Republic of the Philippines

POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES

Main Campus, Sta, Mesa, Manila
College of Architecture Design and Built Environment

BUILDING TECHNOLOGY - 2
WOOD / STEEL AND CONCRETE
CONSTRUCTION

Prepared by: MODULE 10

Ar. Maynard M. Muhi, MsCM, UAP
MASONRY
• Understand the different types of masonry in
building construction.

• Understand and design the masonry

requirements, details and design considerations

• Knowledge in the method of construction for

CHB wall construction.
WALL SYSTEM CONSTRUCTION
Wall is a structure defining an exact area and providing safety & shelter
MASONRY
Masonry consists of building structures by laying
individual masonry units (brick, stone, concrete block,
etc). Normally the masonry units are laid with cement
mortar, which binds them together to create a structure.
Masonry construction can provide beautiful walls and
floors at economical prices. Due to the individual masonry
units, masonry construction tends to be quite labor
intensive.
Bricks are still in common use today for
the construction of walls and paving an
BRICK
d for more complex features such
as columns, arches, fireplaces and chi
mneys. They remain popular because
they are relatively small and easy to
handle, can be extremely strong
in compression, are durable and
low maintenance, they can be built up
into complex shapes and can be
visually attractive.
 5 TYPE OF MATERIALS USED FOR BRICKS
1. Burnt Clay Bricks
Burnt clay bricks are the classic
form of brick, created by pressing
wet clay into molds, then drying
and firing in kilns. This is a very
old building material, and found in
many of the ancient structures of
the world. In appearance, these
bricks are solid blocks of
hardened clay, usually reddish in
color.
2. Sand Lime Bricks
Sand lime bricks (also known as
calcium silicate bricks) are made by
mixing sand, fly ash, and lime.
Pigments may also be added for color.
The mixture is then molded under
pressure to form bricks. Sand lime
bricks are not fired in kilns in the same
manner as burnt clay bricks; instead,
the materials bond together by a Sand lime bricks are most
often used in structural
chemical reaction that occurs as the foundations and walls,
wet bricks dry under heat and exposed brick and pillars, and,
pressure. when pigment is added, for
ornamental uses.
3. Engineering Bricks
Engineering bricks are used primarily
in civil projects where strength and
resilience against the elements are
essential. They are clay-based and
can be mixed with many other
materials. What sets engineering
bricks apart from other types is their
extreme durability: They are fired at
excessively high temperatures to
produce a brick as hard as iron.
4. Concrete Bricks
Concrete bricks are made from solid
concrete poured into molds. They are
traditionally used in internal brickwork,
but are more frequently being used in
exterior work, such as facades and
fences, to provide a modern or urban
aesthetic. Due to their durability,
concrete bricks can be used in almost
any type of construction, except
underground, since they tend to be
porous.
5. Fly Ash Clay Bricks
Fly ash clay bricks are manufactured with
clay and fly ash—a by product of coal
burning—fired at about 1,832°F. This type
of brick is sometimes described as self-
cementing, since it contains a high volume
of calcium oxide and therefore expands
when exposed to moisture. This tendency
to expand, however, can also produce pop-
out failure.
Fly ash clay brick has the advantage of
being lighter in weight than clay or
concrete brick.
TYPES OF BRICK BOND
ORIENTATION OF BRICK

STANDARD BRICK SIZE

T = thickness

L = length

H = height
 CAVITY WALL
VENEER BRICK CLADDING
Stone walls
are a kind of masonry construction that has
been used for thousands of years. The first
stone walls were constructed by farmers
and primitive people by piling loose field
stones into a dry stone wall.
Later, mortar and plaster were used,
especially in the construction of city
walls, castles, and other fortifications before
and during the Middle Ages. These stone
walls are spread throughout the world in
different forms.
Stone walls
Stone walls are usually made of local materials varying
from limestone and flint to granite and sandstone.
However, the quality of building stone varies greatly,
both in its endurance to weathering, resistance
to water penetration and in its ability to be worked into
regular shapes before construction. Worked stone is
usually known as ashlar, and is often used for corners in
stone buildings. Granite is very resistant to weathering,
while some limestones are very weak.
Types of Stone walls

Random Ashlar Random Rubble Course Square Rubble

Construction of Stone walls
CONCRETE HOLLOWS BLOCKS
– is a large rectangular block that is
hollow inside and is used in building
construction. Concrete blocks are
made from cast concrete, e.g.
Portland cement and aggregate,
usually sand and fine gravel for
high-density blocks.

The hollow block sizes in the Philippines are the following:

40cm (length) X 20 cm (width) X 4 in (thickness)
40cm (length) X 20 cm (width) X 5 in (thickness)
40cm (length) X 20 cm (width) X 6 in (thickness)
3 MAIN COMPONENTS OF CHB WALL

1. BASIC BUILDING BLOCKS

2. MORTAR
3. REBAR

ADVANTAGES:
1. Strong and durable
2. Fire resistant
3. Weather resistant
4. Sound barrier
5. Availabilitiy of material

DISADVANTAGES:
1. Complex
2. Labor intensive
CHB WALL COMPONENTS
CHB WALL PLAN AND DETAILS
CHB WALL VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL
REINFORCING BAR DISTANCES
 Load-bearing hollow blocks
conforms to ASTM and PNS
standards. They come in
various sizes ranging from 4″,
6″, and 8″ and various shapes
from single-end blocks,
double-end blocks, corner
blocks (L-corner) , beam
blocks, sealed end blocks,
stretcher blocks, core-
stretcher blocks, stretcher
sealed end blocks, half blocks,
and louver blocks.
 DIFFERENT TYPES OF CONCRETE HOLLOW BLOCKS

1. Stretcher Block (3 core):

3. Beam Block
It is most common for reinforced It provides space for
concrete structures horizontal reinforcing bar
and grout. It is used to tie
the wall together at
2. Double Corner Block critical points of creating
is typically used for reinforced a bond beam.
construction, the last course with
a vertical steel bar and grout
creates internal reinforced
concrete columns
 DIFFERENT TYPES OF CONCRETE HOLLOW BLOCKS
4. Lintel Block 6. End Block
It provides space for a It is used where the end of
horizontal reinforcing bar. the unit will be exposed.
It used to create lintels
over openings.

5. Control Joint Block

It is used for making the expansion of

vertical share-type control joints in
construction. A sealant is used
between interlocking units.
DIFFERENT TYPES OF CONCRETE HOLLOW BLOCKS
7. Corner Block 8. L - Corner Block
The corner block is a half- It helps simplify
block used at corners and
constructing a corner in
ends of walls to create a
running bond pattern.
your building project.
 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF
CONCRETE HOLLOW BLOCKS
Average
Concrete Block Type Compressive
Strength
Ultralow density
3.5 N/mm2
(Non-load-bearing, Hollow/Solid)
Light density
7.5 N/mm2
(Non-load-bearing, Hollow/Solid)
Normal/Medium density
12.5 N/mm2
(Load-bearing, Hollow/Solid)
High density
17.5 N/mm2
(Load-bearing, Hollow/Solid)
Concrete Hollow Blocks
Concrete hollow blocks is a popular building material because of
its strength, durability, economy, and its resistance to fire, noise,
and insects. To function as designed however, concrete hollow
blocks buildings must be constructed properly.

A brief overview of the variety of materials and construction

methods currently applicable to concrete masonry. In addition, a
typical construction sequence is described in detail.
Mortared Construction
MATERIALS:
1. Concrete blocks Most concrete masonry
2. Mortar construction is mortared
3. Grout construction, i.e., units are
4. Steel bonded together with
5. Tie wire mortar.
Construction Sequence
1. Mixing Mortar

To achieve consistent mortar from

batch to batch, the same
quantities of materials should be
added to the mixer, and they
should be added in the same
order. Mortar mixing times,
placement methods, and tooling
must also be consistent to
achieve uniform mortar for the
entire job.
2. Placing Mortar

Head and bed joints are

typically ⅜ in. (10 mm) thick,
except at foundations. Mortar
should extend fully across
bedding surfaces of hollow
units for the thickness of the
face shell, so that joints will be
completely filled. Solid units
are required to be fully bedded
in mortar.
Importance of laying to the
line
Experienced masons state that
they can lay about five times as
many masonry units when working
to a mason line than when using
just their straightedge. The mason
line gives the mason a guide to lay
the block straight, plumb, at the
right height, and level. The line is
attached so that it gives a guide in
aligning the top of the course.
Placing Masonry Unit
1. The Foundation – Before building the
block wall, the foundation must be level,
and clean so that mortar will properly
adhere. It must also be reasonably
level. The foundation should be free of
ice, dirt, oil, mud, and other substances
that would reduce bond.

2. Laying Out the Wall - Taking

measurements from the foundation or
floor plan and transferring those
measurements to the foundation,
footing, or floor slab is the first step in
laying out the wall.
3. The Dry Run—Stringing Out The First
Course

Starting with the corners, the mason lays the

first course without any mortar so a visual
check can be made between the dimensions
on the floor or foundation plan and how the
first course actually fits the plan. During this
dry layout, concrete blocks will be strung
along the entire width and length of the
foundation, floor slab, and even across
openings. This will show the mason how bond
will be maintained above the opening. It is
helpful to have ⅜ in. (10 mm) wide pieces of
wood to place between block as they are laid
dry, to simulate the mortar joints.
4. Laying the Corner Units

Building the corners is the most precise job

facing the mason as corners will guide the
construction of the rest of the wall. A corner
pole can make this job easier. A corner pole
is any type of post that can be braced into a
true vertical position and which will hold a
taut mason’s line without bending. Corner
poles for concrete block walls should be
marked every 4 or 8 in. (102 to 203 mm),
depending on the course height, and the
marks on both poles must be aligned such
that the mason’s line is level between them.
5. Laying the Wall
Each course between the corners can
now be laid easily by stretching a line
between. It should be noted that a
block has thicker webs and face shells
on top than it has on the bottom. The
thicker part of the webs should be laid
facing up. This provides a hand hold for
the mason and more surface area for
mortar to be spread. The first course of
block is thereafter laid from corner to
corner, allowing for openings, with a
closure block to complete the course.
[Link] Joints
When the mortar is thumbprint hard, the
head joints are tooled, then the horizontal
joints are finished with a sled runner and any
burrs which develop are flicked off with the
blade of the trowel. When finishing joints, it is
important to press firmly, without digging into
the joints.

7. Cleanup
Masonry surfaces should be cleaned of
imperfections that may detract from the final
appearance of the masonry structure
including stains, efflorescence, mortar
droppings, grout droppings, and general
debris.
Autoclaved Aerated Concrete Blocks
Autoclaved Aerated Concrete
is an eco-friendly and
certified green building
material that is lightweight,
load-bearing, high-insulating,
durable building blocks, and
3 times lighter when
compared to red bricks.
Manufacturing Process of AAC
Blocks
Materials Used
1. Cement
2. Fly Ash
3. Limestone
4. Aluminum Powder
AAC blocks have mostly standard sizes everywhere in the world, and the weight
and the AAC block prices vary depending on the size you choose. The common
size specifications are:

Size 1 600X200X200
Size 2 600X200X150
Size 3 600X200X100
Size 4 600X300X200
Size 5 600X300X150
Size 6 600X300X100
Out of these, the 600X200X200 is the most commonly chosen size. One of these
blocks may weigh about 15 kg. Other features of these blocks are:

Fire resistance 4-6 hours, depending on the size

Sound reduction
60 dB
Thermal conductivity 0.25 w/Km
Thermal conductivity 0.25 w/Km
Energy efficiency Up to 25% reduction in air-conditioning costs
Thermal efficiency 3X higher than traditional bricks
Compressive strength 30-50/kg/cm2
Gabion walls are executed mainly in the purpose of
soil stabilization behind the wall, but it can also be
executed as a cover wall. The wall is made from gabion
baskets that are stacked in one or more rows,
depending on the height of the wall. Baskets have a
cage shape and are closed on all sides. They are made
from galvanized hexagonal meshes and broken rock
that are placed in the baskets. Retaining structures are
formed by stacking gabion baskets in a proper schedule
and presenting an alternative solution for concrete
structures in the area of soil stabilization.
Gabion walls have an application mostly
in road engineering, e.g. construction of
roads, embankments, retaining walls,
slope protection, water barriers etc., and
can have different functions:
• creation of a barrier that prevents soil
erosion in coast and embankment
stabilization
• prevention of sliding and washouts
• water speed reduction in prevention of
soil erosion in water ways
• noise protection
• aesthetic fence structures for gardens
Benefits of gabion walls:
• Aesthetic – gabion walls look natural and by using natural materials fits into the
environment
• Compatibility with the environment – using the material made by excavations the
costs of acquisition and transport are significantly reduced
• Is used as a cooling system in hot climate conditions and provides passive cooling by
air movement
• Water permeability – gabion walls are permeable and are not damaged by passing
water
• Efficiency of gabion walls can increase in time, since the vegetation fills voids and
strengthens the wall structure
• Soil movements don’t negatively influence gabion walls, which is an advantage in
regard to stiffer structures (reinforced concrete walls)
• Longevity – stone blocks are materials that are frequently used beacuse of their
longevity, durability and stability. Usually the stone is selected beacuse of aesthetic
attributes or the possibility of excavation produced material usage.
Masonry veneer is a construction material
used on the exterior walls of homes and
commercial buildings. It is comprised of
thin pieces of brick or stone, and gives the
appearance of solid masonry without the
associated weight and cost. The masonry
veneer is attached to the building's
structure, but is self-supporting, and places
no additional loads on the building's
structural components. Because it is
primarily used for its appearance, and is
non-load bearing, masonry veneer walls are
often referred to as “curtain walls.”
A composite masonry wall
structure is formed of inner and
outer wall panels stacked and
formed on either side of a
reinforcing framework formed
in a vertically aligned position.
Types of Composite Masonry:
They can be further classified as follows:

1. Stone facing with brick backing:

In this type, a wall is constructed in brickwork and stones are provided on facing, to appear
it is constructed in stone.
It is adopted to improve the appearance of the structure at a lower cost.
The facing stones have been secured by providing a fine brick.

2. Brick facing with concrete backing:

In this type of construction, bricks are used as facing material and concrete as backing.
This type of construction is adopted to achieve the strength of concrete and the beauty of
bricks.
The bricks are secured to the concrete backing by projecting alternative brick headers into
the concrete.
3. Ashlar facing with brick backing:
This type of composite masonry are rough and chamfered stone is offered within the facing
whereas the brickwork is offered within the backing.
It is better to use the height of the ashlar as a multiple of brick thickness and masonry
joints.
Alternate courses of ashlar may be headers under each prominent courses of ashlar, header
bricks should be used
4. Ashlar facing with rubble backing:
This type of composite masonry are rough tooled and chamfered stones are provided in
facing whereas the backing consists of rubble masonry.
5. Brick Composite Masonry:
A mixture of bricks & stones in three forms can be used as a composite masonries.
6. Stone Composite Masonry:
When the wall facing and backing are constructed in stone.
Other types of brick masonry, hollow cement block masonry, and concrete block masonry
are constructed, then it is called stone-alloyed masonry.