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1. What is the actual length of the truck? 2. A portion of a map with cities A and B
20.4 ft is shown. The map uses a scale of 1 inch
to 30 miles. A new map has a scale of
2 inches = 15 miles. How far apart are
cities A and B on the new map?
12 in.
A

3 inches
1 cm = 1.7 feet
The gridlines are spaced 1 cm apart.

3. A 12-foot wall measures 2.5 inches on a 4. In a scale drawing, the length of a

scale drawing. In the drawing, a second rectangular room is 6 inches, and the
wall is 9 inches long. What is the actual width is 3 inches. The actual length of
length of the second wall? the room is 18 feet.
43.2 feet a. What is the scale of the drawing?
1 inch = 3 feet
b. In a new scale drawing of the same
room, the length of the room measures
4 inches. What is the scale of the new
drawing? Explain.
1 in. = 4.5 ft; Sample answer:
In the new scale drawing, a
length of 4 inches represents
an actual length of 18 feet;
4 inches 1 inch
18 feet
= 4.5 feet
.

5. On a scale drawing of a fence, 3.75 inches represent 24 feet.

What is the actual length of a fence that is 2.8 inches long
in the drawing?
17.92 ft

8-1 Solve Problems Involving Scale Drawings 97

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1. What quadrilateral can be drawn that has 2. What geometric shape may describe a
exactly two pairs of perpendicular sides? quadrilateral that has two sides with
Rectangle length 8 cm and two sides with
length 5 cm?
Parallelogram, kite, rectangle

3. A four-sided sandbox has exactly two right 4. A park has a pond shaped like a quadrilateral
angles, two side lengths 5 ft, and two side with all sides 18 feet long and at least one
lengths 6 ft. What geometric shape best right angle. What geometric shape best
describes the shape of the sandbox? describes the shape of the pond?
Kite Square

5. What geometric shape may describe a 6. A playground is shaped like a quadrilateral

quadrilateral that has exactly two pairs with all sides 27 feet long, with two angle
of parallel sides and no right angles? measures of 65° and two angle measures
Parallelogram, rhombus of 115°. What geometric shape best
describes the shape of the playground?
Rhombus

7. Draw a quadrilateral with one angle that measures 25° and one pair
of parallel sides, with the shorter parallel side measuring exactly
5 units in length.
5 units

Sample drawing: 25°

8. Use computer drawing software to construct a quadrilateral with

two pairs of parallel sides and two angles measuring 125°. What
geometric shape describes this quadrilateral?

125°

125°
Sample drawing: ; Sample answer: parallelogram

8-2 Draw Geometric Figures 99

 9. Higher Order Thinking Draw a quadrilateral using geometry
software with all sides 2 units long and at least one angle that
measures 40°. What is the specific name of the quadrilateral?

140°
40° 40° Rhombus
140° 2 units

Assessment Practice
10. Rachel correctly constructs a quadrilateral given the following conditions.
Two sides measure 2 units in length. Two sides measure 3 units in length.
The figure has 2 lines of symmetry.
Which quadrilateral does Rachel construct?

𝖠 𝖡 2 units 𝖢 𝖣
2 units

3 units 3 units
3 units
3 units

2 units 3 units

11. Draw a quadrilateral that has exactly one pair of parallel sides, with
the longer parallel side having a length of 10 units, and the shorter
parallel side having a length of 6 units. Make the non-parallel sides
equal in length to one another. What is the name of the quadrilateral
that you constructed?

Trapezoid; Sample drawing:

100 8-2 Draw Geometric Figures

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1. How many triangles can be drawn with side lengths of 3 units,
4 units, and 5 units? Explain.
1; Sample answer: When given all three
side lengths of a triangle, only one triangle
can be drawn.

2. Draw a triangle with side lengths of 16 units and 30 units

and an included angle of 90°.
Sample drawing of the triangle shown.

16

30

3. How many triangles can be drawn with 4. Critique Reasoning Dora says that only
one 90° angle, a 70° angle, and an included one triangle can be constructed with two
side measuring 3 inches? Explain. given side lengths and one given angle
1; Sample answer: Only one measure. Is Dora correct? Explain.
triangle can be drawn given the No; Sample answer: It may
measure of a side length that is be possible to construct more
included between two angles than one triangle if the angle
with given measures. with given measure is not
included between the two
sides with given lengths.

5. Can a triangle be drawn with side lengths of 7.3 meters, 4.6 meters,
and 11 meters? Explain.
Yes, The sum of the two shortest side lengths is
greater than the longest side; 4.6 + 7.3 + 11

6. Danielle wants to construct different triangles with angle measures of

90°, 45°, and 45°, but she was only able to draw the triangle shown
at the right.
What mistake might Danielle have made?
Sample answer: She did not consider that the triangle
could be enlarged or reduced, while keeping the same
angle measures, to make a different triangle.

8-3 Draw Triangles with Given Conditions 101

 7. Draw two different triangles given the R
following conditions for ∠TRI:
R
TR = 6 units, IT = 9 units, m∠TIR = 35°

35° 35°
T I T I
Sample drawings:

8. In △NMP, m∠MNP = 45°, MN = 7.5 feet, 9. Higher Order Thinking Given two angle
and MP = 5 feet. measures and the length of the included
side, does this side length affect the
How many triangles can be drawn when
number of triangles that can be drawn?
given the information above?
Explain.
More than one triangle; Sample
No; Sample answer: Since two
answer: If two sides and an
angles and an included side are
nonincluded angle are given,
given, there is only one way to
there are two triangles that can
draw the triangle, and it is not
be drawn, and side NP can be
affected by the length of the
two different lengths.
given side.

Assessment Practice
10. Which of the following describes possible methods that can be used to
construct a triangle given the lengths of two sides and the measure of
a nonincluded angle? Select all that apply.

Construct one side with a given length. Use this side to form an
angle with the given measure, then construct the opposite side
with the given length.
Construct one side with a given length. Use this side to form an angle
with the given measure, then extend the other side of the angle until
it has the same measure as the other given length and construct the
side opposite the angle.
Construct an angle with the given measure. Extend each side of the
angle until these sides have the same measure as the given lengths
and construct the side opposite the angle.
Construct an angle with the given measure. Extend one side of the
angle until it has the same measure as one of the given lengths and
draw the side opposite the angle with the given length.
Construct an angle with the given measure. Extend one side of the
angle until it has the same measure as one of the given lengths. At
the end of the extended side length, construct a side with a
90° angle that has the same length as the other given side length.
Then extend the other side with the included angle until
it forms a triangle.

102 8-3 Draw Triangles with Given Conditions

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1. a. Name a pair of adjacent angles in this figure.
Sample answers: jNOP and jPOQ; jPOQ and P Q
jQOR jNOQ and jQOR; jNOP and jPOR
b. What common point is shared by all adjacent angles
in this figure? N O R
Point O

2. Dexter needs to find each angle in this figure that is adjacent

L
to ∠LON. He claims that ∠MON is adjacent to ∠LON.
a. List each angle that is adjacent to ∠LON.
jKOL, jKON, jNOP M O K

b. Why is Dexter’s claim incorrect? N

Sample answer: jLON overlaps jMON P

3. a. Use vertical angles to find the value of x.

240 U
b. Explain how to find the value of x without using
vertical angles. °x F
(2
6)
Sample answer: Use supplementary
H
angles to determine that jMHF and
jQHU each measure 140°. These 40°
angles each have measures that Q
are supplementary to mjUHF; M
140 + x6
= 180; x = 240
(The figure is not shown to scale.)

4. Find the measure of the complement to an 18° angle.

Explain your answer.
72°; Sample answer: x + 18° = 90°; x = 72°

5. The measure of ∠1 is 39°. What is the measure of the angle

adjacent to ∠1? Explain.
51°; Sample answer: x + 39° = 90°; x = 51°.

8-4 Solve Problems Using Angle Relationships 103

 6. The adjacent angles shown below are 7. Find the supplementary angle to an angle
supplementary. Find the value of x. that is 128.9°. Explain your answer.
51.1°; Sample answer:
x + 128.9° = 180°; x = 51.1°

3x° 54°

42

8. Higher Order Thinking In the diagram, m∠1 = (125 - y)°,

m∠2 = 24°, and m∠3 = (x + 46)°. Solve for x and y and find
m∠1 and m∠3. Explain how you found the measure
of each angle and the value of each variable.
x = 20; y = 35; mj1 = 90°; mj3 = 66°; 2
Sample answer: j1 is a right angle, 1 3
so mj1 = 90°. Solve the equation
(125 − y)° = 90°; y = 35. j2 and j3 are
complementary angles. Solve the equation
24° + mj3 = 90°; mj3 = 66°. Substitute
the given expression for mj3 and solve
the equation (x + 46)° = 66°; x = 20.

Assessment Practice
9. What is the measure, in degrees, of angle b?

20 b

20°

40°

10. What is the measure, in degrees, of the highlighted angle?

36 4x x

104 8-4 Solve Problems Using Angle Relationships

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1. a. The circumference of a circle measures 11.27p ft.
What is the measure of the diameter of this circle?
11.27 ft

2. Circle A has a radius of 21 meters. Circle B has a radius of

28 meters.
a. Find the circumference of each circle in terms of p.
Circle A: 42P m; Circle B: 56P m

b. Reasoning Is the relationship between the radius and

circumference the same for all circles? Explain.
Yes; Sample answer: The circumference,
or distance around a circle, is always
equal to P times twice the radius.

3. The diameter of a circle is 18 m. Eugene 4. How much fencing is required to enclose a

claims that the circumference of the circle is circular garden whose radius is 14 m? Use
22
about 113.04 m. 7 for p.
a. What is the circumference of the circle? 88 m
Use 3.14 for p.
56.52 m

b. What mistake did Eugene likely make?

He doubled 18 thinking it was
the radius, instead of using 18
for the diameter.

5. What is the diameter of a circle with a 6. How many flowers, spaced every 4 inches,
circumference of 132 ft? Use 22
7 for p. are needed to surround a circular garden
42 ft with a 200 inch radius? Use 3.14 for p.
314 flowers

8-5 Solve Problems Involving Circumference of a Circle 105

 7. Wheel A has a diameter of 25.4 inches. Wheel B has a diameter of 22.5 inches.
About how much farther will Wheel A travel in one rotation than Wheel B?
Use 3.14 for p. Round your answer to the nearest whole number.
9 in.

8. Find the circumference of the circle at the right

in terms of p.
13 mi
26P mi

Assessment Practice
9. Circle Y has a radius of 22 meters and Circle Z has a radius of 27 meters.
Which of the following statements are true? Select all that apply.

The circumference of Circle Y = 44 p m

The circumference of Circle Z = 27 p m
The circumference of Circle Y is approximately
32 m less than the circumference of Circle Z.
The circumference of Circle Z is approximately 170 m.
The circumference of Circle Z is approximately
32 m less than the circumference of Circle Y.

10. The circumference of one coin is 8.03 cm. The circumference of

another coin is 0.33 cm smaller.

a. What is the first step to find the diameter of the smaller coin?

𝖠 Find the radius of the smaller coin.

𝖡 Find the diameter of the larger coin.

𝖢 Find the circumference of the larger coin.

𝖣 Find the circumference of the smaller coin.

b. Find the diameter of the smaller coin.

Use 22
7 for p.

2.45 cm

106 8-5 Solve Problems Involving Circumference of a Circle

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1. A certain coin is a circle with diameter 2. The radius of a circular sign is 12 inches.
18 mm. What is the exact area of either Equal parts of the sign are painted red
face of the coin in terms of p? and yellow. How many square inches are
painted each color? Use 3.14 for p.
81P mm 2
226.08 in. 2

3. A water sprinkler sprays water outward in a circular pattern. What

area will be watered if the radius of the spray from the sprinkler is
18 ft? Write an exact answer in terms of p.
324P ft 2

4. How many times greater is the area of Circle 1 than Circle 1

the area of Circle 2? Explain your answer.
9; Sample answer: Area of Circle 1:
(9) 2 ~ P = 81P; Area of Circle 2: Circle 2
(3) 2 ~ P = 9P; 81P divided by 9P = 9. 9 yd
3 yd
So the area of Circle 1 is 9 times the
area of Circle 2.

5. a. The diameter of Circle J is 18 cm. The diameter of Circle K

is 31 cm. Which circle has the greater area and by how much?
Use 3.14 for p.
Sample answer: The area of Circle K is about
500 cm 2 greater than the area of Circle J.

b. Describe how you can compare the areas of two circles.

Sample answer: Use the radius to find the area.

6. Higher Order Thinking Sandra just finished planting avacados,

carrots, radishes, tomatoes, and spinach in her new garden. The
garden is a circle whose diameter is 50 yards. If she planted equal
regions of each vegetable, what is the area of Sandra’s garden that
has carrots? Use 3.14 for p.
392.5 yd 2

8-6 Solve Problems Involving Area of a Circle 107

 7. The circumference of a circular patio is 8. The area of a circular window is
53.38 feet. What is the area of the patio? 113.04 square inches. What is the
Use 3.14 for an approximation for p. Round diameter of the window? Use
to the nearest tenth. 3.14 for p.
226.9 square feet 12 inches

Assessment Practice
9. The figure is made by attaching semicircles to each side
of an 11 ft-by-11-ft square. Find the area, in square feet,
enclosed by the figure. Use 3.14 for p. Round to the nearest 11 ft
whole number.

216

10. The diameter of Circle A is 8 inches. The diameter of Circle B is 4 inches

greater than the diameter of Circle A. The diameter of Circle C is 4 inches
greater than the diameter of Circle B.
PART A
What is the area, in square inches, of Circle C? Use 3.14 for p.

200.96

PART B
How many times greater is the area of Circle C than the
area of Circle A?

108 8-6 Solve Problems Involving Area of a Circle

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1. What are the dimensions of the vertical 2. Look for Relationships
cross section that is parallel to the right and The horizontal cross section
left faces of the right rectangular prism? shown is parallel to the base
6 feet by 3 feet of the pyramid. If the
shortest side of the cross
section measures 1.2 cm,
what is the measure of 21 cm
the cross section’s longest
6 ft side? Explain.
2.4 cm; Sample
3 ft answer: The length
7 ft and width of the 6 cm 3 cm

(The figure is not shown to scale.)

rectangular parallel
cross section forms the same ratio
as the length and width of the
base of the pyramid.
3. Make Sense and Persevere A right 4. What is a good description
rectangular prism has a length of of the cross section
104 inches, a width of 66 inches, and height shown that is parallel
of 54 inches. What are the dimensions of to the edge of the
a horizontal cross section of the prism? prism that measures 16 mm
66 in. by 104 in. 5 millimeters.
An isosceles
triangle with
base length
of 5 mm and 12 mm 5 mm

height of 16 mm
5. A right pyramid is 18 cm tall and has a 6. Make Sense and Persevere
rectangular base that is 9 cm long and 3 Describe the vertical cross
cm wide. Describe the cross section formed section that intersects the
when a plane parallel to the base of the top vertex and is parallel
pyramid intersects the pyramid between its to the edges measuring 13 m
base and the vertex opposite its base. 17 m of the right
Sample answer: A smaller pyramid shown.
rectangle whose length and An isosceles
width form the same ratio, 3:1, as triangle with a
the sides of the base. height of 13 m and 17 m 7m
a base of 17 m
7. A 0.75 inch thick slice is cut from a stick of butter as shown. 4.25 in.
Draw the cross section of this slice and then find its area.
Sample drawing:
1 in.
1 in. ; Area = 1 in2
1 in. 0.75 in.
1 in.

8-7 Describe Cross Sections 109

 8. Use the figure at the right.
a. How can the rectangular pyramid shown be sliced to form
two identical solid figures? 14
Sample answer: Slice vertically through
the top vertex of the pyramid.

9 9

b. Draw a possible cross section of the pyramid

when it is cut into two identical pieces
Sample drawing:

14

c. What is the area of the cross section?

Sample answer: 63 units 2

9. Reasoning Explain why there can be 10. Higher Order Thinking Two vertical
two vertical cross sections for a right cross sections of an unknown rectangular
rectangular prism but only one horizontal prism are given. One vertical cross section
cross section when the slices are made is parallel to a pair of faces of the prism.
parallel to a side. The other cross section is parallel to a
Sample answer: There is only one different pair of faces of the prism. Can the
entire prism be drawn using the given cross
horizontal cross section because
sections? Explain.
there is only one dimension that
Yes; Sample answer: Both cross
can be sliced horizontally, the
sections are rectangles that have
height. There are two vertical
the same height as the prism.
cross sections because there
One cross section has the same
are two dimensions that can be
length and the other cross section
sliced vertically, the length and
has the same width as the prism.
the width.
These cross sections include
the measures of all dimensions
needed to draw the prism.

Assessment Practice
11. Which of the following may describe a cross section formed by a
horizontal plane above the base that intersects the faces of the
13 feet
pyramid shown?
𝖠 A rectangle with area 90 square feet
𝖡 A rectangle with area 160 square feet
20 feet 8 feet
𝖢 A rectangle with area 180 square feet
𝖣 A rectangle with area 360 square feet

110 8-7 Describe Cross Sections

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Leveled Practice In 1–3, find the area of the shaded parts.
1. Lucas is planting grass on the shaded 18 ft
portions of the yard. What will be the
total area covered by grass? B

Part A = 12 ~ 9 = 108 ft 2
12 ft A

Part B = 1
2
# 6~ 9 = 27 ft 2 6 ft
C
7 ft

Part C = 1
2
# 7~ 7 = 24.5 ft 2 9 ft 7 ft

Total area = 108 ft 2 + 27 ft 2 + 24.5 ft 2

= 159.5 ft 2

2. What is the total shaded area of the 3. What is the total area of the shaded
figure below? portion shown below?

8 cm 7 cm C

10 ft A B 15 ft
12 cm A B C 12 ft

15 cm
14 ft 13 ft
Sample answers are given. Sample answers are given.
Part A = 1
2
# 12 ~ 8 = 48 cm 2 Part A = 10 ~ 14 = 140 ft 2

Part B = 15 ~ 12 = 180 cm 2 Part B = 12 ~ 13 = 156 ft 2

Part C = 1
2
# 12 ~ 7 = 42 cm 2 Part C = 1 # 13 ~ 3 = 19.5 ft 2
2

Total shaded area = 270 cm 2 Total shaded area = 315.5 ft 2

4. The block of wood shown at the right is a triangular prism.

What is its surface area?
109.5 in. 2 3 in.
3.5 in.
9 in.
4.5 in.

8-8 Solve Problems Involving Surface Area 111

5. Make Sense and Persevere The bottom 6. Find the surface area of the regular
part of this block is a rectangular prism. hexagonal prism shown below.
The top part is a rectangular pyramid.
Kiran wants to cover the block entirely 27 in.
with paper. How much paper does
she need?
8 in.
16 cm

6.9 in.
1,627.2 in. 2
14 cm

18 cm 14 cm

1,660 cm 2

7. The height of the rectangular prism measures 64 cm.

If the height is increased by 1.5 cm, by how much will the
surface area of the box increase?
64 cm
231 cm 2

35 cm
42 cm

8. Higher Order Thinking Joseph’s uncle wants to put shingles on the 5m

outside walls and solar panel the roof of his barn shown at the right.
It costs $2.50 for each square meter of shingles, while solar panels
cost $4.00 per square meter. How much will this project cost? 10 m 7m
$975
4m
9m
4m
8m

Assessment Practice
9. The base of the prism shown is an isosceles triangle. 32 cm
What is the surface area, in square centimeters, of this prism?

1,301
14 cm

13 cm

9 cm

112 8-8 Solve Problems Involving Surface Area

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1. Find the volume of 2. Find the volume of
the cube shown at the triangular
the right. 3.1 m prism shown.
29.791 m3 400 ft 3
8 ft

15 ft
2
6 3 ft

3. Find the volume of the hexagonal prism shown at the right.

Round to the nearest hundredth.
1,732.78 ft

5.7 ft 15.4 ft

6.58 ft

4. The walls of an empty grain silo form a hexagonal prism

as shown at the right. Can the farmer store 4,250 cubic feet
of grain inside the silo? Explain.
Yes; Sample answer: The silo has a volume of
23 ft
4,843.8 ft 3 , which is greater than the volume
of grain, 4,250 ft 3 that the farmer wants to
store.
7.8 ft
9 ft

5. A rain gutter attached to the edge of a roof 6. Make Sense and Persevere A baker
has the shape of a rectangular prism. makes a layered cake with two layers
It is 18 feet long and 7 inches high. It has that are rectangular prisms. Each layer
a volume of 7,560 cubic inches. How wide is 2 inches tall. What is the volume
is the gutter? of the cake?
5 inches 264 in. 3 5 in.

2 in.
3 in.
2 in. 9 in.
13 in.

8-9 Solve Problems Involving Volume 113

 7. The triangular prism shown at the right has two bases
that are equilateral triangles. The perimeter of each base
measures 63 cm. What is the volume of the prism? 18.2 cm
5,350.8 cm3
28 cm

8. Make Sense and Persevere Morgan made the display 3 cm

block shown. What is the volume of the block? Explain
4 cm
your answer.
4 cm
264 cm3 ; Sample answer: The block can be split
3 cm
vertically to find the volume of two rectangular
prisms. The volume of the left prism is 3 ~ 8 ~ 7 =
168 cm3 . The volume of the right prism is 8 ~ 3 ~ 8 cm
4 = 96 cm3 . The sum of the volumes is 264 cm3 . 7 cm

9. Higher Order Thinking A steel tube is constructed in the 16 cm

shape of a regular hexagonal prism with a smaller regular
3.5 cm
hexagonal prism removed. The material used for the tube
4.3 cm
weighs 4 grams per cubic centimeter. How much does the 5 cm
tube weigh? Explain your reasoning.
1,440 grams; Sample answer: The volume of the
tube is equal to the difference of the volume of 4 cm
the greater prism and the volume of the prism
that has been removed; 1,032 cm 3 − 672 cm 3 =
360 cm 3 ; (360 cm 3 ) × (4 g/cm 3 ) = 1,440 g.

Assessment Practice
10. What is the volume, in cubic inches, of the triangular 3
6 5 in.
prism shown at the right?
2
4 5 in.
159 18
25
11 in.
1
5 2 in.

11. Before adding flowers, James fills the vase shown 13 full
with water. How much water, in cubic centimeters,
does it take to fill the vase 13 full?

33 cm
1,821.6

6.9 cm
8 cm

114 8-9 Solve Problems Involving Volume

6. Higher Order Thinking If carpet costs The gridlines are spaced 1 cm apart.
$1.50 per square foot including the cost of 1 cm = 4 feet
installation, how much will it cost to carpet
the entire living room floor of the cabin
shown at the right?
$420 Bathroom
Deck
Living
Room
Bedroom

7. On the floor plan shown at the right, 4.0 in. 6.0 in.
1.25 inches represents 2 feet.
a. What is the actual length of the Kitchen 4.0 in.
entire floor? Dining
6.0 in.
19.2 ft Room

b. What is the actual area of the entire

floor? Explain how you found the area. length
A = 307.2 ft 2 ; Sample answer: Living
4.0 in. Study 8.0 in.
The actual width of the floor is Room
(4 inches + 6 inches)
1.25 inches ~ 2 feet
= 16 ft;
19.2 ft ~ 16 ft = 307.2 ft 2 2.0 in. Foyer

width

Assessment Practice
8. An architect is recreating the blueprint for a deck with
an existing scale factor of 1 in. = 2 ft, shown at the right.
The architect is using a different scale so that the length width
of the deck on the new blueprint measures 8 inches. 8 in.
PART A
What is the scale factor of the new blueprint?
length
12 in.
1 inch = 3 feet

PART B
What is the width, in inches, of the deck on the new blueprint?

51
3

98 8-1 Solve Problems Involving Scale Drawings