Prepared By: Prof.

Usman Abdullah (Biology) (0313-7432313) 1

KIPS COLLEGE GRW FOR BOYS Chapter No: 15 (Past Papers+Imp. Questions)

CHAPTER NO: 15 HOMEOSTASIS

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS:

1. All of the following are synthesized in liver except: (Lhr. 08)

(a): Glucogon (b): Albumin (c): Fibrinogen (d): Prothrombin
2. The collecting tubules are open into: (Lhr. 07)
(a): Glomerulus (b): Bowman' capsule (c): Pelvis (d): Urethra
3. Malphigian tubules are excretory organs found in: (Lhr. 06)
(a): Vertebrates (b): Flatworms (c): Annelids (d): Insects
4. Which compound does not take part in urea cycle? (Grw. 05)
(a): Ornithine (b): Citruline (c): Arginine (d): Cretinine
5. Plants which shed their leaves during driest season to avoid loss of water: (Grw. 06)
(a): Ferns (b): Mosses (c): Cacti (d): Grasses
6. The more concentrated external environment as compared to cell concentration is designated as: (Lhr.
05)
(a): Hypotonic (b): Hypertonic (c): Isotonic (d): None
7. Desert mammal which lives without drinking water is: (Grw. 05)
(a): Camel (b): Kangroo Rat (c): Deer (d): Sheep
8. Hormone that help in the ascending limb of loop of Henle to absorb Na is: (Fsd. 10, Mul. 10
supp.)
(a): Thyroxine (b): ACTH (c): Aldosterone (d): Glucagon
9. _____have adaptations to remove the flooding of its cells in fresh water: (Grw. 07)
(a): Hydrophytes (b): fishes (c): Xerophytes (d): Protozoa
10. The end product of hemoglobin breakdown and metabolites of various hormones is: (Lhr. 09,
Fsd. 10)
(a): Uric acid (b): Bilirubin (c): Creatinine (d): All of these
11. Which one is said to be excretophore: (Grw. 09, Lhr. 10)
(a): Stem (b): leaves (c): Bark (d): Root
12. The excretory structure that deliver urine from kidney to urinary bladder: (Mul. 05)
(a): Urethra (b): Pelvis (c): Ureter (d): Collecting duct
13. The excretory product that requires minimum water of it elimination, compare to other: (Mul. 04, Grw.
11)
(a): Urea (b): Uric acid (c): Creatinine (d): Ammonia
14. Fresh water protozoa pump out excess water by: (Mul. 04)
(a): Skin (b): Plasma membrane (c): Contractile vacuole (d): None of these
15. The structural and functional relationship between nutritive and excretory system exists in: (Mul. 06)
(a): Insects (b): Fishes (c): Echinoderms (d): Planaria
16. Flame cells are part of excretory system of: (Mul. 06, 08
suppl.)
 Prepared By: Prof. Usman Abdullah (Biology) (0313-7432313) 2
KIPS COLLEGE GRW FOR BOYS Chapter No: 15 (Past Papers+Imp. Questions)

(a): Hydra (b): Planaria (c): Earthworm (d): Cockroach

17. The malpighian tubules remove nitrogenous wastes from the: (Mul. 08)
(a): Lymph (b): Hemolymph (c): Hindgut (d): Coelomic fluid
18. The chracteristic of terrestrial animals to tolerate dehydration is called: (Mul. 04, Grw. 06)
(a): Osmoregulation (b): Anhydrobiosis (c): Excretion (d): Thermoregulation
19. High degree renal failure is also known as: (Lhr. 06, D.G. Khan 11)
(a): Hypercalcemia (b): Hyperoxaluria (c): lithotripsy (d): Uremia
20. Of all the kidney stones, the incidence of calcium phosphate types of stones are the:
(Lhr. 08, 10, Fsd. 12)
(a): 70% (b): 20% (c): 10% (d): 15%
21. The animals which do not adjust their internal salt concentration according to external environment
are: (Grw. 08)
(a): Osmoregulators (b): thermoregulators (c): Osmoconformers (d): none of these
22. Metanephridium is present in: (Grw. 08)
(a): Planaria (b): Hydra (c): Earthworm (d): Cockroach
23. Reptiles and birds inhibit arid environment, so excrete: (Mul. 08)
(a): Ammonia (b): Urea (c): Uric acid (d): Nitrates
24. From the kidney urine is crried to urinary bladder by: (Mul. 08 suppl.)
(a): Urethra (b): Pelvis (c): Ureter (d): Collecting duct
25. The protection of internal environment from the harms of fluctuations in external environment of an
organism is termed as: (Fsd. 07)
(a): Osmosis (b): Apopotosis (c): Homeostasis (d): Anhydrobiosis
26. Which one of these ions is conserved by aldosteroneby preventing its loss from kidney tubules?
(Fsd. 08)
(a): Ca ++ (b): K + (c): Mg ++ (d): Na +

27. Which monitor the body temperature? (Fsd. 09)

(a): Thyroid (b): Thalmus (c): Hypothalmus (d): Pons
28. In cockroach, most of the reabsorption of salts and water takes place in the: (Rwp. 09, 10)
(a): Intestine (b): Midgut (c): Rectum (d): Malpighian tubules
29. End stage of renal disease is called: (Sgd. 09)
(a): Pyrexia (b): Uremia (c): Neuroglia (d): Necrosis
30. Metabolism of purines and pyrimidines produces significant amount of: (Grw. 10)
(a): Creatinine (b): Creatine (c): Xanthine (d): Trimethylamine oxide
31. Production of sweat and sebum is related to: (Sgd. 10)
(a): Skin (b): Liver (c): Lungs (d): Gills
32. Which one is not part of human urinary system? (Sgd. 10)
(a): kidney (b): Ureter (c): Pelvis (d): Pubis
33. Humming bird belongs to a category called: (Mul. 09)
(a): Endotherms (b): Ectotherms (c): Heterotherms (d): Poikilotherms
34. The environment where the animals produce large volume of diluted urine: (Mul. 09 supp.)
 Prepared By: Prof. Usman Abdullah (Biology) (0313-7432313) 3
KIPS COLLEGE GRW FOR BOYS Chapter No: 15 (Past Papers+Imp. Questions)

(a): hypotonic aquatic (b): Isotonic aquatic (c): hypertonic aquatic (d): Terrestrial
35. Most cartilaginous fish possess salt secreting organ known as the: (Mul. 10)
(a): Foetal gland (b): Rectal gland (c): Cecal gland (d): Sebeceous
glands
36. The best selective process in the nephron is called: (Mul. 10 supp.)
(a): Secretion (b): Absorption (c): Filteration
(d): Transport across epithelium of collecting duct
37. Earthworm has tubular excretory system called: (Lhr. 11)
(a): Prenephridia (b): Protonephridia (c): Metanephridia (d): Mesonephridia
38. The major homeostatic function of liver is the storage of; (Lhr. 12)
(a): Bile (b): Cholestrol (c): Urea (d): Iron
39. Glomerulus circulates blood thrpugh capsule as it arrives through: (Lhr. 12)
(a): Vasa recta (b): Peritubular capillaries (c): Afferent arteriole (d): Efferent arteriole
40. Of all the kidney stones, the incidence of calcium oxalate types of stones are the: (D.G. Khan 11)
(a): 70% (b): 20% (c): 10% (d): 15%
41. Uric acid is produced from: (Grw. 12)
(a): Amino acids (b): 20%Nucleic acids (c): Fatty acids (d): Proteins
42. The arginine is split by arginase to form urea and precursor:
(a): Ornithine (b): Citruline (c): Arginine (d): Cretinine

SHORT QUESTIONS

NEED AND CONCEPTS OF HOMEOSTASIS

1. Define homeostasis. (Lhr. 11, Mul. 08, Grw. 07, 08, 10, Rwp. 12)
What is homeostasis? Give its importance. (Fsd. 08)
Definition:
The protection of internal environment from the harms of fluctuations in external environment is
termed as homeostasis.
Explanation/Importance:
The different components of internal environment which are affected by fluctuations of external
environments are
(i): Water (ii): Solutes (iii): Temperature
These components are balanced in the body through following processes:
(i): Osmoregulation (ii): Excretion (iii): Thermoregulation

2. Differentiate between osmoregulation and thermoregulation.

(Fsd. 08, Grw. 09, Mul. 08 supp.)
OSMOREGULATION THERMOREGULATION
 Prepared By: Prof. Usman Abdullah (Biology) (0313-7432313) 4
KIPS COLLEGE GRW FOR BOYS Chapter No: 15 (Past Papers+Imp. Questions)

The ability of a living organism to maintain internal The ability of a living organism to maintain internal
water and solutes concentration is called body temperature within tolerable range is called
osmoregulation. thermoregulation.

3. Define excretion. (Mul. 06)

The ability of a living organism to remove of metabolic wastes especially nitrogenous wastes is called
excretion.
OSMOREGULATION + OSMOREGULATION IN PLANTS
4. Differentiate between hypertonic and isotonic solution. (Lhr. 07)
Distinguish between hypotonic and hypertonic environment. (Lhr. 10, 12, Grw. 11)

HYPERTONIC ISOTONIC HYPOTONIC

DEFINITION
When the external environment of When the external environment of When the external
the cell has higher solute the cell has same solute environment of the cell has
concentration then it is called concentration it is called isotonic low solute concentration then
hypertonic environment. environment. it is called hypotonic
environment.
EFFECTS
In hypertonic environment, the In isotonic environment, there is no In hypotonic environment the
water is moved out of the cell living net exchange of water so cell water enter cell from outside
behind concentrated solutions and remains normal. and the cell become turgid.
thus the cell shrinks.

5. Write about hydrophytes. (Rwp. 09, Mul. 08 supp.)

Define xerophyte with an example. (Mul. 04, 05)
Differentiate between xerophytes and mesophytes? (Lhr. 12)
HYDROPHYTES MESOPHYTES XEROPHYTES
DEFINITION
The plants which are found in the The plants which are found in the The plants which are found in
high availability of water are called moderate availability of water are low availability of water are
hydrophytes. called hydrophytes. called xerophytes.
Adaptations
• The surface of the leaves is very • The kept their stomata open • The cuticle of their leaves is
large so that lot of water can dyring excess water. thick, waxy and leathery.
transpire easily. • They kept their stomata close in • Stomata are on lower
• On the upper surface of leaves short supply of water. surface of leaf and are
there are a number of stomata present in depression.
 Prepared By: Prof. Usman Abdullah (Biology) (0313-7432313) 5
KIPS COLLEGE GRW FOR BOYS Chapter No: 15 (Past Papers+Imp. Questions)

which promote the loss of water

in the atmosphere.
EXAMPLES
Water lilly Rose Cactus

OSMOREGULATION IN ANIMALS

6. Differentiate between osmoconformers and osmoregulators.

(Fsd. 06, Grw. 06, Lhr. 08, 12, Rwp. 09, Sgd. 09)
Define osmoregulators. (Lhr. 11, Grw. 12)
OSMOCONFORMERS OSMOREGULATORS
DEFINITION
The animals which live in isotonic environment do The animals which live in hypotonic or hypertonic
not need to adjust their internal osmotic condition environment need actively to adjust their internal
are called osmoconformers. osmotic condition are called osmoconformers.

CHRACTERISTICS
These animals kept their body fluids isotonic to the These animals discharge excess water in hypotonic
external environment even for marine saltwater and excrete salts in hypotonic conditions
environment.
EXAMPLE
• Hag fishes • Cartilaginous fishes
• Marine invertebrates • Bony fishes

7. What bony fish do for osmoregulation? (Mul. 09)

Bony fishes have adapted to drink large amount of seas water and excrete concentrated urine
resulting in maximum salt excretion and minimum water loss.

8. Explain role of contractile vacuole. (Grw. 10)

In freshwater habitat, many protozoa such as amoeba and paramecium expel the large amount of water
by special structure called contractile vacuole.

9. Define anhydrobiosis with an example.

(Grw. 05, 09, Mul. 08, 09 supp. Lhr. 12,[Link] 11, Fsd. 12, Rwp. 12)
Definition:
 Prepared By: Prof. Usman Abdullah (Biology) (0313-7432313) 6
KIPS COLLEGE GRW FOR BOYS Chapter No: 15 (Past Papers+Imp. Questions)

The ability of terrestrial animals to tolerate the condition of dehydration is called anhydrobiosis.
Example:
Kangaroo rat can tolerate the condition of dehydration by eating carbohydrate rich seeds and produced
water metabolically.

EXCRETION IN PLANTS AND IN INVERTEBRATES

10. Why leaves are said to be excretophores? (Mul. 10, Grw. 11)
Plants produce various wastes organic and inorganic compounds which are stored in the leaves. The
leaves having such wastes fall off on the ground in the autumn season. Such leaves are therefore called
excretophore as they get rid of accumulated wastes.

11. What are differences between ureotelic and uricotelic animals? (Lhr. 08, Fsd. 10)
UREOTELIC URICOTELIC
DEFINITION
The animals which excrete urea as nitrogenous The animals which excrete uric acid as nitrogenous
waste products are called ureotelic. waste products are called uricotelic.
WATER REQUIREMENT
The removal of 1 gm of urea requires only 50 ml of The removal of 1 gm of uric acid requires only 1 ml
water. of water.
EXAMPLE
Mammals, most amphibians, sharks, some bony Birds, insects, many reptiles and land snails
fishes

12. Differentiate between protonephridia and metanephridia.

(Grw. 11, Mul. Supl., 10, Rwp. 12)

PROTONEPHRIDIA METANEPHRIDIA
DEFINITION
The specialized excretory organs without internal The specialized excretory organs with both external
body opening are called protonephridia. and internal body openings are called
metanephridia.
FLAME CELLS
Flame cellas are present in protonephridia. Flame cellas are absent in metanephridia.
BLOOD CAPILLARIES
Blodd capillaries are absent in protonephridia. Blodd capillaries are present in metanephridia for
reabsorption.
EXAMPLE
 Prepared By: Prof. Usman Abdullah (Biology) (0313-7432313) 7
KIPS COLLEGE GRW FOR BOYS Chapter No: 15 (Past Papers+Imp. Questions)

Planaria Earthworm

13. Illustrate the function of malpighian tubules. (Lhr. 10)

Introduction:
Malpighian tubules are the slender projections that are blind at one end. These are attached at the
junction of mid gut and hind gut.
Functions:
Malpighian tubules remove nitrogenous waste from haemolymph. The epithelium lining of the
tubules transport solutes, salts and nitrogenous wastes, from haemolymph into the lumen of the tubules.

LIVER + URINARY SYSTEM

14. Write two functions of liver. (Fsd. 07)

1. Liver produces many poisonous chemicals such as ammonia, urea and uric acid from the nitrogen of
amino acids, the major homeostatic effect of this function is to support kidney in waste disposal.
2. It synthesizes plasma proteins like prothrombin, fibrinogen and albumin etc. Prothrombin and fibrinogen
helps in blood clotting, while albumin maintains osmotic balance of blood.
3. Lipids, cholesterol and lipoproteins are formed in liver. These compounds regulate blood chemistry, store
energy and help to maintain cell membranes.

15. Write two storage functions of liver and their role in homeostasis. (Rwp. 09)
Liver can store iron and glycogen.
• Iron is an important element of haemoglobin which is involved in oxygenation of tissues.
• Glycogen is an important energy reserves.

16. Differentiate between ureter and urethra. (Lhr. 09)

URETER URETHRA
It is a tube which leads from the concave side of Urine leaves the body during urination through a
each kidney. Urine leaves the kidney through tube called urethra, which empties near the vagina
ureter. in females, or through the penis in males.

NEPHRON + OSMOREGULATORY FUNCTIONS

17. What is glomerulus? (Mul. 08)

Definition:
 Prepared By: Prof. Usman Abdullah (Biology) (0313-7432313) 8
KIPS COLLEGE GRW FOR BOYS Chapter No: 15 (Past Papers+Imp. Questions)

The renal artery on entering kidney divides into the afferent arterioles which on dividing form ball of
capillaries called glomerulus.
Function:
The glomerular walls are excellent for filtration processes as they have very small pores. The blood
which reaches there creates the filtration pressure. The filtrate appearing in glomerulus is called glomerular
filtrate.

18. Compare cortical nephron with juxtamedullary nephron. ([Link]. 11)

Cortical Nephrons:
The nephrons which are arranged along the cortex are called cortical nephrons.
Juxtamedullary Nephrons:
• Those nephrons which are arranged along the border of cortex and medulla with their tubular system
loping in inner medulla are called juxtamedullary nephrons.
• Juxtamedullary nephrons play an important role in the production of concentrated urine.
19. Define mechanism of counter current multipler also give its functions. (Sgd. 10, Rwp. 12)
Definition:
The flow of fluids in opposite directions in parallel and adjacent tubes is called counter-current
multipler..
Functions:
This mechanism causes gradual osmotic outflow of water from the filtrate back to kidney as it passes
downward in the descending loop of henle. The ascending loop of henle does not allow outflow of water
from its filtrate, instead activly transport Na+ into kidney interstitium to sustain its high concentration.

20. What role do hormones play in human kidney? (Grw. 08, Fsd. 12)
Aldosterone: The adrenal cortex secretes a hormone called aldosterone. The function of the aldosterone is
the active uptake of sodium in ascending limb of loop of Henle. Water reabsorption also takes place in
collecting tubule.
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH): Antidiuretic hormone performs this function to transport water from filtrate
in collecting tubules back to the kidney.

KIDNEY PROBLEMS

21. Differentiate between hypercalcemia and hyperoxaluria. (Mul. 05, 09 supp.)

HYPERCALCEMIA HYPEROXALURIA
The condition of high concentration of calcium in The condition of high concentration of oxalic acid in
circulatory blood is called hypercalcemia. circulatory blood is called hyperoxaluria.

22. What techniques are used to remove the kidney stone? (Lhr. 09)]
What is meant lithotripsy? (Lhr. 06, Fsd. 10)
 Prepared By: Prof. Usman Abdullah (Biology) (0313-7432313) 9
KIPS COLLEGE GRW FOR BOYS Chapter No: 15 (Past Papers+Imp. Questions)

The cure of kidney stone diseases is lithotripsy or surgery.

Lithotripsy:
This is non-surgical method in which extra corporeal shock wave lithotripsy is most common. In this
procedure high concentration of X-ray or ultra sounds are directed from the machine outside the body to
stone inside. The shock waves break the stone in tiny pieces or in sand which passes through urine. This
method is usual use for stones present in kidney ureter or gall bladder.
Surgery:
The kidney stones can also be removed by kidney surgery.

23. What is meant by renal failure? (Mul. 04)

Definition:
Due to some pathological and chemical problems the nephron can be destroyed especially its glomerular
part. This condition is called renal failure.

Effects:
This destruction leads to increase in plasma level of urea and other nitrogenous wastes which may
increase blood pressure and ammonia etc.
Cure:
The cure of this disease is by two methods:
(i): Dialysis (ii): Kidney transplant

24. Explain hemodialysis. (Grw. 12)

25. How paritoneal dialysis is done? (Grw. 08)
Renal failure is cured by dialysis which are of the following two types.
Hemodialysis:
The meaning of hemodialysis is cleaning the blood. Blood is circulated through artificial
kidney which is called dialyzer. It is actually a machine which has two spaces separated by
membrane. Blood enters from one side of the membrane and dialysis (clean) fluid on the other side.
The wastes and excess water is passed from the blood through the membrane into dialysis fluid.

Peritoneal Dialysis:
The abdomen has a peritoneal cavity whose epithelium lining is called peritoneum. Peritoneal cavity
is filled with dialysis fluid that enters the body through catheter. Excess water and wastes pass through the
peritoneum into dialysis fluid. This process is repeated several times in a day.

26. What is uremia? Give its treatment. (Mul. 10 supp.)

• The end stage of renal failure is termed as uremia.
• It is only be treated by kidney transplant.
 Prepared By: Prof. Usman Abdullah (Biology) (0313-7432313) 10
KIPS COLLEGE GRW FOR BOYS Chapter No: 15 (Past Papers+Imp. Questions)

• For transplantation it is necessary that there is cross matching of the kidney.

THERMOREGULATION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

27. Account main adaptations in plants to high temperature. (Lhr. 05)

How the most plants have adapted to survive in heat stress? (Grw. 10)
Introduction:
In high temperature the following problems can be created:
• The main problem in high temperature is that enzymes of the plants may get denaturized.
• This causes the destruction of metabolism of plant which may kill plants.
Adaptations:
1. Plants produce large quantities of special proteins called shock proteins. These proteins prevent
denaturation.
2. Plants use evaporative cooling to manage with high temperature.

28. What are heat shock proteins? (Fsd. 12)

The specialized proteins in plants which can tolerate very high temperature without denaturation of
plant enzymes and hormones are called heat-shock proteins.

29. Differentiate between ectotherms and endotherms. (Fsd. 07, Lhr., 09, Sgd. 10, Grw. 12)
ECTOTHERMS ENDOTHERMS
DEFINITION
The animals which produce very low heat, which The animals that generate their own body heat
can be exchanged with the environment however through heat production as by product of
absorb heat from their surroundings are called metabolism are called endotherms.
ectotherms.
EXAMPLES
Many invertebrates, fishes, amphibians and Birds, some fishes, flying insects.
reptiles.

30. Differentiate poikilotherms with homeotherms. (Mul. 10 Supp.)

Define poikilotherns with an example. (Lhr. 12)
POIKILOTHERMS HOMEOTHERMS
DEFINITION
The animals whose body temperature fluctuates The animals which maintain their stable body
with that of environment are called poikilotherms. temperature and do not change as the temperature
of environment changes are called homeotherms.

EXAMPLES
 Prepared By: Prof. Usman Abdullah (Biology) (0313-7432313) 11
KIPS COLLEGE GRW FOR BOYS Chapter No: 15 (Past Papers+Imp. Questions)

All invertebrates, amphibians and reptiles fall to Birds and mammals.

this group.

31. How land mammals respond to cold weather? (Mul. 07)

Land mammals respond to cold weather in the following ways:
Brown Fat:
Some mammals have brown fat which is specialized for heat production.
Vasoconstriction:
Vasoconstriction, skin blood vessels constrict diverting blood from skin to deeper tissues and
reducing heat loss from skin surface.
Raise of Furs:
Most land mammals in the low temperature raise the furs. In doing so, they can trap the thicker layer
of still air which acts as a good insulator between animal skin and surroundings.
Shivering and Non-Shivering thermogenesis:
Most land mammals in the low temperature

32. Differentiate between shivering and non-shivering thermogenesis. (Mul. 10)

SHIVERING THERMOGENESIS NON-SHIVERING THERMOGENESIS
The rate of heat production is increased by The rate of heat production is increased by thyroid
increased muscle contraction, movements or hormones is called non-shivering thermogenesis.
shivering is called shivering thermogenesis.

33. How marine mammals inhibiting in cold water regulate their body temperature?
(Fsd. 10)
What is blubber and in which animals is it found? (Mul. 09)
Some of marine mammals as whales and seals inhibit much colder water than their blood temperature;
have a thick layer of insulating fat called blubber just under the skin.

34. Differentiate between pyrogens and pyrexia. (Sgd. 09)

PYROGENS PYREXIA
When any infection is caused due to some pathogen Pyrogens displace the set point of hypothalamus
then the number of leukocytes is increased. above normal point of 37ºC. this condition is called
Pathogens and leukocytes produce chemicals are pyrexia or fever.
called pyrogens.

35. Explain pyrexia. (Mul. 06, Lhr. 08, Grw. 05, 09)
 Prepared By: Prof. Usman Abdullah (Biology) (0313-7432313) 12
KIPS COLLEGE GRW FOR BOYS Chapter No: 15 (Past Papers+Imp. Questions)

What are pyrogens? How they affect hypothalamus. (Mul. 10, 10 supp.)
When any infection is caused due to some pathogen then the number of leukocytes is increased.
Pathogens and leukocytes produce chemicals is called pyrogens. Pyrogens displace the set point of
hypothalamus above normal point of 37ºC. this is called pyrexia.

36. Write down the structural formula of urea and uric acid. (Fsd. 08, Lhr. 10, 12)
37. Drawa metabolic pathway in urea cycle. (Fsd. 09)
38. Skin does not come within the definition of excretory organ. Comment. (Sgd. 10)

SUBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
• How osmoregulation occur in animals in different environments? Explain.
• Discuss osmoregulation in marine envirnment. (Grw. 12)
(Mul. 08, [Link] 11)
• How plants have adopted in xerophytes conditions. (Lhr. 05)
• Define excretion. Write a detail note on excretion in plants. (Grw. 08, Mul. 05, 08 supp., Lhr. 12)
• Discuss the nature of excretory products in animals to various habitats, specifically is association of water
availability. (Lhr. 09, Grw. 10)
• Describe excretion in grasshopper. (Lhr. 05)
• Describe excretory organs/system of cockroach. (Mul. 05)
• Define excretion in earthworm and compare it with planaria. (Mul. 10)
• Give the major homeostatic functions of liver in man. (Fsd. 08, Sgd. 09)
• Highlight the role of liver as an excretory organ. (Lhr. 06)
• Describe the urinary system of Man. (Mul. 06, Sgd. 10)
• Explain the function of nephron in human kidney. (Lhr. 07)
• What is nephron? Explain its structure. (Grw. 07, Lhr. 12, Fsd. 12)
• Describe the structure and function of the urinary system in man with special refernce to nephron.
(Grw., 09)
• Describe various kidney problems and their cure. (Lhr. 08, 10, Mul. 07, 09)
• Write short notes on mechanism of counter-current multipler. (Mul. 05)
• Define thermoregulation. Discuss various adaptations by plants to low and high temperature. (Mul.
04)
• What is the regulation of heat exchange between animals and environment? (Mul. 05)
• Explain thermoregulation in mammals. (Fsd. 10)
• Describe osmoregulation in terresterial environment. (Lhr. 11)