flow may
become ______________ and follow a changing,
curling path known as an ________.
●​ In that case, Bernoulli’s principle
______________ hold.

●​ Bernoulli’s principle is a consequence of the

conservation of _______________.
○​ Simply stated, higher speed means
_________ pressure, and lower speed
means ___________ pressure.

●​ ____________ is the upward force created by

the difference between the air pressure above
and below the wing.
○​ Examples: Airplane wings, spoilers, curve
balls, biking near leader
●​ In hurricanes, do roofs collapse, or are they ripped
upwards?

CP: A helium-filled balloon hovers in the air. The pressure of the atmosphere against the bottom of the balloon
must be

CP: If air speed is greater along the top surface of a bird’s wings, pressure of the moving air there is
Review Questions:
1.​ What are the differences among the three states of matter we’ve studied? Similarities? Which two are
fluids?

2.​ Density: What is the equation? What are the units? How does density relate to floating or sinking? How
can we make objects more/less dense?

3.​ Pressure: What are the equations for pressure? What are the units of pressure? Does pressure change
with increasing or decreasing depth?

4.​ Buoyancy and the Buoyant Force: What are the equations for buoyant force? What is the apparent
weight of an object when it is submerged? When does an object float, sink, or remain neutrally buoyant?

5.​ How does a fish bladder help with buoyancy/swimming?

6.​ Archimedes’ Principle: What did Archimedes discover? How can it be expressed in equation form?

7.​ Pascal’s Principle: What did Pascal discover? How can it be expressed in equation form? What is the
real-life application of this principle?

8.​ Atmospheric Pressure: Does pressure increase or decrease with altitude? What is a barometer useful for,
and how does a simple barometer work?

9.​ Boyle’s Law: What did Boyle discover? How can it be expressed in equation form?

10.​ Bernoulli’s Principle: What did Bernoulli discover? How can it be expressed in equation form? How does
this relate to airplane wing lift?