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Computer Fundamental
1) Define communication.
 Communication means exchange of ideas, views, opinion,
emotions, facts or information between two or more persons by
any medium.
2) Define computer Network.
 Interconnection of two or more than two computer by wire or
wireless to share data, information, hardware and software with
other users is called computer network.
3) List any two advantages and disadvantages of computer
network.
 The advantages of computer network are :
i. Data backup and recovery is possible.
ii. Faster and cheap communication possible.
 The disadvantages of computer network are :
i. Cyber crime are originated from computer network.
ii. Virus can spread each mostly through computer network.
4) Define bandwidth.
 Bandwidth, or network bandwidth, is the maximum data transfer
rate of a network or Internet connection.
5) Write the different services of the internet.
 The services of internet are Email, online gaming, E-commerce,
FTP, social media, etc.
6) What is networking topology ?
 Topology refers to the way in which a network is laid out
physically.
7) What do you mean by ICT ?
 ICT refers to the technologies that provide access to information
through telecommunications.
8) Write the advantages and disadvantages of ICT.
 The advantages of ICT are :
i. Communication has become quicker and more efficient.
ii. Creation of new and interesting jobs.
 The disadvantages of ICT are :
i. Lack of job security
ii. Too expensive to afford
9) What is computer ethics?
 Computer ethics is the set of moral principles that regulates the
use of computer.
10) List the different ethical issues in ICT.
 The different ethical issues in ICT are:
i. Cybercrime
ii. Cyber bullying
iii. Plagiarism
iv. Cracker
11) Write the different types of topologies with advantages and
disadvantages.
 Bus Topology:
The advantages of bus topologies are :
i. Easy to install and cheap.
ii. Less cable required
The disadvantages of bus topologies are:
i. It covers small geographical area.
ii. Possibility of data collision
 Ring topology:
The advantages of ring topologies are :
i. It is easy to install.
ii. All computer are given equal access to the network.
The disadvantages of ring topologies are :
i. Difficult to configuration
ii. Adding and removing nodes disturbs the entire network.
 Star Topology:
The advantages of star topologies are :
i. Easy to install.
ii. High data transmission is possible.
The disadvantages of star topologies are :
i. Require more cables.
ii. Difficult to expand.
 Tree Topology:
The advantages of tree topology are :
i. Easy to add new nodes to branches.
ii. It supports various types of cables.
The disadvantages of tree topology are :
i. It is expensive.
ii. Yes reliable.
 Mesh topology:
The advantages of mesh topology are :
i. Fastest data transmission
ii. More reliable
The disadvantages of mesh topology are :
i. Difficult to install.
ii. It is expensive.
12) Define hacker and cracker.
 Hacker is someone who uses a computer system to gain
unauthorized access to another system for data.
 Cracker is someone who breaks into someone computer system
on a network intentionally to breaches a computer security.
13) What is electronic transaction ?
 Electronic transaction is transactions of electronic records data
by using any types of electronic means.
14) What is digital citizenship. Write it’s importance.
 Digital citizenship refers to responsible use of technology by
anyone who uses computers, the internet, and digital services to
engage to society in any level. The importance of digital
citizenship are:
i. Allows for equal accessibility to technology for everyone
ii. The electronic exchange of information.
15) What do you mean by digital footprints?
 A digital footprint is a trail of data you create while using the
internet.
16) What is cyber crime ?
 Cybercrime is criminal activity done using computers and the
internet.
17) What is cyber bullying?
 Cyber bullying is the use of digital communication tools ( such as
internet and cell phones ) to make another person feel angry sad
usually again and again.
18) What do you mean by social media ? Give examples
 Social media means websites and applications that enable users
to create and share content or to participate in social networking.
Facebook, twitter, instagram are examples of social network.
19) List the different opportunities and threats of social media.
 The opportunities of social media are:
i. Easy to educate
ii. Helps in building communities
 The threats in social media are :
1. Cheating and relationship issues.
2. Addiction
20) What is cyber law ?
 Cyber law is the area of law that regulates the use of computer
and network.
21) What is computer ethics ? List any four commandments of
computer
ethics.
 Computer ethics is the set of moral principles that regulates the
use of computer. The four commandments of computer ethics
are :
i. Do not use computer and network to harm other people.
ii. Do not use computer to steal.
iii. Never harm the public website.
iv. Do not use computer resources without permission.
22) What do you mean by computer security?
 Computer security deals in the protection of data on a network or
desktop computer.
23) What is backup ? Write its importance.
  Making duplicate copies of data so that it may be used to restore
the original after any loss. It is important to protect and restore
your data when something goes wrong.
24) What is biometric?
 Biometrics are unique physical characteristics, such as
fingerprints, that can be used for automated recognition.
25) What is hardware security? Write the measures to protect the
computer hardware.
 The security given to the various hardware equipment from being
damaged by any hazard is known as hardware security.
The measures to protect computer hardware are :
i. Regular maintenance of computer
ii. Hardware insurance
iii. Use of power protection devices
iv. Protection of computer from fire
26) What is software security? Write the measures to protect
computer
software.
 The security given to the various types of computer software from
being infected is called computer software security. The measures
of software security are :
i. Regular updates
ii. Use of reliable software
iii. Check for viruses regularly
iv. Install latest security patch
27) What is firewall ? Write the importance of firewall
 A firewall is software or firmware that prevents unauthorized
access to a network. A firewall can help protect your computer
and data by managing your network traffic.
28) Define encryption and decryption.
 Encryption is the process by which a readable message is
converted to an unreadable form to prevent unauthorized parties
from reading it. Decryption is the process of converting an
encrypted message back to its original (readable) format. The
original message is called the plaintext message.
29) What is password ? How password secure the data ?
 Password is a series of character which is used to prevent from
unauthorized access to computer system and networks. Strong
passwords can help keep your data locked down and prevents
from unauthorized access.
30) Write the criteria for creating strong passwords.
 The criteria for creating strong passwords are :
i. Mix a password with upper and lower case letters, numbers
and symbols.
ii. Avoid Passwords Containing Info Easily Found Online
iii. Use a Unique Password for Every Website or App
 iv. Beware Where You Enter Your Password
31) Write the importance of data security.
 The importance of data security are :
i. Data security safeguards digital data from unwanted access,
corruption or theft.
ii. proper computer security helps prevent from viruses
32) What is Cryptography? List the different components of
Cryptography.
 Cryptography is a method of protecting information and
communications through the use of codes, so that only those for
whom the information is intended can read and process it.
 It’s components are :
Encryption Key, Decryption Key, Plain text
33) What is e- commerce ? Give examples of e- commerce
website.
 The buying and selling of goods or services using the internet is
called e-commerce. Online stores like Amazon, Flipkart, Shopify,
Myntra, Ebay, are examples of E-commerce websites.
34) List the e-commerce website of Nepal.
 The e-commerce website of Nepal [Link],
[Link],[Link],[Link],[Link], [Link].
35) Write the advantages and disadvantages of e-commerce.
 The advantages of e-commerce are :
i. More Opportunities For “Selling.”
ii. Easy for launching of new products.
iii. Saving of time and effort.
 The disadvantages of e-commerce are :
i. Lack of personal touch.
ii. Need of internet for access.
iii. There is no guarantee for the quality products.

36) What is m-commerce ? List it’s applications.

 M-commerce (mobile commerce) is the buying and selling of
goods and services through wireless handheld devices such as
smart phones and tablets. It’s applications are mobile marketing,
healthcare and medicine, gaming, information.
37) Write the advantages and disadvantages of m-commerce.
 The advantages of m-commerce are :
i. Increase in productivity
ii. Entertainment
iii. Location tracking
 The disadvantages of m-commerce are :
i. Security concerns
ii. High start-up cost
iii. Lack of services in rural areas
38) What do you mean by online payment ?
 Online payments refer to the electronic exchange of currency
through the internet.
39) List the advantages and disadvantages of online payment.
 The advantages of online payment are:
i. Increased Speed and Convenience
ii. Reduced transaction costs
 iii. Low risk

 The disadvantages of online payment are :

i. Technical problems
ii. Increased business costs
iii. Limitations on amount & time
40) What is biometric payment ?
 Biometric payment is a technology that uses biometric
authentication based on physical characteristics to identify the
user and authorize the deduction of funds from a bank account.
41) What is cloud computing? List the different cloud service
providers.
 The practice of using a network of remote servers hosted on the
internet to store, manage, and process data, rather than a local
server or a personal computer is called cloud computing. The
cloud service providers are Amazon web services, Oracle cloud,
Google cloud platform, IBM cloud services.
42) Write the services of cloud computing.
 There are also three main types of cloud computing services:
Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS), Platforms-as-a-Service (PaaS),
and Software-as-a-Service (SaaS).
43) Mention the advantages and disadvantages of cloud
computing.
 The advantages of cloud computing are :
i. Less capital expenditures
ii. Backup and recovery
iii. Easier and quicker to administer
iv. Reduced support and hardware needs
 The disadvantages of cloud computing are :
i. Technical issues
ii. Requires good speed internet with good bandwidth
iii. Security and availability
iv. Limited features
44) What do you mean by artificial intelligence? Write the
different applications areas of AI.
 Artificial intelligence is the simulation of human intelligence
processes by machines, especially computer systems. The
different applications areas of AI are gaming, natural language
processing, handwriting recognition, intelligent robot.
45) What are the advantages and disadvantages of AI ?
 The advantages of AI are :
i. Less errors
ii. Faster decision and right decision
iii. Medical applications
iv. Can work 24×7
 The disadvantages of AI are :
 i. Can be very expensive
ii. Unemployment may rise
iii. Lacks in creativity
iv. Dependency on machines

46) What is Virtual Reality? List the different application areas of

VR ?
 An artificial environment creates with computer hardware and
software and presented to the user in such a way that it appears
& feels like a real environment. The application areas of VR are
sport, healthcare, engineering, social apps, cinemas.

47) What is e- governance? List its benefits.

 E- governance is the good usage of information and
communication technologies at the various levels of the
government and the public sector and beyond, for the purpose of
enhancing governance.
The benefits of e-governance are :
i. Better provision for government services
ii. Efficient government management

48) What do you mean by Internet of Things ( IOT )? List it’s

application areas.
 The Internet of Things (IoT) is a network of physical objects that
are fitted with sensors, software and other technologies. It’s
application areas are smart home, smart cities, farming, health
care.

49) Write the advantages and disadvantages of IOT.

 The advantages and disadvantages of IOT are :
i. Easy access to information
ii. Easy to monitor and control things
iii. Quick response
iv. Tracking ability

 The disadvantages of IOT are :

i. Data security.
ii. virus and tracking
iii. Over dependency on Technology
iv. Addiction and time waste

50) What is e-learning? Write it’s advantages.

 E-learning is a type of learning conducted digitally via electronic
media, typically involving the internet. It’s advantages are :
i. Its cost is less than regular classes
ii. Immediate access to information
 iii. Access by learners to teachers and resources, world wide
iv. New educational approaches can be used

Difference Between on :
E-government E- governance
E-government is electronic delivery of E-governance is the use of ICTs by
government services. government to provide public
services to people.
Short term goal and immediate Long term goal and strategy
decision
Influence how decision are made Influence how decision are carried
out
Internet Intranet
It is a public Network. It is a private Network.
Unlimited Users Limited users
There is no owner of internet. Intranet has some owner.
Anyone can access the internet. Only members of university,
company can access intranet.
Simplex Mode Half-duplex Mode Full Duplex Mode
The communication is The communication is The communication is
unidirectional. bi-directional, but one at a bidirectional.
time.
Sender can send data Sender can send the data Sender can send the
but that sender can't and also can receive the data and also can
receive the data. data but one at a time. receive the data
simultaneously.
Keyboard and Walkie-talkie Telephone
Monitor
Intranet Extranet
Intranet is an internal internet of a It is a website of the company
company. accessible to authorized user only.
Regulated by a single company that Regulated b y one or multiple
owns it. companies.
Small number of connected devices Limited number of connected
devices.
Guided Media Unguided media
It is also referred to as wired It is also referred to as wireless
communication. communication.
It gives path to signal for travelling. It doesn't offer any direction.
Used for short distance. Used for larger distance.
Twisted pair cable, fiber optic cable Satellite communication,
 Microwave Transmission
Hub Switch Router
Works in Half duplex Full Duplex Full duplex
mode
Sends data in form of bits. Send data in forms of Sends data in form of
frames. packets.
Used to connect devices to Used to connect Used to connect two
the same network. devices to the network.
network.
Doesn't store any address Stores MAC address Stores IP address
LAN WAN MAN
Local Area Network Wide Area Network Metropolitan Area
Network
High Bandwidth Low Bandwidth Moderate Bandwidth
A network in home. A Network covering a A network in a city.
state or a country.

From – Lokesh Joshi