Prepared By: Usman Abdullah Mughal 1

Chapter No: 22 (Imp.Q+Past Papers)

CHAPTER NO: 22 VARIATIONS AND GENETICS

1. Homozygote exceeds in quantity the phenotype expression of both the homozygotes: (Fsd. 07)
(a): Co-dominat (b): Over dominat (c): Incomplete dominant (d): Complete dominant
2. Sex linkage in Drosophila was discovered by: (Fsd. 07)
(a): Sutton (b): Mendel (c): Watson (d): Morgan
3. The contrasting pairs of alleles for all the seven characters chosen by Mendel showed: (Fsd. 08)
(a): Co-dominat (b): Over dominat (c): Incomplete dominant (d): Complete dominant
4. Two normal (Aa) parents have chance of albino child: (Fsd. 09)
(a): 25% (b): 50% (c): 75% (d): 100%
5. Genes keep on hoping on different loci: (Fsd. 10)
(a): Polygene (b): Multiple allele (c): Jumping gene (d): SRY gene
6. Secretors have dominant secretor gene "Se" on chromosomes: (Grw. 09, Sgd. 10)
(a): 9 (b): 19 (c): 12 (d): 14
7. A gene with multiple phenotypic effects is called: (Lhr. 09)
(a): Multiple allele (b): Pleiotropic allele (c): Phylogenic allele (d): Bombay allele
8. ABO blood group system was discovered by: (Lhr. 09)
(a): Bernstein (b): Correns (c): Morgan (d): Landsteiner
9. The basic unit of biological information is: (Lhr. 05, Rwp. 09, 10)
(a): Gene (b): Locus (c): Chromosome (d): Allele
10. Genes for colour blindness, hemophilia and gout are linked to chromosome: (Sgd. 09)
(a): 7 (b): 11 (c): 12 (d): 23
11. Locus is a: (Lhr. 09)
(a): Part of DNA (b): Position of a gene (c): Partner of a gene (d): Complement of a gene
12. A genome is a full set of genes of: (Grw. 10)
(a): A cell (b): A tissue (c): An individual (d): A population
13. Bernstein explains the genetic basis of ABO system in: (Mul. 05)
(a): 1900 (b): 1901 (c): 1915 (d): 1925
14. A man with blood group ‘N’ have a genotype: (Lhr. 05)
(a): L L
M M (b): L L
N N (c): Both a & b (d): LM LN
15. The gene for ABO blood group is located on chromosome: (Grw. 05)
(a): 9 (b): 19 (c): 21 (d): 22
16. The blood serum containing antibodies is called: (Mul. 07, Fsd. 12)
(a): Antigens (b): Antibodies (c): Antiserum (d): Both a & b
17. The location of gene on the chromosome is called its: (Grw. 05)
(a): Home (b): Habitat (c): Locus (d): All of these
18. Which of the following is universal donor? (Fsd. 12)
(a): A (b): B (c): AB (d): O
19. What is the risk of colurblindness in a family when father is colourblind and mother is normal?
(Mul. 05)
(a): 25% (b): 50% (c): 100% (d): 0%
20. In grass hopper sex is determined by:
(a): Male (b): Female (c): Both male and female (d): None of these
21. Each type of cone cells in retina has specific light absorbing protein: (Fsd. 09)
(a): Albumin (b): Chlorine (c): Haemoglobin (d): Opsin
22. Hypophasphatemic rickets is an x-linked_____ trait. (Grw. 09)
(a): Dominant (b): Recessive (c): Both a & b (d): None of these
 Prepared By: Usman Abdullah Mughal 2
Chapter No: 22 (Imp.Q+Past Papers)

23. Who for the first time found white eye mutant in Drosophila? (Rwp. 09, 10, Sgd. 09)
(a): Morgan (b): Bridges (c): Correns (d): De-varies
24. Drosophila males are: (Grw. 07)
(a): Homozygous (b): Heterozygous (c): Semizygous (d): Hemizygous
25. The genes which do not follow law of independant assortment:
(a): Linked genes (b): Crossed genes (c): Dominant genes (d): Recessive genes
26. An example of sex-limited trait in human is the:
(a): Black hair (b): Thick skin (c): Beard (d): All of these
27. When a single gene has multiple phenotypic effects, the phenomenon is called:
(Mul. 05, 08, Grw. 06)
(a): Codominance (b): Epistasis (c): Sex-linkage (d): Pleiotropy
28. ____is male determining gene in man: (Lhr. 06, Grw. 07)
(a): Polygene (b): Multiple allele (c): Jumping gene (d): SRY gene
29. F2 generation of monohybrid cross yields offspring in genotypic ratio of: (Lhr. 07)
(a): 3:1 (b): 1:2:1 (c): 9:3:3:1 (d): 27:9:9:3
30. The gene causing the white eye trait in drosophila resides only on ___chromosome:
(Grw. 07, Rwp. 12)
(a): X (b): Y (c): Both X and Y (d): None
31. All the genes found in a breeding population at a given time are collectively called the:
(Lhr. 08)
(a): Polygene (b): Gene pool (c): Continously varying traits (d): Multiple alleles
32. Different alleles of a gene that are both expressed in a heterozygous condition are called:
(Grw. 08)
(a): Co-dominat (b): Over dominat (c): Incomplete dominant (d): Complete dominant
33. In gross hopper, sex is determined by: (Mul. 07)
(a): Male (b): Female (c): Both a &b (d): None of these
34. Human height is a more complex ____trait. (Mul. 07)
(a): Polygenic (b): Multiple allelic (c): Sex influenced (d): Sex limited
35. In 1925, the genetic basis of ABO system was explained by: (Mul. 07)
(a): Bernstein (b): Correns (c): Morgan (d): Landsteiner
36. Sex chromosomes was discovered by: (B. Pur 12)
(a): Sutton (b): Morgan (c): Jordan (d): Correns
37. When a gene pair at one locus interferes with or hides the effect caused by another gene or gene
pair at another locus, phenomenon is: (D.G. Khan 12)
(a): Codominance (b): Epistasis (c): Sex-linkage (d): Pleiotropy
38. Bobbed gene in drosophila is present on: (Lhr. 12)
(a): X-chromosomes (b): Y-chromosomes (c): Both X & Y chromosomes (d): Autosomes
39. Novel phenotype of 4’O clock plant is example of: (D.G. Khan)
(a): Co-dominat (b): Over dominat (c): Incomplete dominant (d): Complete dominant
40. Human skin colour is controlled by how many genes? (Sgd. 12)
(a): Two to Four (b): Four to Six (c): Six to Eight (d): Eight to Ten
 Prepared By: Usman Abdullah Mughal 3
Chapter No: 22 (Imp.Q+Past Papers)

1. What is difference between phenotype and genotype? (Grw. 12, Fsd. 12)
Phenotype Genotype
DEFINITION
The physical appearance of a trait is called its The gene compliments which control a particular
phenotypes. phenotype or trait are called its genotype.
EXAMPLE
Red and white colors for trait of flower color. For Red gene “R” and for white gene “r”.

2. What are jumping genes? (Fsd. 08)

The genes which are not settled peacefully on their loci, keep on hopping on different loci on the
same chromosome or other chromosomes are called jumping genes.

3. What is gene pool? (Grw. 06, Lhr. 06, Mul. 08)

• All the genes found in a breeding population at a given time are collectively called the gene pool.
• It is the total genetic information encoded in the total genes in a breeding population existing at a
given time.

4. What do you understand by term true breeders? (Mul. 07, Fsd. 09)
Definition:
The individuals of a variety which upon self-fertilization always produce offsprings identical to
their parents.
Example:
i. A true breeding round seed plant produced only round seeds.
ii. A true breeding wrinkled seed plant produced only wrinkled seeds.

5. Differentiate between dominant and recessive traits. (Grw. 08)

DOMINANT RECESSIVE
DEFINITION
A trait which is appeared in the offspring like A trait which is not appeared in the offspring and
one of its parents is called dominant trait. masked by the dominant trait is called recessive
trait.
EXAMPLE
Roundness is dominant. Wrinkled is recessive

6. Differentiate between homozygous and heterozygous. (Fsd. 08, B. Pur 12)

HOMOZYGOUS HETEROZYGOUS
DEFINITION
• When both the alleles for a gene pair in an • When both the alleles for a gene pair in an
organism are same, the organism is organism are different, the organism is
homozygous for that gene pair. heterozygous for that gene pair.
• An individual with homozygous genotype • An individual with heterozygous genotype is
is a homozygote. a heterozygote.
EXAMPLE
Round seeded plants with genotype "RR" are Round seeded plants with genotype "Rr" are
homozygous. heterozygous.
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Chapter No: 22 (Imp.Q+Past Papers)

7. Define Mendel's law of segregation. (Mul. 06, Sgd. 09)

According to Mendel's law of segregation, the two coexisting alleles for a single trait segregate
without influencing each other at the time of gamete formation and restore after random fertilization
of gametes.

8. Give significance of test cross. (Fsd. 09, 12, Lhr. 12)

What is test cross? Why did Mendel devise this cross? (Lhr. 05, 08, 09)
Definition:
Mendel devised a cross which is used to test the genotype of an individual showing dominant
phenotype. This is called test cross.
Significance:
It is a mating in which an individual showing a dominant phenotype is crossed with an
8individual showing its recessive phenotype. This cross finds out the homozygous or heterozygous
genotypic nature of the phenotypically dominant individual.

9. Define the law of independent assortment. (Mul. 08, Grw. 10, 12)
According to Mendel's law of independent assortment, the coexisting alleles for two contrasting
pairs of traits assort independently without influencing each other at the time of gamete formation
and restore after random fertilization of gametes.

10. What is probability? (Fsd. 12)

• The chance of an event to occur is called probability.
• The individual results of monohybrid cross multiply with each other to determine the probability of
F2 of dihybrid cross, this is called product role.

11. What is albinism? (Fsd. 10)

• Albinism is a recessive trait in humans. Normal individuals have melanin in their skin, hair and
eyes while albinos totally lack pigment in their body.
• Albinos have pale skin, white or light yellow hair and eyes that, although actually colorless appear
pink because of the blood vessels of the retina are visible.

12. Name the antibodies found in the blood serum of phenotype A, B. AB and O. (Sgd. 09)
Phenotype Antibodies
Blood group A B
Blood group B A
Blood group AB None
Blood group O A&B

13. What is meant by F1 and F2? (Fsd. 07)

In any cross the generation is obtained from P1, first parental generation is called F1, first filial
generation while the F2 is the second filial generation.

14. Differentiate between incomplete and co-dominance. (Fsd. 09, Grw. 09, Lhr. 12)
 Prepared By: Usman Abdullah Mughal 5
Chapter No: 22 (Imp.Q+Past Papers)

Define co-dominance. (Lhr. 08)

Define incomplete dominance. (Mul. 05, D.G. Khan 12)
Complete Dominance Incomplete Co-Dominance Over Dominance
Dominance
DEFINITION
When one allele (R) is When the phenotype Different alleles of a In this case the over
completely dominant of the heterozygote is gene that are both dominant
over other (r), presence intermediate between expressed in a heterozygote exceed in
of the recessive allele is phenotypes of the two heterozygous quantity phenotypic
functionally hidden, it homozygotes, it is condition are called co- expression of both the
is called complete called incomplete or dominant and the homozygotes.
dominance. partial dominance. phenomenon is called
co-dominance.
EXAMPLE
The heterozygote (Rr) In 4'O clock plants AB phenotype in ABO In fruit fly the
has the same round heterozygote (R1R2) blood group system. heterozygote (w /w) +

phenotype as (RR) show intermediate, MN phenotype in MN has more quantity of

homozygote. pink, phenotype than blood group system. fluorescent pigments
Red (R1R1) and white than wild (w+ w+) or
(R2R2) homozygotes. white eye (ww)
homozygotes.

15. Define multiple alleles. (Mul. 05, Fsd. 08)

Define allele and multiple allele. (B. Pur 12)
ALLELE:
The partner of a gene which is present on other homologue of homologous pair of chromosome is
called allele.
MULTIPLE ALLELES:
All the altered alternate forms of a gene, whose number is more than two, are called multiple
alleles.
Example:
ABO blood group system, the first multiple allelic system, was discovered ny Karl Landsteiner
in 1901.

16. What is erythroblastosis foetalis? (Grw. 08, D.G. Khan 12, Sgd. 12)
When RBC of Rh foetus cross the placenta barrier and enter into Rh - mother blood stream, the
+

mother's immune system reacts to the foetah Rh antigen stimulus by producing a large number of ant-
Rh antibodies. When mother's anti-Rh antibodies seep through placenta into blood circulation of
foetus, they start hemolysis (break down/bursting) of RBC of fetus. This is called erythroblastosis
foetalis.

17. How can ABO incompatibility protect the baby against Rh-incompatibility? (Grw. 09, Lhr.
12)
Sometimes a mild ABO incompatibility protects the baby against a severe RH incompatibility. If
"O" mother conceives "A" or "B" baby, any foetal A or B type RBC entering the mother's blood are
quickly destroyed by her anti-A or anti-B antibodies, before she can form anti-Rh antibodies.

18. What are secretors? (Fsd. 10)

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Chapter No: 22 (Imp.Q+Past Papers)

A and B antigens can also be present in saliva and other body fluids of some persons called
secretors. Secretors have dominant secretor gene "Se" on chromosome 19.

19. Define dominance and epistasis. (Lhr. 12)

EPISTASIS DOMINANCE
DEFINITION
When an effect caused by a gene pair at one Dominance is a physiological effect of an allele
locus interferes with or hides the effect caused over its partner allele on the same gene locus.
by another gene or gene pair at another locus,
such a phenomenon of gene interaction is
called epistasis.
EXAMPLE
Bombay phenotype Co-dominance, Incomplete dominance, etc.

20. What is epistasis? (Grw. 05, Lhr. 08)

Differentiate between epistasis and pleotropy. (Lhr. 10)
EPISTASIS PLEITROPY
DEFINITION
When an effect caused by a gene pair at one When a single gene affects two or more traits, the
locus interferes with or hides the effect caused phenomenon is called pleiotropy. Such a gene
by another gene or gene pair at another locus, with multiple phenotypic effects is called
such a phenomenon of gene interaction is pleiotropic.
called epistasis.
EXAMPLE
Bombay phenotype Gene for growth in human also control height and
body weight.

21. What do you know about Bombay Phenotype? (Mul. 08)

The individuals whose RBC lack A and B antigens although they do not lack I A and IB genes. They
are phenotypically "O", but are not genotypically "O". their phenotype is called Bombay phenotype.

22. What are discontinuous traits? (Rwp. 12)

Definition:
The types of variations with two sharply distinct phenotypes are called discontinuous variations.
Examples:
• Round and wrinkled seeds in pea plant
• Red, pink and white flower colour in 4’O clock

23. Define polygenic inheritance with example. (D.G. khan 12)

Define polygenes with their functions. (Sgd. 12)
Definition:
A continuously varying trait is encoded by the alleles of two or more different gene pairs at
different loci, all influencing the same trait in an additive way. These quantitative traits are called
polygenic traits and their genes are called polygenes.
Examples:
Wheat grain colour
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Chapter No: 22 (Imp.Q+Past Papers)

Human height

24. Define gene linkage. (Sgd. 09)

Describe phenomenon of gene linkage. (Lhr. 07)
Define linkage group with example. (Lhr. 12)
• The phenomenon of staying together of all the genes of a chromosome is called linkage. Gene
linkage is a physical relationship between genes.
• A chromosome carries its linked genes en bloc in the form of linkage group.
• The number of linkage groups corresponds to the number of homologous pairs of chromosomes.
Man has 23 linkage groups.
Example:
Genes for sickle cell anemia and albinism make a linkage group on human chromosome number
11.

25. Define crossing over. (Lhr. 08)

Crossing over is an exchange of segments between non-sister chromatids of homologous
chromosomes during meiosis.

26. Define recombinant frequency and give its importance. (Lhr. 12)
Definition:
The proportion of recombinant types between two gene pairs as compared to the sum of all
combinations is called recombinant frequency.
Importance:
The recombination frequency is directly proportional to the distance between the linked gene loci.
Genes can be mapped on a chromosome on the basis of their recombination frequencies.

27. Differentiate between autosomes and sex chromosomes. (Mul. 06, Sgd. 09)
How many pairs of sex chromosomes and autosomes in human? (Fsd. 09)
Autosomes Sex chromosomes
• The chromosomes other than sex • The chromosomes which are involved in sex
chromosomes are called autosomes. determination are called sex chromosomes.
• Autosomes do not carry any gene for sex • Sex chromosomes carry sex determining genes
determination. on them.
• There are 22 pairs of autosomes in human. • There is one pair of sex chromosomes in human.
It is XX in human female and XY in male.

28. Differentiate between homogametic and heterogametic individuals? (Rwp. 09, 10)
Homogametic Heterogametic
• The individuals which produce only one • The individuals which produce two different
type of gamete are called homogametic. types of gametes are called heterogametic.
• Human female are homogametic as they • Human males are heterogametic as they
produce all eggs having only one X produce half swith X chromosomes and half
chromosomes. with Y chromosomes.
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Chapter No: 22 (Imp.Q+Past Papers)

29. Define genic system and Give its one example. (Rwp. 12)
Definition:
The system in which sexes are specified by simple allelic differences at a small number of gene
loci is called genic system.
Example:
a and α are the two mating types (sexes) of yeast controlled by MAT a and MAT α allele
respectively.

30. Explain sex determination in Drosophila. (Sgd. 10)

• In Drosophila male is XY and female is XX.
• Male being heterogametic produces two types of sex determining sperms. Half the sperms carrying
X-chromosome and other half carrying Y-chromosome.
• Female being homogametic produces only one type of eggs, each with an X-chromosome.
• Sex of the offspring is determined by the type of sperm. If an X-carrying sperm fertilizes the egg,
the zygote will be XX (female). If a Y-carrying sperm fertilizes the egg, the zygote will be XY (male).
• The sex ratio between male and female offsprings is 1:1.

31. Differentiate between homozygous and hemizygous. (Grw. 08)

HOMOZYGOUS HEMIZYGOUS
When both the alleles for a gene pair in an The individual that carry just one allele on their
organism are same, the organism is one homologue and its counter part is missing on
homozygous for that gene pair. An individual other homologue is said to be hemizygous.
with homozygous genotype is a homozygote.

32. What is the percentage of Hemophilia? (Mul. 08)

What are hemophilia and its different types? (Rwp. 09, 10)
Introduction:
Hemophilia is rare X-linked recessive trait. Hemophilic blood fails to clot properly after an injury,
because it has either a reduction or malfunction or complete absence of blood clotting factors.
Types:
1. Hemophilia A: is a non-allelic recessive sex-linked trait. 80% hemophiliacs suffer from hemophilia
A due to abnormality of factor VIII.
2. Hemophilia B: is also a non-allelic recessive sex-linked trait. 20% hemophiliacs suffer from
hemophilia B due to abnormality in factor IX.
3. Hemophilia C: is an autosomal recessive trait. Less than 1% hemophiliacs suffer from hemophilia
C due to reduction in factor XI.

33. What is monochromacy? (Rwp. 12)

• Monochromacy is true colour blindness. A monochromat can perceive one colour.
• Blue cone monochromacy is an X-linked recessive trait in which both red and green cone cells are
absent. That Is why it is also called red-green colour-blindness.
• It is common heredity disease which is more common in males than females.

34. Differentiate between protonopia and diuteronopia. (Sgd. 12)

• A dichromat can perceive two primary colours but is unable to perceive the one whose opsins are
missing due to mutation.
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• Protonopia is red blindness.

• Deutranopia is green blindness.
• Tritanopia is blue blindness.

35. Is there any role of autosomes in sex determination in Drosophila? (Fsd. 07)
• Drosophila has an X chromosome-autosome balance system. Sex of individual depends more on
the number of X chromosomes relative to the number of sets of autosomes.
• An X: A ratio of 1.00 or higher produces female.
• An X: A ratio 0.5 or lower produces males.

36. Explain testicular feminization syndrome. (Fsd. 07)

Testicular feminization syndrome is a rare X-linked recessive trait. Although the persons affected
by this trait have a male set of XY chromosomes, yet tfm gene on their X chromosome develops them
physically into females. They have breasts, female genitalia, a blind vagina but no uterus. Such
individuals are happily married as females but are sterile. It is an androgen insensitivity syndrome.
Male sex hormone testosterone has no effect on them.

37. What is SRY and where this gene resides? (Grw. 08, Fsd. 08)
SRY is the male determining gene. It is located at the tip of short arm of Y-chromosome. Its name
SRY stands for "Sex-determining regions of Y".

38. What is sex influenced traits? (Mul. 06, Fsd. 09, Lhr. 08, 09, B. Pur 12)
Compare sex limited and sex influenced traits. (Mul. 07, Grw. 10)
SEX LIMITED TRAITS SEX INFLUENCED TRAITS
Definition
A sex-linked trait is limited only one sex due Sex influenced trait occur in both males and
to anatomical differences. Such trait affects afemales but is more common in one sex. It is
structure or functions of the body present in controlled by an allele that is expressed as
only males or only females. dominant in one sex but recessive in the other.
This difference in expression is due to hormonal
differences between the sexes.
EXAMPLE
Beard growth in humans is limited to men. Pattern baldness is a sex influenced trait. Many
more men than women are bald.

39. What is the pattern of X-linked dominant inheritance? (Rwp. 09, 10)
• Pattern of X-linked dominant inheritance is different from X-linked recessive.
• It is more common in females than males. All the females of a affected father, but none of his sons
are effected.
• Any heterozygous affected mother will pass the trait equally tom half of her sons and half of her
daughters.
Example: Hypophosphatemic rickets

40. Differentiate between polygenic and multifactorial traits. (Sgd. 10)

POLYGENIC TRAITS MULTIFACTORIAL TRAITS
DEFINITION
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Chapter No: 22 (Imp.Q+Past Papers)

A continuously varying trait is encoded by The polygenic traits with environmental

alleles of two or more different gene pairs influences are called multifactorial traits.
found at different loci, all influencing the
same trait in additive way. These quantitative
traits are called polygenic traits.
EXAMPLE
Beard growth in humans is limited to men. Blood Pressure, Human Height, Intelligence, etc.

41. What is MODY? Write its causes. (Grw. 08, 12)

Introduction:
About 2-5% of type II diabetic gets the disease early in life, before 25 years of age. It is called
maturity onset diabetic of the young (MODY).
Nature:
MODY can be inherited as an autosomal dominant trait.
Causes:
• About 50% of cases of MODY are caused by mutations in glucokinase gene. Glucokinase enzyme
usually converts glucose to glucose 6-phosphate in pancreas.
• MODY can also be caused by mutations in any of four other genes which encode transcription factor
involved in pancreatic development and insulin regulation. But these four genes do not play any
role in adult-onset type-II.

The values of parental combinations of two linked genes AB and ab is 40, 40 and of recombinant
genes Ab and aB is 10, 10 respectively. Find recombination frequency. (Lhr. 10)
EXTENSIVE QUESTIONS
Define Mendel's law of independent assortment. Explain it with the help of example.
(Grw. 06, Mul. 08, Fsd. 07, 10)
Write note on multiple alleles, (Mul. 08, Lhr. 09)
Explain crossing over with an example. (Mul. 07)
Describe Mendel's law of segregation with the help of an example. (Lhr. 06, Grw. 09, Mul. 05)
Define multiple alleles. Describe multiple allelic blood group system of man. (Sgd. 09, )
Define the patterns of sex determination in animals. (Lhr. 10)
How maternal-foetal Rh-incompatibility does take place? Explain. (Sgd. 10)
What are multiple alleles? Explain with an example. (Grw. 05)
Differentiate between the followings: (Grw. 06)
(i): Phenotype and Genotype
(ii): Dominance and Epistasis
(iii): Alleles and multiple alleles
(iv): Wild type and mutant
What are polygenes? Explain polygenic inheritance with example. (Grw. 08)
Describe the phenomenon of Incomplete dominance. (Mul. 07)
Write a note on co-dominance with example. (Grw. 12)
Describe genetics of colour blindness. (Fsd. 12)
Describe genetics of colour hemophilia in detail. (B. Pur 12)