Republic of the Philippines
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
Main Campus, Sta, Mesa, Manila
College of Architecture Design and Built Environment
BUILDING TECHNOLOGY - 2
WOOD / STEEL AND CONCRETE
CONSTRUCTION
MODULE 9
RC BEAM & SLAB
Prepared by:
Ar. Maynard M. Muhi, MsCM, UAP
Learning Outcome:
• Understand what are horizontal
support system.
• Understand their the types of beams
and details.
• Understand the different types of RC
slab and details.
• Knowledge in designing and details of
reinforce concrete beam and slab.
A. REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAM
RC Beam - are horizontal structural elements that designed to
carry lateral loads. Floor beams in a reinforced concrete
building are normally designed to resist load from floor slab,
beams weight, the weight of partitions/cladding, weight of
finishes, and other actions as may be applied. The design of
reinforced concrete (RC) beam involves the selection of the
proper beam size and area of reinforcement to carry the
applied load without failing or deflecting excessively.
Beam Reinforcements
1. Longitudinal Reinforcement –
is used to resist the bending
moment and enhance the shear
force of a beam.
2. Stirrups – or links are used for
resisting any excess shear force and
torsion (where applicable). Deeps
beams are subjected to torsion and
side bars can be use to enhance the
torsion capacity and also to prevent
cracking.
REINFORCING
BARS OF RC
BEAM
REINFORCED CONCRETE
BEAM
Types of Beams base on Support Conditions:
a. Simply Supported Beam
It is one of the simplest
structural elements that both
ends rest on supports but is
free to rotate. It contains
pinned support at one end and
a roller support at the other
end. Based on the assigned
load, it sustains shearing and
bending.
b. Cantilever Beam
A beam which is fixed at one
end and free at the other end,
is known as cantilever beam.
c. Overhanging Beam
If the end portion of a beam
is extended beyond the
support, such beam is known
as overhanging beam.
d. Fixed Beam
A beam whose both ends are
fixed or built-in walls, is
known as fixed beam.
e. Continuous Beam
A beam which is provided more
than two supports
Types of Beams base on Material Construction:
a. Reinforced Concrete Beam
The reinforced concrete beams are
made up of Concrete which is
provided with steel deformed
bars along the length of the
member. The steel bars placed in
the member add to the strength of
the structure. These beams are
structural elements that are
designed to carry transverse
external loads.
b. Steel Beam
The steel beams are used to
carry the loads from the structure
to the adjoining support. There
are different types of steel
beams that include I beam, H
beam, W and S section, Plate
Girders, Gantry Girder / Beam,
Rectangular Hollow Section and
Circular Hollow Section and
Composite Beam.
c. Timber Beam
The timber beam
construction comprises
vertical structural posts
and horizontal beams,
jointed to form a structural
frame into which walls are
‘placed’.
d. Composite Beam
The composite beam is a structural member
composed of two or more dissimilar materials joined
together to act as a unit. These beams are made
from fiber-reinforced polymeric materials.
Types of Beams base on Geometrical shape:
a. Straight Beam
The straight beams are the
horizontal members used to
support vertically applied loads
across an opening.
b. Curved Beam
The curved beam comes in
geometric shape formed by the
motion in space of a plane
figure (called the cross-section
of the curved beam)
c. Tapered Beam
Are used to create offices,
retail or other commercial
space as well as
warehouses up to 120 feet
wide. Tapered beams are
paired with straight wall
columns, simplifying the
installation of straight
interior walls.
Types of Beams base on Cross-section :
The T-beam (or tee beam), used in construction, is a load-
bearing structure of reinforced concrete, wood or metal, with a
T-shaped cross-section. The top of the T-shaped cross-section
serves as a flange or compression member in resisting
compressive stresses.
Reinforced Concrete Beam
Design and Details
Tension zone and compression zone in simply supported beam
We know that simply supported beams have two vertical support
columns and are anchored at both ends. When the load is acting on
the beam in a downward direction we can see image how the beam
can bend. Due to the bending moment bottom portion of the beam is
pulled as a side causing tension in the bottom portion known as the
tension Zone Of The Beam
And the at the same time upper portion of the beam is compressed
and pulled inside causing compression in the upper portion of the
beam that’s known as the compression zone of the beam.
TOP VIEW/PLAN
A B C FRONT/ELEVATION
D C B A
A B C D
SECTION OF BEAMS
SUMMARY OF REINFORCING BARS FOR RC BEAMS
1. CONTINUOUS TOP BARS
2. SHORT / CUT TOP BARS
3. CONTINUOUS BOTTOM BARS
4. SHORT / CUT BOTTOM BARS
5. STIRRUPS
REINFORCING BARS
REQUIREMENT FOR BEAMS
Lapping requirement
REINFORCING BARS
REQUIREMENT FOR BEAMS
Beam Bar Size – 20 mm Diameter
For column – 45 x 20 = 900 mm LD
For Beam - 50 x 40 = 1000 mm LD
Tapered Beam
Cantilever Beam
B. REINFORECED CONCRETE SLAB
Slab is a flat, two-dimensional planar structural component of
building having a very small thickness compared to its other two
dimensions. It provides a covering shelter or working flat surface
in buildings. Its primary function is to transfer the load by
bending in one or two directions. Reinforced concrete slabs are
used in roofs, floors, ceilings and as the decks of bridges. The
floor system of a structure can takes many forms such as in situ
solid slab, pre-cast units, ribbed slab etc. Slabs may be mounted
on either steel or monolithic concrete beams, walls or even
directly over the columns.
FUNCTION OF SLAB
1. To Provide a flat surface
2. To support load
3. To act as a Sound, heat, and fire insulator
4. The upper slab becomes the ceiling for the
storey beneath it
5. Space between slab and ceiling can be
used for placing building utilities
EFFECTIVE SPAN OF SLAB
The effective span of the slab should be lesser of the two
• L = Clear span + d (effective depth of slab)
• L = Center-to-center distance between the support
MINIMUM THICKNESS OF SLAB
Simply supported slab L/20
One end continuous L/24
Both ends continuous L/28
Cantilever L/10
Example:
Span of slab : 4.00 mts or 4000 mm
L / 20 for simply supported slab
4000 / 20 = 200 mm thickness of slab
THICKNESS OF SLAB
ACI CODE ON THICKNESS OF SLAB
PROVIDED FOR TWO WAY SLAB
“The thickness of the slab shall not be less than 10
cm / 100 mm nor less than the perimeter of the slab
divided by 180. The spacing of the reinforcement
shall not be more than 3 times the slab thickness and
the ratio of reinforcement shall be at least .0025”
One way slab
reinforcement
The formula in getting the one-way slab
Ly / Lx ≥ 2
6.00 / 2.00 = 3.00 > 2 – one-way slab
One way slab
reinforcement
Load Distribution of Slab
Two way slab
reinforcement
The formula in getting the two-way slab
Ly / Lx < 2
4.00 / 3.00 = 1.333 < 2 – two-way slab
Two way slab
reinforcement
Slab and their support
REINFORCEMENT IN R.C. SLAB
The diameter of reinforcement bar commonly used in slabs are: 8 mm, 10
mm, 12 mm and 16 mm.
Plain and Reinforced Concrete – Code of Practice), the maximum diameter of
bar that can be used in the slab should not be more than 1/8th of total depth
of slab i.e. D/8.
In slab, maximum spacing of the main bar should be 3 times effective depth
or 300 mm whichever is lesser.
For distribution bars, the maximum spacing should be 5 times the effective
depth or 450 mm whichever is lesser.
REINFORCEMENT IN R.C. SLAB
C0NCRETE COVERING
REINFORCEMENT DETAILS
1. Straight-bar System
Straight bars are used for the top and bottom reinforcement in
all spans. The time and cost to produce straight bars are less
than that required to produce bent bars; thus, the straight-bar
system is widely used in construction.
REINFORCEMENT DETAILS
2. Bend Bar System
Straight and bent bars are placed alternately in the floor slab.
The location of bent points should be checked for flexural,
shear, and development length requirements. For normal
loading in buildings, the bar details at the end and interior
spans of one-way solid slabs may be adopted.
Types of concrete slab floors
[Link]-on-ground
The slab which is cast on the surface
of the earth is called a Ground slab.
Generally, slab on grade is classified
into three types:
A. Slab on ground
It is the simplest type of slab on
grade which is a composite of
stiffening beams constructed from
concrete around perimeter of the
slab, and has a slab thickness of
100mm. It is suitable for stable
ground which is mostly composed
of sand and rock and not
influenced by moisture, and soils
that undergo slight movement due
to moisture.
B. Stiffened raft slab
It is similar to slab on ground
apart from stiffening beams
which are set in channels
through the middle of the slab.
Consequently, it creates a kind
of supporting grid of concrete on
the base of the slab. Soil with
moderate, high amount, and
severe movement due to
moisture.
C. Waffle raft slab
It is constructed entirely above the
ground by pouring concrete over a
grid of polystyrene blocks known
as 'void forms'. Waffle raft slabs are
generally suitable for sites with less
reactive soil, use about 30% less
concrete and 20% less steel than a
stiffened raft slab, and are
generally cheaper and easier to
install than other types. These
types of slabs are suitable only for
very flat ground.
2. Suspended slab
Suspended slabs are formed and poured in
situ, with either removable or ‘lost’
nonloadbearing formwork, or permanent
formwork that forms part of the
reinforcement.
3. Precast slab
Precast slabs are manufactured off site and
craned into place, either in finished form or
with an additional thin pour of concrete over
the top. They can be made from conventional
or post-tensioned reinforced concrete, or
from autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC).
Different kinds of concrete slab
1. Conventional Slab
Generally, it is supported either on walls or on beams and
columns. Here, the thickness of slab is small whereas
depth of beam is large.
KINDS OF CONVENTIONAL CONCRETE SLAB
a. One-way concrete slab
b. Two-way concrete slab
a) One Way Slab:
The slab which is supported on
beams on the two opposite
sides to carry the load along
one direction only is called one-
way slab. When the ratio of
longer span (l) to shorter span
(b) is equal to or greater than
two (l/b > 2), it is considered
as one-way slab because this
slab will bend in one direction
only i.e. in the direction along its
shorter span.
b) Two Way Slab:
The slab which is supported on
beams on all the four sides and the
loads are carried by the supports
along both directions is called two-
way slab. In this slab, the ratio of
longer span (l) to shorter span (b) is
less than two (l/b<2). These slabs
are likely to bend along both the
spans. In a two-way slab, load is
transferred in both the directions to
the four supporting edges and
hence reinforcement is provided in
both the directions.
It is a reinforced concrete slab supported
directly on concrete columns or caps. Flat
slab is also called beamless slab because it
2. Flat Slab is supported on columns.
3. Hollow Core Ribbed Slab
Hollow core ribbed slabs
derive their name from
the voids or cores which
run through the units. The
cores can function as
service ducts and
undoubtably reduce the
self-weight of the slabs,
maximizing structural
efficiency.
4. Inclined Slab
This is an inclined
concrete slab. It is
mostly used in small
houses having sloping
roofs/pitched roof for
aesthetics and for flow
of snow or rainwater.
5. Sunken Slab
Slab which is provided below the
washrooms to hide the sewage
pipes or WC pipes or other
fixtures is known as sunken slab.
Since the pipes from which water
passes are concealed below the
floor, care has to be taken to avoid
leakage problems.
Proper waterproofing as well as
treatment must be provided in
sunken slab to prevent leakage or
dampness.
6. Pre-stressed Concrete Slab
The slab in which steel is
tensioned before placing the
concrete is called pre-
tensioned slab.
The slab in which cables or
steel tendons are tensioned
after concreting is called post
tensioned slab.
7. Composite Slab
It is constructed in
reinforced concrete cast
on top of profiled steel
decking. The decking acts
as working area and
formwork during the
construction phase, and it
also acts as external
reinforcement during life of
the slab.
8. Precast Slab
Precast concrete slabs are
casted and cured in
manufacturing plants, and then
delivered at site for erection.
The biggest advantage of
precast concrete slab is that, as
they are manufactured in plants,
their efficiency is increased and
higher quality control is
achieved over the on-site
concrete slabs.