COMPUTER ORGANIZATION AND ARCHITECTURE
UNIT – I
Introduction: Digital Computers, Von Neumann computers, Basic organization of a computer,
Data Representation: Data types, Complements, Fixed-point representation, Conversion of
fractions, Floating-point representation.
Register Transfer and Micro operations: Register transfer language, Register transfer, Bus
and Memory transfers, Arithmetic Micro operations, Logic Micro operations, Shift Micro
operations, Arithmetic Logic Shift Unit
UNIT – II
Basic Computer Organization and Design: Instruction Codes, Computer Registers,
Computer Instructions, Timing and Control, Instruction Cycle, Memory-Reference
instructions, Input-Output and Interrupt, Complete Computer Description, Design of Basic
computer
Programming the Basic Computer: Introduction, Machine Language, Assembly language,
The Assembler, Program Loops, Programming Arithmetic and Logic Operations
Micro programmed Control: Control Memory, Address Sequencing, Micro program
Example, Design of Control Unit (Preferably from Reference Book 2 )
UNIT – III
Central Processing Unit: Introduction, General Register Organization, Stack organization,
Instruction Formats, Addressing Modes, Data transfer and Manipulation, Program Control,
Reduced Instruction Set Computer
Computer Arithmetic: Introduction, Addition and Subtraction, Multiplication Algorithms,
Division Algorithms, Floating-Point Arithmetic Operations, Decimal Arithmetic Unit, Decimal
Arithmetic Operations.
UNIT – IV
Input-Output organization: Peripheral Devices, Input-Output Interface, Asynchronous Data
Transfer, Modes of Transfer, Priority Interrupt, Direct Memory Access (DMA), Input-Output
Processor (IOP), Serial Communication.
UNIT – V
Memory Organization: Memory Hierarchy, Main Memory, Auxiliary Memory, Associative
Memory, Cache Memory, Virtual Memory, Memory Management Hardware.
LINEAR AND DIGITAL IC APPLICATIONS
UNIT – I
Operational Amplifier: Ideal and Practical Op-Amp, Op-Amp Characteristics, DC and AC
Characteristics, features of 741 Op-Amp, Modes of Operation-Inverting, Non-Inverting,
Differential, Instrumentation Amplifier, AC Amplifier, Differentiators and Integrators,
Comparators, Schmitt Trigger, Introduction to Voltage Regulators, Features of 723 Regulator,
Three Terminal Voltage Regulators.
UNIT – II
Op-Amp, IC-555 & IC565 Applications: Introduction to Active Filters, Characteristics of
Bandpass, Band reject and All Pass Filters, Analysis of 1st order LPF & HPF Butterworth
Filters, Waveform Generators – Triangular, Sawtooth, Square Wave, IC555 Timer-Functional
Diagram, Monostable and Astable Operations, Applications, IC565 PLL-Block Schematic,
principle and Applications.
UNIT – III
Data Converters: Introduction, Basic DAC techniques, Different types of DACs-Weighted
resistor DAC, R-2R ladder DAC, Inverted R-2R DAC, Different Types of ADCs – Parallel
Comparator Type ADC, Counter Type ADC, Successive Approximation ADC and Dual Slope
ADC, DAC and ADC Specifications.
UNIT – IV
Combinational Logic ICs: Specifications and Applications of TTL-74XX & CMOS 40XX
Series ICs - Code Converters, Decoders, LED & LCD Decoders with Drivers, Encoders,
Priority Encoders, Multiplexers, De-multiplexers, Priority Generators/Checkers, Parallel
Binary Adder/Subtractor, Magnitude Comparators.
UNIT – V
Sequential Logic IC’s and Memories: Familiarity with commonly available 74XX &
CMOS40XX Series ICs - All Types of Flip-flops, Synchronous Counters, Decade Counters,
Shift Registers. Memories - ROM Architecture, Types of ROMS & Applications, RAM
Architecture, Static & Dynamic RAMs.
EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
UNIT – I
INTRODUCTION: Embedded System-Definition, history of embedded systems,
classification of embedded systems, major application areas of embedded systems, purpose of
embedded systems, the typical embedded system-core of the embedded system, Memory,
Sensors and Actuators, Communication Interface, Embedded firmware, Characteristics of an
embedded system, Quality attributes of embedded systems, Application-specific and
DomainSpecific examples of an embedded system.
UNIT – II
EMBEDDED HARDWARE DESIGN: Analog and digital electronic components, I/O types
and examples, Serial communication devices, Parallel device ports, Wireless devices, Timer
and counting devices, Watchdog timer, Real time clock.
UNIT – III
EMBEDDED FIRMWARE DESIGN: Embedded Firmware design approaches, Embedded
Firmware development languages, ISR concept, Interrupt sources, Interrupt servicing
mechanism, Multiple interrupts, DMA, Device driver programming, Concepts of C versus
Embedded C and Compiler versus Cross-compiler.
UNIT – IV
REAL TIME OPERATING SYSTEM: Operating system basics, Types of operating systems,
Tasks, Process and Threads, Multiprocessing and Multitasking, Task Scheduling, Threads,
Processes and Scheduling, Task communication, Task synchronization.
HARDWARE SOFTWARE CO-DESIGN: Fundamental Issues in Hardware Software Co-
Design, Computational models in embedded design, Hardware software Trade-offs, Integration
of Hardware and Firmware.
UNIT – V
EMBEDDED SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT, IMPLEMENTATION AND TESTING: The
integrated development environment, Types of files generated on cross-compilation,
Deassembler/ De-compiler, Simulators, Emulators and Debugging, Target hardware
debugging, Embedded Software development process and tools, Interpreters, Compilers and
Linkers, debugging tools, Quality assurance and testing of the design, Testing on host machine,
Simulators, Laboratory Tools.
DIGITAL ELECTRONICS
UNIT – I
REVIEW OF NUMBER SYSTEMS & CODES: Representation of numbers of different
radix, conversation from one radix to another radix, r 1’s compliments and r’s compliments of
signed members. Gray code ,4 – bit codes; BCD, Excess-3, 2421, 84-2-1 code etc. Error
detection & correction codes: parity checking, even parity, odd parity, Hamming code.
UNIT – II
BOOLEAN THEOREMS AND LOGIC OPERATIONS: Boolean theorems, principle of
complementation & duality, De-Morgan theorems. Logic operations; Basic logic operations -
NOT, OR, AND, Universal Logic operations, EX-OR, EX-NOR operations. Standard SOP and
POS Forms, NAND-NAND and NOR-NOR realizations, Realization of three level logic
circuits. Study the pin diagram and obtain truth table for the following relevant ICs
7400,7402,7404,7408,7432,7486.
MINIMIZATION TECHNIQUES: Minimization and realization of switching functions
using Boolean theorems, K-Map (up to 6 variables) and tabular method (Quine-mcCluskey
method) with only four variables and single function.
UNIT – III
COMBINATIONAL LOGIC CIRCUITS DESIGN: Design of Half adder, full adder, half
subtractor, full subtractor, applications of full adders; 4 bit adder-subtractor circuit, BCD adder
circuit, Excess 3 adder circuit and carry look-a-head adder circuit, Design code converts using
Karnaugh method and draw the complete circuit diagrams.
COMBINATIONAL LOGIC CIRCUITS DESIGN USING MSI &LSI: Design of encoder,
decoder, multiplexer and de-multiplexers, Implementation of higher order circuits using lower
order circuits. Realization of Boolean functions using decoders and multiplexers. Design of
Priority encoder, 4-bit digital comparator and seven segment decoder. . Study the relevant ICs
pin diagrams and their functions 7442,7447,7485,74154
UNIT – IV
SEQUENTIAL CIRCUITS: Classification of sequential circuits (synchronous and
asynchronous), operation of NAND & NOR latches and flip-flops; truth tables and excitation
tables of RS flip-flop, JK flip-flop, T flip-flop, D flip-flop with reset and clear terminals.
Conversion from one flip-flop to another flip-flop. Design of 5ripple counters, design of
synchronous counters, Johnson counter, ring counter. Design of registers - Buffer register,
control buffer register, shift register, bi directional shift register, universal shift, register.
UNIT – V
INTRODUCTION OF PLD’s: PLDs: PROM, PAL, PLA -Basics structures, realization of
Boolean functions, Programming table. ROM: Internal structure, Static RAM: Internal
structure, Dynamic RAM: Internal structure.