ARBA MINCH UNIVERSITY

INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Advanced building structures(Arch-5212)

1
 What Is Load?
 Loads can be defined as the forces that cause stresses,
deformations, or accelerations.

 These loads are applied to a structure or its components

that cause stress or displacement.

 There are different types of structural loadings that you

should take into consideration during the design process.

2
 Types Of Loads
 The different types of loads coming on the foundation of a
structure are as follows.
[Link] Load.
[Link] Load
[Link] Load.
[Link] Load.
[Link] Load.

3
 Types Of Loads
 Dead loads: Any structure is made of different elements and these
elements have Self-weight which cannot be altered. It never changes
with time. Hence, it is called Dead Load.

4
 Types Of Loads
Live Loads: Live loads consist of moving or variable loads like people, furniture,
temporary stores, etc. These types of loads are variable and can change over time as
they depend on the usage and capacity.

5
 Types Of Loads
Wind Loads: The Wind acts horizontally on the surfaces of the walls, and roofs of the
structure. That means it exerts uniform pressure on the structural components on which
it acts and tends to disturb the stability of the structure.

6
 Types Of Loads
Snow Loads: The amount of snow load depends on various factors such as shape and
size of roof structure, roofing materials, location of the structure, insulation of the
structure, duration, and frequency of snow.

7
 Types Of Loads
Seismic Load: These types of loads are internal forces which act on the structure due
to earthquake developed ground movements.

8
 Chapter one
wind load on structures

9
 Wind load
The term ‘Wind Load’ is used to refer to any pressures or forces that
the wind exerts on a building or structure.
There are actually three types of wind forces that would be exerted on
a building.
• Uplift Wind Load
• Shear Wind Load
• Lateral Wind Load

10
 Wind load
Uplift Wind Load
Uplift Wind Load is an upwards force of the wind that would affect roof
structures or similar horizontal structures in a building, such as canopies
or awnings. The wind flow under a roof structure pushes the roof
upwards, the wind flow over the horizontal structure pulls the roof
upwards.
Shear Wind Load
Shear Wind Load is a horizontal pressure or force that can cause walls or
vertical structural elements to tilt or crack, causing a building to tilt.
Lateral Wind Load
Lateral Wind Load is another horizontal wind pressure that can make a
structure move off its foundations or overturn.

11
Air has mass/density and moves in a particular direction at a
particular velocity (has Kinetic Energy)

Obstacles that destructs the flow will transfer partially in to

potential energy of wind pressure /Wind load on Structures/
Wind loads act normal to the surface of the structure.
Negative/Suction/ - when it acts away from the structure
Positive (Pressure)– when it acts in to the structure
Even though the wind loads are dynamic and highly variable,
the design approach is based on a maximum static load (i.e.,
pressure)
12
13
 Wind Load (WL)
 Lateral load on walls
 Downward and upward
pressure on roofs

14
The wind velocity depends on:
• Geographical location
• The height of the structure
• The topography of the area
• The roughness of the surrounding
The wind action is represented either as a wind pressure or a
wind force.
The action on the structures caused by the wind pressure is
assumed to act normal to the surface

15
 Method of analysis
There are two methods for wind load analysis, namely, the
quasi-static method and
Detailed dynamic analysis.

Criteria For The Choice

quasi-static method may be used for buildings and chimneys
less than 200m tall provided the value of 𝑪𝒅 is less than 1.2
(in-wind response).
In all other cases a detailed dynamic analysis is required in
accordance with specialist literature (see EBCS-1, 1995, section 3.9.2).
16
 Method of analysis
The dynamic coefficient, 𝑪𝒅 depends on
the type of structure,
the height of the structure
and its breadth.

17
18
19
20
21
22
 EQUIVALENT STATIC WIND LOADS ON STRUCTURES
(QUASI-STATIC METHOD)-ebcs-1/1995-chapter 3 p.51
Wind pressure on surfaces:
External pressure (We): is the wind pressure acting on the external surface of
a structure and shall be obtained from
 We=qref ce(ze) cpe
Internal pressure (Wi): is the wind pressure acting on the internal surface of a
structure and shall be obtained from
 Wi=qref ce(zi) cpi
Net pressure: the net pressure (wind) across a wall or element is the
difference of the pressures on each surface taking into account of their signs.
pressure, directed towards the surface is taken as positive and suction
,directed away from the surface as negative.
23
Where
𝑞𝑟𝑒𝑓 reference mean wind velocity pressure
𝑐𝑒 (𝑧) exposure coefficient accounting for the terrain and height
above ground z
Z reference height appropriate to the relevant pressure
coefficient (z = 𝑧𝑒 ) for external pressure coefficient, (z = 𝑧𝑖 )
for internal pressure coefficient
𝑐𝑝𝑒 External pressure coefficient
𝑐𝑝𝑖 Internal pressure coefficient

24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
Load transfer

EGA SHEET PURLIN

ROOF
TRUSS

TOP TIE
BEAM

COLUMN
47