1. What is a Water Supply System? Explain Its Importance.
A water supply system is a system that collects, treats, stores, and distributes safe and
adequate water to consumers for domestic, industrial, commercial, and public uses.
Importance of Water Supply System:
1. Provides safe and clean drinking water for maintaining public health.
2. Helps in sanitation and hygiene, reducing water-borne diseases.
3. Supports domestic activities such as cooking, bathing, and washing.
4. Supplies water for industrial, agricultural, and commercial purposes.
5. Ensures adequate water availability for firefighting and other public services.
Thus, a water supply system is essential for the health, economic development, and overall
well-being of society.
1. Differentiate Between Underground Reservoir (UGR) and Overhead Tank (OHT)
Underground Reservoir (UGR) Overhead Tank (OHT)
Constructed below ground level. Constructed above ground level on a
staging structure.
Stores water collected from the source Stores water for distribution to consumers.
before pumping.
Requires pumping to supply water. Supplies water by gravity.
Less exposed to environmental effects. More exposed to environmental effects.
Generally used as a balancing and storage Generally used to maintain pressure in the
reservoir. distribution system.
1. What Are the Types of Water Supply Pipes Used in Buildings?
The common types of water supply pipes used in buildings are:
1. Cast Iron (CI) Pipes
2. Galvanized Iron (GI) Pipes
3. Steel Pipes
4. Copper Pipes
5. Plastic Pipes (PVC and CPVC)
6. Polyethylene (PE/HDPE) Pipes
7. Concrete Pipes
8. Asbestos Cement (AC) Pipes
These pipes are selected based on factors such as durability, cost, pressure requirements,
and water quality.
1. Write Short Notes on GI Pipe and PVC Pipe
GI Pipe (Galvanized Iron Pipe): GI pipe is a steel pipe coated with zinc to protect it from
rust and corrosion. It is strong, durable, and commonly used for water supply systems in
buildings. However, it is heavier and more expensive than plastic pipes.
PVC Pipe (Polyvinyl Chloride Pipe): PVC pipe is a lightweight plastic pipe widely used for
water supply and drainage systems. It is corrosion-resistant, easy to install, economical, and
has a smooth internal surface that reduces friction loss. However, it is less resistant to high
temperatures compared to metal pipes.
1. List Common Pipe Fittings Used in Water Supply Systems
The common pipe fittings used in water supply systems are:
1. Elbow
2. Tee
3. Cross
4. Coupling
5. Union
6. Reducer
7. Socket
8. Nipple
9. Cap
10.Plug
11.Bend
12.Flange
13.Adapter
14.Valve
15.Ferrule
1. What is a Septic Tank? Explain Its Working Principle.
A septic tank is an underground watertight chamber used for the primary treatment and
disposal of domestic sewage in areas where a centralized sewerage system is not available.
Working Principle:
1. Sewage from the building enters the septic tank through an inlet pipe.
2. Heavy solid particles settle at the bottom and form sludge.
3. Lighter materials such as oil and grease float on the surface and form scum.
4. Anaerobic bacteria decompose the organic matter present in the sludge.
5. The partially treated liquid (effluent) flows out through the outlet pipe to a soak pit or
drainage field for further treatment and disposal.
Thus, a septic tank treats sewage by sedimentation and anaerobic digestion before final
disposal.
1. Differentiate Between Septic Tank and Soak Pit
Septic Tank Soak Pit
It is a sewage treatment unit. It is a disposal unit for wastewater.
Separates and partially treats sewage. Disposes treated effluent into the ground.
Constructed as a watertight chamber. Constructed with porous walls or openings.
Sludge and scum are formed inside the No sludge treatment takes place.
tank.
Requires periodic cleaning and Requires comparatively less maintenance.
maintenance.
Installed before the soak pit in the drainage Installed after the septic tank.
system.
1. What is the Function of a Vent Pipe in Sewerage System?
A vent pipe in a sewerage system is used to provide proper ventilation of sewer gases and
maintain safe and efficient flow in the drainage system.
Functions of Vent Pipe:
1. Removes foul and toxic gases (like methane and hydrogen sulfide) from the sewer
system.
2. Maintains atmospheric pressure inside sewer pipes.
3. Prevents formation of vacuum and back pressure in the drainage system.
4. Helps in smooth flow of wastewater by avoiding air locks.
5. Reduces bad odor in bathrooms and surroundings.
Thus, a vent pipe ensures safe operation, good hygiene, and proper functioning of the
sewerage system.
1. What is a Manhole? Write Its Importance.
A manhole is a covered vertical access structure provided in a sewerage system to allow
entry for inspection, cleaning, maintenance, and repair of underground sewer pipes.
Importance of Manhole:
1. Provides access to underground sewer lines for maintenance and inspection.
2. Helps in cleaning and removing blockages in sewer pipes.
3. Allows joining of sewer pipes at different directions and depths.
4. Facilitates ventilation of sewer gases.
5. Helps in checking the flow and condition of the sewer system.
6. Reduces damage and improves the lifespan of the drainage system.
Thus, a manhole is an essential component for proper operation and maintenance of
sewerage systems.
1. Mention Types of Sewerage Pipes Used in Buildings
The common types of sewerage pipes used in buildings are:
1. Cast Iron (CI) Pipes
2. Concrete Pipes
3. Asbestos Cement (AC) Pipes
4. PVC (Polyvinyl Chloride) Pipes
5. UPVC Pipes
6. Stoneware (Vitrified Clay) Pipes
7. HDPE (High-Density Polyethylene) Pipes
8. Steel Pipes (rarely used in sewerage systems)
These pipes are selected based on strength, durability, corrosion resistance, cost, and ease
of installation.
1. What are the General Principles of Electrical Installation in Buildings?
The general principles of electrical installation in buildings are:
1. Safety – Installation must ensure protection against electric shock, fire, and overload.
2. Proper Design – Wiring system should be designed according to load requirements.
3. Load Estimation – Accurate calculation of total electrical load is necessary.
4. Proper Earthing – Effective earthing system must be provided for safety.
5. Use of Standard Materials – Quality approved wires, switches, and accessories
should be used.
6. Easy Maintenance – Installation should allow easy inspection and repair.
7. Efficient Layout – Wiring should be neat, short, and well-organized to reduce loss.
8. Provision of Protection Devices – Use of fuses, MCBs, and circuit breakers for
protection.
9. Future Expansion – Design should allow future load extension if required.
10.Compliance with Standards – Installation must follow national electrical codes and
standards.
1. Differentiate Between Surface Wiring and Concealed Wiring
Surface Wiring Concealed Wiring
Wires are laid on the surface of walls or Wires are hidden inside walls, pipes, or
ceilings. conduits.
Easy to install and maintain. Difficult to install and repair.
Less expensive. More expensive.
Not very attractive in appearance. Gives a neat and aesthetic appearance.
More exposed to mechanical damage. Protected from external damage.
Commonly used in temporary installations. Commonly used in permanent modern
buildings.
1. What is Earthing? Why is it Necessary?
Earthing: Earthing is the process of connecting the non-current carrying metal parts of
electrical equipment to the ground (earth) to ensure safety from electric shock and fault
currents.
Necessity of Earthing:
1. Protects human life from electric shock.
2. Provides a safe path for leakage or fault current to flow into the ground.
3. Prevents damage to electrical appliances and equipment.
4. Ensures proper operation of protective devices like fuses and circuit breakers.
5. Reduces the risk of electrical fires caused by short circuits or leakage currents.
6. Stabilizes voltage levels in the electrical system.
Thus, earthing is essential for safety, protection, and proper functioning of electrical
installations.
1. What is a Lightning Arrestor? Explain Its Function.
A lightning arrestor is a protective device installed on buildings or electrical systems to
protect them from the damaging effects of lightning strikes by diverting high-voltage surges
safely to the ground.
Functions of Lightning Arrestor:
1. Protects buildings and electrical installations from direct lightning strikes.
2. Provides a low-resistance path for lightning current to flow safely into the earth.
3. Prevents damage to electrical appliances and wiring systems.
4. Reduces the risk of fire caused by lightning-induced surges.
5. Protects human life by minimizing electrical hazards during thunderstorms.
Thus, a lightning arrestor ensures safety of structures, equipment, and occupants from
lightning effects.
1. Write Safety Precautions in Electrical Installation
The important safety precautions in electrical installation are:
1. Always switch off the main supply before working on any electrical circuit.
2. Use properly insulated tools and equipment.
3. Ensure proper earthing of all electrical appliances and installations.
4. Use correct rating of fuses, MCBs, and circuit breakers.
5. Do not overload circuits beyond their designed capacity.
6. Wear rubber gloves and safety shoes while working.
7. Keep electrical installations away from water and moisture.
8. Use standard quality wires and materials only.
9. Properly label all circuits and distribution boards.
10.Regularly inspect and maintain the electrical system.
11.Avoid working on live circuits unless absolutely necessary.
12.Follow national electrical codes and safety standards.
1. What is the Principle of Lighting in Buildings?
The principle of lighting in buildings is to provide sufficient, uniform, and comfortable
illumination in indoor spaces for performing various activities safely and efficiently.
Principles of Lighting:
1. Adequate Illumination – Light should be sufficient for the intended activity.
2. Uniform Distribution – Lighting should be evenly distributed without dark spots or
glare.
3. Glare Control – Excessive brightness that causes discomfort should be avoided.
4. Proper Direction of Light – Light should be directed to useful working areas.
5. Energy Efficiency – Lighting system should minimize energy consumption.
6. Proper Contrast – Good balance between brightness and surrounding environment.
7. Natural and Artificial Balance – Use of daylight along with artificial lighting where
possible.
Thus, proper lighting design ensures comfort, safety, productivity, and energy efficiency in
buildings.
1. Mention Different Types of Lighting Fixtures Used in Buildings
The common types of lighting fixtures used in buildings are:
1. Ceiling Mounted Fixtures – Fixed directly on the ceiling for general lighting.
2. Pendant Fixtures – Suspended from the ceiling using rods or chains.
3. Wall Mounted Fixtures (Sconces) – Installed on walls for decorative and auxiliary
lighting.
4. Recessed Fixtures – Installed inside the ceiling for a neat appearance.
5. Track Lighting Fixtures – Adjustable lights fixed on a track system.
6. Chandelier Fixtures – Decorative lighting used in halls and large rooms.
7. Table Lamps – Portable lighting used on desks or tables.
8. Floor Lamps – Stand-alone lamps used for ambient lighting.
9. Street Light Fixtures – Used for outdoor and public area lighting.
10.Fluorescent and LED Fixtures – Energy-efficient lighting used widely in buildings.
1. Write Short Notes on LED Lighting and Its Advantages
LED Lighting: LED (Light Emitting Diode) lighting is a modern lighting technology that
produces light when an electric current passes through a semiconductor material. It is widely
used in residential, commercial, and industrial buildings due to its efficiency and long service
life.
Advantages of LED Lighting:
1. Energy Efficient – Consumes very low electricity compared to traditional bulbs.
2. Long Life Span – Can last for many years with minimal maintenance.
3. Low Heat Emission – Produces very little heat, making it safe and efficient.
4. Eco-Friendly – Does not contain harmful substances like mercury.
5. Durable – Resistant to shock, vibration, and external damage.
6. Instant Lighting – Provides full brightness immediately when switched on.
7. Low Maintenance Cost – Reduces replacement and maintenance expenses.
8. Better Light Quality – Offers clear, bright, and adjustable lighting options.
1. What is the National Building Code (NBC) of Nepal? Explain Its Objectives.
The National Building Code (NBC) of Nepal is a set of technical rules, guidelines, and
standards formulated by the Government of Nepal to ensure safe, durable, and
earthquake-resistant building construction throughout the country.
Objectives of NBC of Nepal:
1. To ensure safe and earthquake-resistant building design and construction.
2. To standardize building construction practices across Nepal.
3. To protect life and property from structural failures and disasters.
4. To promote quality control in construction materials and workmanship.
5. To regulate building design, approval, and construction procedures.
6. To ensure environmental safety and sustainable construction practices.
7. To guide engineers, architects, and builders with proper technical standards.
8. To improve urban planning and organized development of settlements.
Thus, NBC of Nepal plays a key role in safe and systematic building construction in the
country.
1. Why is NBC Important for Building Construction in Nepal?
The National Building Code (NBC) of Nepal is important for building construction because it
ensures safety, quality, and standardization in the construction industry, especially in a
country prone to earthquakes.
Importance of NBC in Nepal:
1. Ensures earthquake-resistant design and construction of buildings.
2. Protects human life and property from structural failures and disasters.
3. Provides uniform standards for planning, design, and construction.
4. Improves quality control of construction materials and workmanship.
5. Guides engineers, architects, and builders with technical rules.
6. Supports safe urban development and proper land use planning.
7. Reduces risks of building collapse during natural hazards.
8. Helps government in regulating and approving building construction.
9. Promotes sustainable and safe construction practices.
Thus, NBC is essential for safe, durable, and systematic building development in Nepal.