DEVELOPMENT

Development : It means the increase in real per capita income over a long period of time
which will increase economic welfare by reducing poverty, illiteracy, unemployment and
crime in society.

→ Real income : → Related to production

→ when real income increases, economic welfare is also increased which leads to reduction
of poverty, illiteracy, unemployment & crime.

Growth : It means the increase in the income of a person over a long period of time.

→ Development is a broad concept which includes growth.

→ Growth is a part of development.

→ Development has both economic and social aspect but growth has only economic aspect.

1.9) Difference between developed and developing economy.

Developed economy | Developing economy

→ Per capita income is more | → Per capita income is less

→ have improved infrastructure | → have dualistic economy

→ Major source of income is service & industry | → Major source of income is agriculture

→ Ex : USA | → Ex : India

→ People are able to fulfill their dreams & aspirations through a democratic political process
(objective question.)

DIFFERENT DEVELOPMENTAL GOALS

→ Needs / requirements

→ Occupation

→ Income
→ Social environment

→ Education

1) Developmental goals of landless rural labourers

→ A regular work with better wage

→ There should not be any social discrimination and

→ He must be able to become the head of the village

→ Quality education for his children in govt. schools

2) Developmental goals of prosperous farmer from Punjab

→ Declaration of high Minimum support price (MSP) from the government

→ No harassment by labour at less wage

→ settle his children abroad

3) Developmental goals of farmers depending on rain

→ Increase at regular interval

→ Provision of better irrigation facilities by the govt.

4) Developmental goals of rural women from a land owning family

→ Equal rights for them in taking decision in family

• Better education and facilities for her children.

5) Developmental goals of a urban unemployed youth

→ To get a job as soon as possible

→ If he wants not get the job, government would provide cheap credit (loan at low rate of
interest), so that they can be self employed.
6) Developmental goals of a boy from rich urban family

→ To get all the modern amenities of life

→ Exposure to better education facilities

7) Developmental goals of a girl from rich urban family

→ To get a more freedom as her brother

→ Freedom to take her independent decisions

8) Developmental goals of adivasis from Narmada valley

→ They should not be evicted from their native place

→ If they will be displaced govt. should provide proper rehabilitation facilities to them

DEVELOPMENTAL GOAL OF A COUNTRY

→ More real per capita income

→ Improvement in social infrastructure

Developmental goal of a student

→ To become a good human being

→ Achieve quality education

CONFLICTING DEVELOPMENTAL GOALS

→ One programme of one is at the cost of other when one person is getting benefit the other
person is bearing the loss.

Eg :-
→ Landless rural labourers and prosperous farmers

→ Adivasis from Narmada valley

→ Industrialist

2.4) Developmental goals are not only different but also conflicting in nature.
Illustrate the statement.

INCOME AND OTHER GOALS

Q) For development people look at a mix of goals. Justify.

Ans : Apart from income people seek other things for development.

→ equal treatment

→ freedom

→ respect

→ security

→ One cannot measure the worth & friendship in one’s life.

→ When a person is getting job outside, before joining them he will think about :

→ Transport

→ Opportunity for high growth

→ Facilities for family

→ Permanent job with less salary is preferable than contractual job with more salary

→ When women are working outside, increase their social status but at the same time safe &
secure work environment & sharing of household responsibility plays an important role.

So from here we conclude that for development people look at a mix of goals.
Q) Developmental goals are different for different group of people. Some
goals may be over expectations or can be destructive for other. For example
explain.

i) A girl expects freedom and equal opportunity as her brother but this will make the brother
share in household which he will not like.

ii) To generate electricity industrialisation will require more dams. This will submerge the
land and disrupt the lives of people like tribals,who deserves to prefer small check dams or
tanks to irrigate the fields.

iii) One goal of landless labourers is to get higher wages. But in their most needing time
when the supply is more and demand is less the prosperous farmers hire them at lower
wages.

NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT
→ It is a comprehensive term which includes :

i) Increase in per capita income

ii) Improvement in standard of living of the people

iii) Development of social infrastructure

ASPECTS

1. Judicious use of resources

2. The policies & programs implemented by the govt. which will provide benefit to large
no. of people
3. Government must spend more for the development of social infrastructure like health,
education, transport, communication etc.

COMPARING COUNTRIES
→ Criteria : per capita income

→ National Income : The value of all the final goods and services produced in a country
during a year + net factor income coming from abroad.

2.7) For comparing countries their income is considered as one of the main
aspect and attribute. Justify.

Ans :
i) Countries with higher income are more developed than others with less income.

ii) More income means more of all things that human being need.

iii) Whatever people like & should have, they will be able to get with greater income.

iv) So, greater income itself is considered to be one important goal.

LIMITATION OF NATIONAL INCOME

1. Population varies between countries : The countries with more population having less
income their total income will be more than less populated countries with more
income.
2. Distribution of income is ignored : Income get equally with some play a less role &
also some play a major role in income distribution.
3. The social aspect plays a key role in development which is not included in national
income.
4. The non-material goods & services plays an important role in human happiness and
better quality of life.

PER CAPITA INCOME

→ Per capita income is the ratio of national income divided by total population.

ADVANTAGES OF PER CAPITA INCOME

1. Average income indicate the average standard of living of people living in a country
so it is more reliable for making comparison.

DRAWBACKS OF PER CAPITA INCOME

1. It hides disparities.

COUNTRY – Monthly income of citizens (in rupees)

Country A : 10200, 9800, 10000, 9500, 10500 → Average 10000

Country B : 500, 500, 500, 500, 48000 → Average 10000

2. Social aspect plays a key role in development which is not included in national
income.
3. Non-material goods & services also play an important role.
PUBLIC FACILITIES
→ Essential facilities provided by the govt. at a cheap rate for the benefit of large no. of
people.

→ Most of the people take the advantage of these facilities as it is affordable (basic services).

Ex :-

→ Schools should be by the govt.

→ Ration shops

→ Hospitals should also be by the govt.

Q) Money in your pocket can’t buy all the goods & services that we need to
live well. Illustrate the statement.

Ans :→ Facilities provided collectively is cheaper

→ Non-material goods & services plays important role in human welfare & better
qualification.

→ Kerala is considered as developed state due to human resource development in Andhra

Pradesh & Tamil Nadu poverty is less due to well functioning of PDS.

→ Money can’t buy us a pollution free environment or ensure that you get unadulterated
medicines.

→ Money may also not be able to protect you from infectious disease.

BODY MASS INDEX (BMI)

Weight in (kgs)/Height in (m²)

→ Less than 18.5 (malnourished) & more than 27.5 (overweight)

→ Provides data about nutritional status of the people in country.

→ BMI isn’t applicable for growing children.

Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)

→ IMR indicate the no. of children that die before the age of 1 year out of every 1000 live
births.

SUSTAINABILITY OF DEVELOPMENT

Q. Though middle east countries have higher incomes, but they are considered
less developed. Give reasons.

Ans :

i) Small countries in a large number depend only on oil production for their income.

ii) However the income is not shared equally among the people of the country. The gap
between rich and poor is huge.

iii) They don’t have well developed social infrastructures like health and educational
facilities.

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

→ Development of present needs without compromising need of future generations.

Importance of Sustainable Development

→ Judicious use of resources : It helps us to avoid overuse of resources and preserve them for
future.

→ It protects the environment and ensures better standard of living for [Link] :- If one
tree is cut for industrialisation, in turn ten trees are planted to maintain ecological balance.

→ Conserve the resources : Resources may be renewable or non-renewable. If we use it

indiscriminately it will be exhausted in a few years. So our future generations may not be
able to use these resources.
→ For instance : Over use of groundwater, crude oil, different minerals, flora and fauna etc.

GROUND WATER IN INDIA

→ Ground water is a renewable resource. But it is overused at a rate more that it is
replenished naturally by rain water.

→ It is particularly found in Punjab and UP. As these are agriculturally prosperous regions
and depend on Green Revolution, so they overuse groundwater for irrigation of crops.

→ With more and more industrialisation for mining etc. in hard rock plateaus of central and
south India water reserves like rivers are being contaminated. It leads to dependence of
masses on ground water i.e. fresh.

→ In coastal areas also due to increase in irrigation of crops.

→ Large and ever growing population and consequently greater stress on available but
limited fresh water resources.

Q. Distinguish between renewable and non-renewable resources.

Renewable Resources | Non-renewable Resources

→ They are non-exhaustible and replenished by nature in very short time | → They get
exhausted when consumed continuously & may not be replenished by nature

→ It is eco-friendly as the amount of carbon emission is low | → It is harmful to environment

as amount of carbon emission is high

→ Ex : Ground water, solar energy etc. | → Ex : Crude oil, minerals, coal etc.

Q. Consequence of environment degradation do not restrict national or state

boundaries. Explain.

Ans : The environmental issue may be caused by some regions but the whole world is
suffering from it impact such as :

1. Ground water overuse : Over use of ground water by any regions drains less water to
ocean. This increase salinity of sea water which is a serious problem faced by whole
world.
 2. Crude oil : It is a non-renewable resource fixed in amount. Overuse by any country
creates a shortage for all.
3. Global warming : Due to vast industrialisation, glaciers are melting which increases
atmospheric temperature all over the world.
4. Ozone layer depletion : Due to rapid set-up of factories and use of CFCs, holes are
created in ozone layer. And sun’s UV rays directly attack the whole world.
5. Water pollution : Due to contamination of rivers, lakes etc. they drain poisoned water
to seas which cause disease to everyone.

Q. “Question of development is perennial.” Justify.

Ans :→ Development is a continuous process with the ever growing demands of people in
various fields.

→ It takes place in form of addition of good factors and deleting the ill factors in society for
betterment of us and environment.

→ For instance : with the growing demands of people the number and variety of shops and
malls are increasing day by day.

Importance of public facilities

→ It is provided by government collectively for the betterment of community at large at
cheaper rate.

→ As it is cheaper, people having low income as well can afford them.

→ With the development of health facilities publicly, now many people lead a healthy life
and can contribute positively towards development.

→ With collective education system, more people get educated. As a result, it enhance
quality of people turning them into human capital.

HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT

→ It is used for comparing 189 countries by UNDP through the average of PCI, health and
education i.e. parameters of development.

→ India ranks 180 as per latest reports in 2018.

→ Life expectancy at birth : Average expected length of life of a person at time of birth.
→ PCI : calculated in $ for all countries to compare → every $ buy same amount of good &
service in any country.

Q. Distinguish between World Bank and UNDP

World Bank | UNDP

→ World bank uses single criteria i.e. PCI for measuring development | → UNDP uses
composite development like avg. of educational attainment, health & PCI for measuring
development

→ It has a narrow concept of only income as base | → It has a broad concept containing all
imp. component of human development

→ It has divided the countries into high and medium low income | → It ranks different
countries on level of diff. component of development

→ How can one achieve his / her hopes and possibilities → Through democratic political
process

→ Literacy rate – state comparison

→ IMR – state comparison

→ Adult literacy – country comparison

→ Gross enrollment ratio – country comparison

→ Health care – state comparison

WDR vs HDR

WDR

→ Focuses only on one aspect that is per capita income.

→ Takes into account quantitative aspect of development.

→ It includes GDP, national income & PCI.

HDR

→ Focuses more on quality of life.

→ It takes into account of the parameters like better education and health facilities.

→ It includes literacy rate, life expectancy & infant mortality rate.