Marking Scheme

Class X -Social Science (087)

SET-32/6/3
SET -3 MM-80
[Link]. Values Points Page No. Marks-
Section A (20X1=
Multiple Choice Question 20)
1 (A) Gandhi Sagar-Chambal 24G 1
2 (C) Jute 38G 1
3 (C) Lignite Coal 50G 1
4 (D) Madhya Pradesh 15G 1
5 (B) I, III and IV are correct 04-05P 1
6 (A) It enhances the dignity of the individuals 70-71P 1
7 (C) Only I, II and IV are correct 19P 1
8 (D) Currency, Communication, Defense 16P 1
9 (B) Telugu Desam-Cycle-Andhra Pradesh 56P 1
10 (A) Both assertion(A) and reason(R) are correct and (R) is the correct 03P 1
explanation of (A).
11 (B) II, III and I 21H 1
12 (B) City of Gold 55H 1
13 (B) IV, II, III and I 37,38,39,41H 1
14 (C) a-ii, b-iv, c-i, d-iii 121-122H 1
15 (D) Indian Postal Service 33-34E 1
16 (C) A is true R is false 40E 1
17 (D) Government provides unemployment allowance to the beneficiaries in 29E 1
case of failure to provide employment.
18 (C) Only I, III and IV are correct 64E 1
19 (D) World Bank 08E 1
20 (A) Only (i), (iii) and (iv) 49E 1
Section B (4X2=8)
Very Short Answer Type Questions
21 (a)Suggest any two measures to promote secularism as mentioned 37-38P 2X1=2
in the Indian Constitution.

(i) There is no official religion for the Indian state.

Page 3 of 20
 (ii) Our Constitution does not give a special status to any religion.
(iii) The Constitution provides to all individuals and communities the
freedom to profess, practice and propagate any religion, or not to
follow any.
(iv) The Constitution prohibits discrimination on grounds of religion.
(v) At the same time, the Constitution allows the state to intervene in
the matters of religion to ensure equality within religious
communities.
(vi) Any other relevant point.
Any two points to be explained.

OR
(b) Suggest any two measures to ensure participation of women
in public life.
(i) Increase the literacy rate among women.
(ii) To promote gender equality. 32-33-35 P 2x1=2
(iii) Strictly follow the Equal Remuneration Act.
(iv) To ensure increased representation in public/political life.
(v) For example in 2023, Nari shakti Vandan Adhiniyam has been
passed to ensure women participation.
(vi) Any other relevant point.
Any two points to be explained.
22 Explain the notion of swaraj for plantation workers of Assam in 36H 2X1=2
public life.

(i) Workers in Assam had their own understanding of Mahatma

Gandhi and the notion of swaraj.
(ii) For plantation workers in Assam, freedom meant the right to
move freely in and out of the confined space in which they
were enclosed.
(iii) It meant retaining a link with the village from which they had
come.

Page 4 of 20
 (iv) Under the Inland Emigration Act of 1859, plantation workers
were not permitted to leave the tea gardens without permission,
and in fact they were rarely given such permission.
(v) When they heard of the Non-Cooperation Movement,
thousands of workers defied the authorities, left the plantations
and headed home.
(vi) They believed that Gandhi Raj was coming, and everyone
would be given land in their own villages.
(vii) They, however, never reached their destination.
(viii) Stranded on the way by a railway and steamer strike, they were
caught by the police and brutally beaten up.
(ix) Any other relevant point
Any two points to be explained.

23 How did information and communication technology promote the 62-63E 2X1=2
process of Globalization? Explain.
(i) Globalization is this process of rapid integration or interconnection
between countries.
(ii) Rapid improvement in technology has been one major factor that
has stimulated the globalization process.
(iii) For instance, the past fifty years have seen several improvements in
transportation technology which has prompted faster delivery of
goods across long distances, possible at lower costs.
(iv) Even more remarkable was the development of information and
communication technology.
(v) For example satellite communication devices, mobile phones, fax
etc.
(vi) Any other relevant point.
Any two points to be explained.
24 Suggest any two ways for the conservation of minerals. 50G 2X1=2
(i) To use minerals in a planned and sustainable manner.
(ii) Improved technologies need to be constantly evolved to allow the
use of low-grade ores at low costs.
(iii) Recycling of metals.

Page 5 of 20
 (iv) Using scrap metals
(v) Use of other substitutes.
(vi) Any other relevant point.
Any two points to be explained.
Section C (5X3=15)
Short Answer Type Questions
25 Mention ant three features of commercial farming. 31G 3x1=3
(i) The main characteristic of commercial type of farming is the
use of higher doses of modern inputs.
(ii) High yielding variety (HYV) seeds, chemical fertilizers,
insecticides and pesticides are used by the farmers.
(iii) The degree of commercialization of agriculture varies from
one region to another.
(iv) For example, rice is a commercial crop in Haryana and Punjab,
but in Odisha, it is a subsistence crop.
(v) Any other relevant point.
Any three points to be explained.

26 Describe the role of primary sector in providing employment. 20E 3X1=3

(i) Activities that are undertaken by directly using natural
resources are commonly known as Primary Sector.
(ii) For example, the cultivation of cotton provides
employment to the farmers and farm labourers.
(iii) Similarly, in the case of an activity like dairy, there is
dependence on the biological process of the animals and
availability of fodder etc. creating employment
opportunities in the animal husbandry.
(iv) Similarly, minerals and ores are also natural products.
Extraction of the minerals provides employment to the
miners.
(v) Since most of the natural products we get are from
agriculture, dairy, fishing and forestry, this sector is also
called agriculture and related sector, providing

Page 6 of 20
 employment to the fishermen, milkman, wood collectors
etc.
(vi) The primary sector plays a major role in connecting the
other two sectors of the economy-Manufacturing and the
tertiary sectors.
(vii) Any other relevant point.
Any three points to be explained

27 (a) Explain any three factors responsible for water pollution. 66 G 3X1=3
(i) Water pollution is caused by organic and inorganic industrial
waste and affluents discharged into rivers.
(ii) The main culprits in this regard are paper, pulp, chemical,
textile and dyeing, petroleum refineries, tanneries and
electroplating industries.
(iii) These industries let out dyes, detergents, acids, salts, heavy
metals like lead and mercury pesticides, fertilizers, synthetic
chemicals with carbon, plastics and rubber, etc. into the water
bodies.
(iv) Fly ash, phospo- gypsum and iron and steel slags are the major
solid wastes in India.
(v) Any other relevant point.
Any three points to be explained.
OR

(b) Explain any three factors responsible for air pollution.

(i) Air pollution is caused by the presence of high proportion of 66 G 3X1=3
undesirable gases, such as Sulphur dioxide and carbon
monoxide.
(ii) Air borne particulate materials contain both solid and liquid
particles like dust, sprays mist and smoke.
(iii) Smoke is emitted by chemical and paper factories, brick kilns,
refineries and smelting plants, and burning of fossil fuels in big
and small factories that ignore pollution norms.

Page 7 of 20
 (iv) Toxic gas leaks can be very hazardous with long-term effects.
(v) Air pollution adversely affects human health, animals, plants,
buildings and the atmosphere as a whole.
(vi) Any other relevant point.
Any three points to be explained

28 Differentiate between federal and unitary form of government with 15 P 3X1=3

examples.
Federal system of Governance:
(i) Two or more levels of Government.
(ii) The central government and the state government works in
coordination.
(iii) Decentralization of power takes place in this form of
government.
(iv) There is a balance of power between different levels of
governments.
(v) For example: Belgium/U.S.A.
(vi) Any other relevant point.

Unitary system of Governance:

(i) There is only one level of government.
(ii) The state government works as sub-units to the central
government.
(iii) All powers are vested in the Central government therefore
centralization of power takes place.
(iv) There is absolute control of power by the central government.
(v) For example: Sri Lanka
(vi) Any other relevant point.
Any three points to be explained, while referring to the example is
mandatory.
29 Explain the functioning of conservative regimes established in France 11-12H 3X1=3
in 1815.
(i) The Conservative regimes set up in 1815 were autocratic.

Page 8 of 20
 (ii) They did not tolerate criticism and dissent and sought to curb
activities that questioned the legitimacy of autocratic
governments.
(iii) Most of them imposed censorship laws to control what was said
in newspapers, books, plays and songs and reflected the ideas of
liberty and freedom associated with the French Revolution.
(iv) The memory of the French Revolution nonetheless continued to
inspire liberals.
(v) One of the major issues taken up by the liberal nationalists, who
criticized the new conservative order, was freedom of the press.
(vi) Any other relevant point.
Any three points to be explained.

Section D (4X5=20)
Long Answer Type Questions
30 (a) Examine the importance of public facilities for development. 34E 5X1=5

(i) There are many activities which are the primary responsibility
of the government.
(ii) The government must spend it on these. Providing health and
education facilities for all is one example.
(iii) Running proper schools and providing quality education,
particularly elementary education, is the duty of the government.
(iv) The Government also needs to pay attention to aspects of human
development such as the availability of safe drinking water.
(v) The Government should also provide housing facilities.
(vi) PDS (Public Distribution System).
(vii) It is also the duty of the government to take care of the poorest
and the most ignored regions of the country through increased
spending in such areas.
(viii) Any other relevant point.
Any Five points to be Evaluated.

OR
Page 9 of 20
 (b) Which organization publishes the Human Development Report
and What criteria does it use to compare countries? Examine.
08E 5X1=5

A.
(i) Human Development Report is published by United Nation
Development Programme (UNDP).
B. Criteria:
(i) Educational levels of the people,
(ii) Health status
(iii) Per capita income.
(iv) Any other relevant point.
To be examined as whole.

31 (a) Explain the main features of alluvial soil. 07 G 5x1=5

(i) Alluvial soil have been deposited by three important Himalayan
river systems– the Indus, the Ganga and the Brahmaputra.
(ii) The alluvial soil consists of various proportions of sand, silt and
clay.
(iii) As we move inlands towards the river valleys, soil particles
appear somewhat bigger in size.
(iv) In the upper reaches of the river valley i.e. near the place of the
break of slope, the soils are coarse, commonly found in
piedmont plains such as Duars, Chos and Terai.
(v) According to their age alluvial soils can be classified as old
alluvial (Bangar) and new alluvial (Khadar).
(vi) The bangar soil has higher concentration of kanker nodules than
the Khadar. Khadar has more fine particles and is more fertile
than the bangar.
(vii) Mostly these soils contain adequate proportion of potash,
phosphoric acid and lime, ideal for the growth of sugarcane,
paddy, wheat and other cereal and pulse crops.
(viii) Due to its high fertility, regions of alluvial soils are intensively
cultivated and densely populated.
Page 10 of 20
 (ix) Any other relevant point.
Any five points to be explained

OR
(b)Explain the various stages of resource planning and its need in
India. 03 G 3+2=5
Resource planning is a complex process which involves:
(i) Identification and inventory of resources across the regions of the
country.
(ii) This involves surveying, mapping and qualitative and quantitative
estimation and measurement of the resources.
(iii) Evolving a planning structure endowed with appropriate
technology, skill and institutional set up for implementing resource
development plans.
(iv) Matching the resource development plans with overall national
development plans.
(v) India has made concerted efforts for achieving the goals of resource
planning.
(vi) Any other relevant point.
Any three points to be assessed.

Need in India:
(i) Resources are essential for development.
(ii) Technology and quality human resources are prerequisites for
development of any region.
(iii) Uneven distribution of resources.
(iv) Any other relevant point.
Any two points to be assessed.
To be assessed as a whole.
32 (a) “The law enacted in 1956 and other Constitutional provisions 03-04 P 5X1=5
led to major conflict between the two communities in Sri
Lanka.” Support the statement.

Page 11 of 20
 (i) In 1956, an Act was passed to recognize Sinhala as the only
official language, thus disregarding Tamil.
(ii) The governments followed preferential policies that favored
Sinhala applicants for university positions and government
jobs.
(iii) A new constitution stipulated that the state shall protect and
foster Buddhism.
(iv) Majoritarianism gradually increased the feeling of alienation
among Sri Lankan Tamils.
(v) They felt the Constitution and the government policies
denied them equal political rights.
(vi) The relations between the Sinhala and Tamil Communities
remained strained over time.
(vii) They launched parties and struggles for the recognition of
Tamil as an official language.
(viii) They demanded regional autonomy and equality of
opportunity in securing education and jobs.
(ix) But their demands were repeatedly denied.
(x) Any other relevant point
Any five points to be explained.
OR
(b) “Power sharing increases trust between different groups.” 08 P 5X1=5
Support the statement.
(i) The basic principle of democracy is that people are the source
for all political power.
(ii) Everyone has a voice in shaping public policies.
(iii) Power sharing helps to reduce the possibility of conflicts.
(iv) Power sharing is the very spirit of democracy.
(v) Belgium is the prime example of power sharing.
(vi) Power sharing gives space to social groups such as religious
and linguistic groups.
(vii) Interest groups, pressure groups like traders, and
industrialists influence power sharing.

Page 12 of 20
 (viii) Power sharing gives minority communities fair share in
power.
(ix) Power sharing accommodates social diversity.
(x) Any other relevant point
Any five points to be explained.
33 (a) Explain the features of manuscript found in India before the 119-120H 5X1=5
advent of printing culture.

(i) India had a very rich and old tradition of handwritten

manuscripts in Sanskrit, Arabic, Persian, as well as in various
vernacular languages.
(ii) Manuscripts were copied on palm leaves or on handmade
paper.
(iii) Pages were sometimes beautifully illustrated.
(iv) They would be either pressed between wooden covers or sewn
together to ensure preservation.
(v) Manuscripts continued to be produced till well after the
introduction of print, down to the late nineteenth century.
(vi) Manuscripts, however, were highly expensive and fragile.
(vii) They had to be handled carefully, and they could not be read
easily as the script was written in different styles.
(viii) Any other relevant point.
Any five points to be analyzed.

OR

(b)How did the advent of print culture affect the poor people in 126H 5X1=5
India? Explain.
(i) Very cheap small books were brought to markets in 19th
Century in Madras towns and sold at crossroads, allowing poor
people travelling to markets to buy them.
(ii) Public libraries were set up from the early twentieth century,
expanding the access to books.
(iii) These libraries were located mostly in cities and towns, and at
times in prosperous villages.

Page 13 of 20
 (iv) For rich local patrons, setting up a library was a way of
acquiring prestige.
(v) From the late nineteenth century, issues of caste discrimination
began to be written about in many printed tracts and essays.
(vi) Jyotiba Phule wrote about the injustices of the caste system in
his Gulamgiri (1871).
(vii) In the twentieth century, B.R. Ambedkar in Maharashtra and
E.V. Ramaswamy Naicker in Madras, better known as Periyar,
wrote powerfully on caste and their writings were read by
people all over India.
(viii) Local protest movements and sects also created a lot of popular
journals and tracts criticizing ancient scriptures and
envisioning a new and just future.
(ix) Workers in factories were too overworked and lacked the
education to write much about their experiences.
(x) But Kashibaba, a Kanpur millworker, wrote and published
Chhote Aur Bade Ka Sawal in 1938 to show the links between
caste and class exploitation.
(xi) The poems of another Kanpur millworker, who wrote under the
name of Sudarshan Chakra between 1935 and 1955, were
brought together and published in a collection called Sacchi
Kavitayan.
(xii) Any other relevant point.
Any five points to be explained.

Section E 3X4=12
CASE BASED/SOURCE BASED QUESTIONS
34 Read the following source carefully and answer the questions that 39 H 1+1+2=4
follow:
The Independence Day Pledge, 26 January 1930

"We believe that it is the inalienable right of the Indian people, as of any
other people, to have freedom and to enjoy the fruits of their toil and have
the necessities of life, so that they may have full opportunities of growth.
Page 14 of 20
 We also believe that if any government deprives people of these rights and
oppresses them, the people have a further right to alter it or abolish it. The
British Government in India has not only deprived the Indian people of
their freedom but based itself on the exploitation of the masses, and has
ruined India economically, politically, culturally and spiritually. We
believe, therefore, that India must sever the British connection and attain
Purna Swaraj or Complete Independence."

34.1 Why was swaraj considered as an inalienable right of India? (1)

(i) Swaraj was considered a necessary condition for the freedom
and development of every Indian.
(ii) Any other relevant point
Any one point to be explained

34.2 Which type of government is supported in the source? (1)

(i) Democratic and independent government.
(ii) Any other relevant point
Any one point to be explained.

34.3 Explain any two effects of British rule in India. (2)

(i) The British rule in India ruined it economically, politically,
culturally and spiritually.
(ii) The British Government in India deprived the Indian people
of their freedom.
(iii) They exploited the people.
(iv) Any other relevant point
Any two points to be mentioned.
35 Read the following source carefully and answer the questions that 50 P 1+1+2=4
follow:
The Need for Political Parties

As we have seen, large societies need representative democracy. As

societies became large and complex, they also needed some agency to

Page 15 of 20
gather different views on various issues and to present these to the
government. They needed some ways, to bring various representatives
together so that a responsible government could be formed. They
needed a mechanism to support or restrain the government, make
policies, justify or oppose them. Political parties fulfil these needs that
every representative government has. We can say that parties are a
necessary condition for a democracy.

35.1Explain the meaning of ‘representative democracy’. (1)

(i) Representative democracy is a system of government when
the citizens/ public of a country choose their
leader/representative on their behalf.
(ii) It is also known as indirect democracy.
(iii) Any other relevant point
Any one point to be explained.

35.2How do political parties shape public opinion?

(1)
(i) They raise and highlight issues.
(ii) Parties sometimes also launch movements for the resolution
of problems faced by people.
(iii) Often opinions in society crystallize on the lines parties
take.
(iv) Any other relevant point.
Any one point to be explained.

35.3Why are political parties considered a necessary

condition for a democracy? Explain.
(2)
(i) Parties are the pillars of democracy.
(ii) Society needed a mechanism to support or restrain the
government, make policies, justify or oppose them.

Page 16 of 20
 (iii) Political parties fulfil these needs that every representative
government has.
(iv) Any other relevant point
Any two points to be explained.
36 Read the following source carefully and answer the questions that 47 E 1+1+2=4
follow:
Loans from Cooperatives
Besides banks, the other major source of cheap credit in rural areas are the
co-operative societies. Members of a co-operative pool their resources for
co-operation in certain areas. There are several types of co-operatives
possible such as farmers co-operatives, weavers co-operatives, industrial
workers co-operatives etc.

Krishak Co-operative functions in a village not very far away from Sonpur.
It has 2300 farmers as members. It accepts deposits from its members. With
these deposits as collateral, the co-operative has obtained a large loan from
the bank. These funds are used to provide loans to members. Once these
loans are repaid, another round of lending can take place.

Krishak Co-operative provides loans for the purchase of agriculture

equipment’s, loans for cultivation and agricultural trade, fishery loans,
loans for constructions of houses and for variety of other expenses.

36.1Which sector includes credit facilities offered by Co-operative

Societies? (1)
Formal Source of Credit

36.2 How do Self-Help Groups access external funding? (1)

- Banks/ Cooperatives/ Government

36.3 Explain the functioning of Co-operative Societies. (2)

(i) Members of a cooperative pool their resources for
cooperation in certain areas.

Page 17 of 20
 (ii) There are several types of cooperatives possible such as
farmers cooperatives, weavers cooperatives, industrial
workers cooperatives, etc.
(iii) For example Krishak Cooperative functions in a village
not very far away from Sonpur.
(iv) The Cooperative obtains a large loan from the bank.
(v) These funds are used to provide loans to members.
(vi) Once these loans are repaid, another round of lending can
take place.
(vii) Krishak Cooperative provides loans for the purchase of
agricultural implements, loans for cultivation and
agricultural trade, fishery loans, loans for construction of
houses and for a variety of other expenses.
(viii) Any other relevant point
Any two points to be explained.
Section F (2+3= 5)
(Map Skill-Based Question)
37 (a) Two places 'A' and 'B' have been marked on the given political
outline map of India. Identify them with the help of the following
information and write their correct names on the lines drawn near
them.

A. The place where the session of Indian National Congress took

1
place in 1927.

- Madras (Chennai) 1

B. The place where Mahatma Gandhi led the movement of cotton

mill workers.

- Ahmedabad
(FOR ANSWERS, PLEASE SEE THE ATTACHED MAP)

Note : The following questions are for Visually Impaired Candidates

only in lieu of Question No. 37(a).

1X2=2

Page 18 of 20
37. (a) (i) Name the place where the session of Indian National
Congress took place in 1927.
- Madras (Chennai)

(ii) Name the place where Mahatma Gandhi led the movement
of cotton mill workers.
- Ahmedabad

37. (b) On the same outline map of India locate and label any three
1x3=3
of the following with suitable symbols:
(i) An International Airport located in Punjab
(ii) A major Sea port located in Gujarat.
(iii) A major oil field of India located in Arabian Sea.
(iv) A Nuclear Power Plant located in Uttar Pradesh.
(FOR ANSWERS, PLEASE SEE THE ATTACHED
MAP)
Note : The following questions are for Visually Impaired Candidates

only in lieu of Question No. 37(b). (Attempt three)

37.(b)
(i) Name the place where an international airport is located in Punjab. 1x3=3
- Shri Guru Ramdas Ji International Airport/Raja Sansi
(Amritsar)
(ii) Name the place where major seaport is located in Gujarat.
- Kandala Port (Deendayal Port)
(iii) Name an oilfield of India located in Arabian sea.
- Mumbai High/ Bassein
(iv) Name the place where nuclear power plant located in Uttar
Pradesh.
- Naraura

Page 19 of 20
Page 20 of 20
 Marking Scheme
Class X -Social Science (087)
SET-32/6/2
SET -2 MM-80
Q. Values Points Page No. Marks-
No.
Section A (20X1=20)
Multiple Choice Question
1 (A) Both assertion(A) and reason(R) are correct and (R) is the 03P 1
correct explanation of (A)
2 (B) Telugu Desam-Cycle-Andhra Pradesh 56P 1
3 (D) Currency, Communication, Defense 16P 1
4 (C) Only I, II and IV are correct 19P 1
5 (A) It enhances the dignity of the individuals 70-71P 1
6 (B) I, III and IV are correct 04-05P 1
7 (D) Madhya Pradesh 15G 1
8 (C) Lignite Coal 50G 1
9 (C) Jute 38G 1
10 (A) Gandhi Sagar-Chambal 24G 1
11 (A) Only (i), (iii) and (iv) 49E 1
12 (D) World Bank 08E 1
13 (C) Only I, III and IV are correct 64E 1
14 (D) Government provides unemployment allowance to the 29E 1
beneficiaries in case of failure to provide employment.
15 (C) A is true R is false 40E 1
16 (D) Indian Postal Service 33-34E 1
17 (C) a-ii, b-iv, c-i, d-iii 121-122H 1
18 (B) IV, II, III and I 37,38,39,41H 1
19 (B) City of Gold 55H 1
20 (B) II, III and I 21H 1
Section B (4X2=8)
Very Short Answer Type Questions
21 Why was the Rowlatt Act opposed in India? Explain. 31H 2X1=2

Page 3 of 24
 (i) Gandhiji in 1919 decided to launch a nationwide
satyagraha against the proposed Rowlatt Act (1919).
(ii) This Act had been hurriedly passed through the Imperial
Legislative Council despite the united opposition of the
Indian members.
(iii) It gave the government enormous powers to repress
political activities.
(iv) It allowed detention of political prisoners without trial
for two years.
(v) Mahatma Gandhi wanted non-violent civil disobedience
against such unjust laws, which would start with a hartal
on 6 April.
(vi) Any other relevant point.
Any two points to be explained.

22 Why is it necessary to adopt non-conventional sources of 54G 2X1=2

energy? Explain.

(i) The growing consumption of energy has resulted in the

country becoming increasingly dependent on fossil fuels
such as coal, oil and gas.
(ii) Rising prices of oil and gas and their potential shortages
have raised uncertainties about the security of energy
supply in future
(iii) This in turn has serious repercussions on the growth of
the national economy.
(iv) Increasing use of fossil fuels also causes serious
environmental problems.
(v) There is a pressing need to use renewable energy sources
like solar energy, wind, tide, biomass and energy from
waste material.
(vi) Any other relevant point.
Any two points to be explained.

Page 4 of 24
23 (a)Suggest any two measures to promote secularism as 37-38P 2X1=2
mentioned in the Indian Constitution.

(i) There is no official religion for the Indian state.

(ii) Our Constitution does not give a special status to any religion.
(iii) The Constitution provides to all individuals and communities
the freedom to profess, practice and propagate any religion,
or not to follow any.
(iv) The Constitution prohibits discrimination on grounds of
religion.
(v) At the same time, the Constitution allows the state to
intervene in the matters of religion to ensure equality within
religious communities.
(vi) Any other relevant point.
Any two points to be explained.

OR

(b) Suggest any two measures to ensure participation of

women in public life.
32-33-35 P 2x1=2
(i) Increase the literacy rate among women.
(ii) To promote gender equality.
(iii) Strictly follow the Equal Remuneration Act.
(iv) To ensure increased representation in public/political life.
(v) For example in 2023, Nari shakti Vandan Adhiniyam has
been passed to ensure women participation.
(vi) Any other relevant point.
Any two points to be explained.
24 How did information and communication technology promote 62-63E 2X1=2
the process of Globalization? Explain.
(i) Globalization is this process of rapid integration or
interconnection between countries.
(ii) Rapid improvement in technology has been one major factor
that has stimulated the globalization process.

Page 5 of 24
 (iii) For instance, the past fifty years have seen several
improvements in transportation technology which has
prompted faster delivery of goods across long distances,
possible at lower costs.
(iv) Even more remarkable was the development of information
and communication technology.
(v) For example satellite communication devices, mobile phones,
fax etc.
(vi) Any other relevant point.
Any two points to be explained.
Section C (5X3=15)
Short Answer Type Questions
25 How are final goods and services calculated? Explain through 22-23E 3x1=3
one example.
(i) The value of final goods and services produced in each
sector during a particular year provides the total
production of the sector for that year.
(ii) The sum of production in the three sectors gives what is
called the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of a country. It
is the value of all final goods and services produced
within a country during a particular year.
(iii) Not every good (or service) that is produced and sold
needs to be counted.
(iv) It makes sense only to include the final goods and
services. For instance, a farmer who sells wheat to a
flour mill for Rs 20 per kg. The mill grinds the wheat and
sells the flour to a biscuit company for Rs 25 per kg.
(v) The biscuit company uses the flour and things such as
sugar and oil to make four packets of biscuits. It sells
biscuits in the market to the consumers for Rs 80 (Rs 20
per packet).
(vi) Biscuits are the final goods, i.e., goods that reach the
consumers. The value of final goods already includes the

Page 6 of 24
 value of all the intermediate goods that are used in
making the final good.
(vii) The value of Rs 80 for the biscuits (final good) already
includes the value of flour (Rs 25).
(viii) Similarly, the value of all other intermediate goods
would have been included.
(ix) Any other relevant point.

To be assessed as a whole.

26 “Ideas of national unity in early nineteenth-century Europe 09H 3X1=3

were closely allied to the ideology of liberalism.” Explain the
statement.

(i) For the new middle classes liberalism stood for

freedom for the individual and equality of all before
the law.
(ii) Politically, it emphasised the concept of
government by consent.
(iii) Since the French Revolution, liberalism had stood
for the end of autocracy and clerical privileges, a
constitution and representative government through
parliament.
(iv) Nineteenth-century liberals also stressed the
inviolability of private property.
(v) Economically liberalism also stood for the freedom
of markets.
(vi) Any other relevant point.

Any three points to be explained

27 (a) Explain any three factors responsible for water pollution. 66 G 3X1=3
(i) Water pollution is caused by organic and inorganic
industrial waste and affluents discharged into rivers.

Page 7 of 24
 (ii) The main culprits in this regard are paper, pulp,
chemical, textile and dyeing, petroleum refineries,
tanneries and electroplating industries.
(iii) These industries let out dyes, detergents, acids, salts,
heavy metals like lead and mercury pesticides, fertilizers,
synthetic chemicals with carbon, plastics and rubber, etc.
into the water bodies.
(iv) Fly ash, phospo- gypsum and iron and steel slags are the
major solid wastes in India.
(v) Any other relevant point.
Any three points to be explained.
OR
(b) Explain any three factors responsible for air pollution.
(i) Air pollution is caused by the presence of high
proportion of undesirable gases, such as Sulphur dioxide 66 G 3X1=3
and carbon monoxide.
(ii) Air borne particulate materials contain both solid and
liquid particles like dust, sprays mist and smoke.
(iii) Smoke is emitted by chemical and paper factories, brick
kilns, refineries and smelting plants, and burning of
fossil fuels in big and small factories that ignore
pollution norms.
(iv) Toxic gas leaks can be very hazardous with long-term
effects.
(v) Air pollution adversely affects human health, animals,
plants, buildings and the atmosphere as a whole.
(vi) Any other relevant point.
Any three points to be explained
28 Differentiate between federal and unitary form of government 15 P 3X1=3
with examples.
Federal system of Governance:
(i) Two or more levels of Government.

Page 8 of 24
 (ii) The central government and the state
government works in coordination.
(iii) Decentralization of power takes place in this
form of government.
(iv) There is a balance of power between different
levels of governments.
(v) For example: Belgium/U.S.A.
(vi) Any other relevant point.

Unitary system of Governance:

(i) There is only one level of government either.
(ii) The state government works as sub-units to the central
government.
(iii) All powers are vested in the Central government
therefore centralization of power takes place.
(iv) There is absolute control of power by the central
government.
(v) For example: Sri Lanka
(vi) Any other relevant point.
Any three points to be explained, while referring to the example
is compulsory.
29 Explain any three features of intensive subsistence farming. 31G 3X1=3

(i) Intensive subsistence farming is practiced in areas of

high population pressure on land.
(ii) It is labour intensive farming.
(iii) High doses of biochemical inputs and irrigation are used
for obtaining higher production.
(iv) Through the ‘right of inheritance’ leading to the division
of land among successive generations has rendered land-
holding size uneconomical.
(v) The farmers continue to take maximum output from the
limited land in the absence of alternative source of
livelihood.
Page 9 of 24
 (vi) Any other relevant point.
Any three points to be explained.
Section D (4X5=20)
Long Answer Type Questions
30 (a) “The goals of development may also be contradictory.” 05E 5X1=5
Examine the statement through examples.

(i) Different persons can have different developmental goals

and what may be development for one may not be
development for the other.
(ii) It may even be destructive for the other. Each one of
them seeks different things.
(iii) They seek things that are most important for them,
something which can fulfil their aspirations or desires.
(iv) In fact, at times, two persons or groups of persons may
seek things which are conflicting/contradictory.
(v) A girl expects as much freedom and opportunity as her
brother, and that he also shares in the household work.
Her brother may not like this.
(vi) Similarly, to get more electricity, industrialists may want
more dams. But this may submerge the land and disrupt
the lives of people who are displaced.
(vii) Any other relevant point.
Any Five points to be Examined.
OR
(b) Explain the significance and limitations of average income
for comparing different countries with examples.
08-09E 2+3=5
Significance:

(i) Average income is also known as per Capita income.

(ii) It provides a basic understanding of the standard of
living within a population by showing the average
amount of money earned per person.
(iii) It is an indicator of development signifying a higher
standard of living among people.
Page 10 of 24
 (iv) Countries with per capita income of US$ 49,300 per
annum and above in 2019, are called high income or rich
countries.
(v) Those with per capita income of US$ 2500 or less are
called low-income countries.
(vi) India comes in the category of low middle income
countries because its per capita income in 2019 was just
US$6700 per annum.
(vii) The rich countries, excluding countries of Middle East
and certain other small countries, are generally called
developed countries.
(viii) Any other relevant point.
Any two points to be explained.

Limitations:

(i) Average income is not a reliable index of economic

development.
(ii) Average income does not consider individual
differences.
(iii) Average income though useful for comparison but also
hides disparities.
(iv) Average income does not reflect the quality of human
life.
(v) Any other relevant point.
Any three points to be explained.

To be assessed as a whole.

31 (a) “The law enacted in 1956 and other Constitutional 03-04 P 5X1=5
provisions led to major conflict between the two communities in
Sri Lanka.” Support the statement.
(i) In 1956, an Act was passed to recognize Sinhala as the
only official language, thus disregarding Tamil.

Page 11 of 24
 (ii) The governments followed preferential policies that
favored Sinhala applicants for university positions and
government jobs.
(iii) A new constitution stipulated that the state shall protect
and foster Buddhism.
(iv) Majoritarianism gradually increased the feeling of
alienation among Sri Lankan Tamils.
(v) They felt the Constitution and the government policies
denied them equal political rights.
(vi) The relations between the Sinhala and Tamil
Communities remained strained over time.
(vii) They launched parties and struggles for the recognition
of Tamil as an official language.
(viii) They demanded regional autonomy and equality of
opportunity in securing education and jobs.
(ix) But their demands were repeatedly denied.
(x) Any other relevant point
Any five points to be explained.

OR

(b) “Power sharing increases trust between different groups.”

Support the statement. 08 P 5X1=5
(i) The basic principle of democracy is that people are the
source for all political power.
(ii) Everyone has a voice in shaping public policies.
(iii) Power sharing helps to reduce the possibility of
conflicts.
(iv) Power sharing is the very spirit of democracy.
(v) Belgium is the prime example of power sharing.
(vi) Power sharing gives space to social groups such as
religious and linguistic groups.

Page 12 of 24
 (vii) Interest groups, pressure groups like traders, and
industrialists influence power sharing.
(viii) Power sharing gives minority communities fair share
in power.
(ix) Power sharing accommodates social diversity.
(x) Any other relevant point
Any five points to be explained.
32 (a) Explain the main features of alluvial soil. 07 G 5x1=5
(i) Alluvial soil have been deposited by three important
Himalayan river systems– the Indus, the Ganga and the
Brahmaputra.
(ii) The alluvial soil consists of various proportions of sand,
silt and clay.
(iii) As we move inlands towards the river valleys, soil
particles appear somewhat bigger in size.
(iv) In the upper reaches of the river valley i.e. near the place
of the break of slope, the soils are coarse, commonly
found in piedmont plains such as Duars, Chos and Terai.
(v) According to their age alluvial soils can be classified as
old alluvial (Bangar) and new alluvial (Khadar).
(vi) The bangar soil has higher concentration of kanker
nodules than the Khadar. Khadar has more fine particles
and is more fertile than the bangar.
(vii) Mostly these soils contain adequate proportion of potash,
phosphoric acid and lime, ideal for the growth of
sugarcane, paddy, wheat and other cereal and pulse crops.
(viii) Due to its high fertility, regions of alluvial soils are
intensively cultivated and densely populated.
(ix) Any other relevant point.
Any five points to be explained

OR

Page 13 of 24
 (b)Explain the various stages of resource planning and its need
in India. 03 G 3+2=5
Resource planning is a complex process which involves:
(i) Identification and inventory of resources across the regions of
the country.
(ii) This involves surveying, mapping and qualitative and
quantitative estimation and measurement of the resources.
(iii) Evolving a planning structure endowed with appropriate
technology, skill and institutional set up for implementing
resource development plans.
(iv) Matching the resource development plans with overall
national development plans.
(v) India has made concerted efforts for achieving the goals of
resource planning.
(vi) Any other relevant point.
Any three points to be assessed.

Need in India:
(i) Resources are essential for development.
(ii) Technology and quality human resources are
prerequisites for development of any region.
(iii) Uneven distribution of resources.
(iv) Any other relevant point.
Any two points to be assessed.
To be assessed as a whole.
33 (a) How did easy access to books develop a new culture of 111H 5X1=5
reading during the 18th century? Analyze.

(i) Printing reduced the cost of books.

(ii) The time and labour required to produce each book
came down, and multiple copies could be produced
with greater ease making books available easily.
(iii) Books flooded the market, reaching out to an ever-
growing readership.

Page 14 of 24
 (iv) Access to books created a new culture of reading.
(v) Common people lived in a world of oral culture.
(vi) They heard sacred texts read out, ballads recited,
and folk tales narrated.
(vii) Knowledge was transferred orally.
(viii) People collectively heard a story or saw a
performance.
(ix) Now books could reach out to wider sections of
people.
(x) If earlier there was a hearing public, now a reading
public came into being.
(xi) But the transition was not so simple. they had to
keep in mind the wider reach of the printed work.
(xii) Even those who did not read could certainly enjoy
listening to books being read out.
(xiii) So printers began publishing popular ballads and
folk tales, and such books would be profusely
illustrated with pictures.
(xiv) These were then sung and recited at gatherings in
villages and in taverns in towns.
(xv) Oral culture thus entered print and printed material
was orally transmitted.
(xvi) Any other relevant point.
Any five points to be analyzed.
OR
(b)How did printing technology affect the lives of Indian
women? Analyze.
124H 5X1=5
(i) Lives and feelings of women began to be written in
particularly vivid and intense ways.
(ii) Women’s reading, therefore, increased enormously in
middle class homes.
(iii) Liberal husbands and fathers began educating their
womenfolk at home, and sent them to schools when

Page 15 of 24
 women’s schools were set up in the cities and towns after
the mid-nineteenth century.
(iv) Many journals began carrying writings by women and
explained why women should be educated.
(v) They also carried a syllabus and attached suitable reading
matter which could be used for home-based schooling.
But not all families were liberal.
(vi) Conservative Hindus believed that a literate girl would be
widowed and Muslims feared that educated women
would be corrupted by reading Urdu romances.
(vii) Sometimes, rebel women defied such prohibition. We
know the story of a girl in a conservative Muslim family
of north India who secretly learnt to read and write in
Urdu.
(viii) Her family wanted her to read only the Arabic Quran
which she did not understand.
(ix) In East Bengal, in the early nineteenth century,
Rashsundari Debi, a young married girl in a very
orthodox household, learnt to read in the secrecy of her
kitchen.
(x) Later, she wrote her autobiography Amar Jiban which
was published in 1876. It was the first full-length
autobiography published in the Bengali language.
(xi) Since social reforms and novels had already created a
great interest in women’s lives and emotions.
(xii) From the 1860s, a few Bengali women like
Kailashbashini Debi wrote books highlighting the
experiences of women – about how women were
imprisoned at home, kept in ignorance, forced to do hard
domestic labour and treated unjustly by the very people
they served.
(xiii) In the 1880s, in present-day Maharashtra, Tarabai Shinde
and Pandita Ramabai wrote with passionate anger.

Page 16 of 24
 (xiv) Any other relevant point.
Any five points to be analyzed.
Section E 3X4=12
CASE BASED/SOURCE BASED QUESTIONS
34 Read the following source carefully and answer the questions 39 H 1+1+2=4
that follow:
The Independence Day Pledge, 26 January 1930

"We believe that it is the inalienable right of the Indian people, as of

any other people, to have freedom and to enjoy the fruits of their toil
and have the necessities of life, so that they may have full
opportunities of growth. We also believe that if any government
deprives people of these rights and oppresses them, the people have
a further right to alter it or abolish it. The British Government in
India has not only deprived the Indian people of their freedom but
based itself on the exploitation of the masses, and has ruined India
economically, politically, culturally and spiritually. We believe,
therefore, that India must sever the British connection and attain
Purna Swaraj or Complete Independence."

34.1. Why was swaraj considered as an inalienable right

of India? (1)
(i) Swaraj was considered a necessary condition for the
freedom and development of every Indian.
(ii) Any other relevant point
Any one point to be explained

34.2. Which type of government is supported in the

source? (1)
(i) Democratic and independent government.
(ii) Any other relevant point
Any one point to be explained.

34.3. Explain any two effects of British rule in India. (2)

Page 17 of 24
 (i) The British rule in India ruined it economically,
politically, culturally and spiritually.
(ii) The British Government in India deprived the Indian
people of their freedom.
(iii) They exploited the people.
(iv) Any other relevant point
Any two points to be mentioned.
35 Read the following source carefully and answer the questions 50P 1+1+2=4
that follow:
The Need for Political Parties
As we have seen, large societies need representative democracy.
As societies became large and complex, they also needed some
agency to gather different views on various issues and to present
these to the government. They needed some ways to bring
various representatives together so that a responsible
government could be formed. They needed a mechanism to
support or restrain the government, make policies, justify or
oppose them. Political parties fulfil these needs that every
representative government has. We can say that parties are a
necessary condition for a democracy.

35.1 Explain the meaning of ‘representative democracy’ (1)

(i) Representative democracy is a system of government
when the citizens/ public of a country choose their
leader/representative on their behalf.
(ii) It is also known as indirect democracy.
(iii) Any other relevant point
Any one point to be explained.

35.2 How do political parties shape public opinion? (1)

(i) They raise and highlight issues.
(ii) Parties sometimes also launch movements for the
resolution of problems faced by people.
(iii) Often opinions in the society crystallise on the lines
parties take.
(iv) Any other relevant point
Any one point to be explained.

35.3 Why are political parties considered a necessary

condition for a
democracy? Explain. (2)

Page 18 of 24
 (i) Parties are the pillars of democracy.
(ii) They needed a mechanism to support or restrain the
government, make policies, justify or oppose them.
(iii) Political parties fulfil these needs that every
representative government has.
(iv) Any other relevant point
Any two points to be explained.

36 Read the following source carefully and answer the questions 47E 1+1+2=4
that follow:
Loans from Cooperatives
Besides banks, the other major source of cheap credit in
rural areas are the co-operative societies. Members of a
co-operative pool their resources for co-operation in
certain areas. There are several types of co-operatives
possible such as farmers co-operatives, weavers co-
operatives, industrial workers co-operatives etc.

Krishak Co-operative functions in a village not very far

away from Sonpur. It has 2300 farmers as members. It
accepts deposits from its members. With these deposits as
collateral, the co-operative has obtained a large loan from
the bank. These funds are used to provide loans to
members. Once these loans are repaid, another round of
lending can take place.

Krishak Co-operative provides loans for the purchase of

agriculture equipment’s, loans for cultivation and
agricultural trade, fishery loans, loans for constructions of
houses and for variety of other expenses.

36.1 Which sector includes credit facilities offered by Co-

operative Societies? (1)
- Formal Source of Credit

36.2 How do Self-Help Groups access external funding? (1)

- Banks/Cooperatives/Government

36.3 Explain the functioning of Co-operative Societies. (2)

Page 19 of 24
 (i) Members of a cooperative pool their resources for
cooperation in certain areas.
(ii) There are several types of cooperatives possible such as
farmers cooperatives, weavers cooperatives, industrial
workers cooperatives, etc.
(iii) For example Krishak Cooperative functions in a village
not very far away from Sonpur.
(iv) The Cooperative obtains a large loan from the bank.
These funds are used to provide loans to members.
(v) Once these loans are repaid, another round of lending
can take place.
(vi) Krishak Cooperative provides loans for the purchase of
agricultural implements, loans for cultivation and
agricultural trade, fishery loans, loans for construction
of houses and for a variety of other expenses.
(vii) Any other relevant point
Any two points to be explained.

Section F (2+3=5)
(Map Skill-Based Question)
37 (a) Two places 'A' and 'B' have been marked on the given
political outline map of India. Identify them with the help of the
following information and write their correct names on the lines
drawn near them.

A. The place where the session of Indian National Congress took

1
place in 1927.

- Madras (Chennai) 1

B. The place where Mahatma Gandhi led the movement of cotton

mill workers.

- Ahmedabad

Page 20 of 24
 (FOR ANSWERS, PLEASE SEE THE ATTACHED
MAP)
1X2=2
Note : The following questions are for Visually Impaired
Candidates only in lieu of Question No. 37(a).

37. (a) (i) Name the place where the session of Indian National
Congress took place in 1927.
- Madras (Chennai)

(ii) Name the place where Mahatma Gandhi led the

movement of cotton mill workers.
- Ahmedabad

1x3=3
37. (b) On the same outline map of India locate and label any
three of the following with suitable symbols:
(i) An International Airport located in Punjab
(ii) A major Sea port located in Gujarat.
(iii) A major oil field of India located in Arabian Sea.
(iv) A Nuclear Power Plant located in Uttar Pradesh.
(FOR ANSWERS, PLEASE SEE THE ATTACHED
MAP)
Note : The following questions are for Visually Impaired
Candidates only in lieu of Question No. 37(b). (Attempt three)

37.(b) 1x3=3
(i) Name the place where an international airport is located in
Punjab.
- Shri Guru Ramdas Ji International Airport/Raja Sansi
(Amritsar)
(ii) Name the place where major seaport is located in Gujarat.
- Kandala Port (Deendayal Port)
(iii) Name an oilfield of India located in Arabian sea.
- Mumbai High/ Bassein

Page 21 of 24
(iv) Name the place where nuclear power plant located in Uttar
Pradesh.
- Naraura

Page 22 of 24
Page 23 of 24
 Marking Scheme
Class X -Social Science (087)
SET-32/6/1
SET -1 MM-80
[Link]. Values Points Page No. Marks-
Section A (20X1=20)
Multiple Choice Question
1 (A) Only (i), (iii) and (iv) 49 E 1
2 (D) World Bank 08 E 1
3 (C) Only I, III and IV are correct 64 E 1
4 (D) Government provides unemployment allowance to the 29 E 1
beneficiaries in case of failure to provide employment.
5 (C) A is true R is false 40 E 1
6 (D) Indian Postal Service 33-34E 1
7 (C) a-ii, b-iv, c-i, d-iii 121-122H 1
8 (B) IV, II, III and I 37,38,39,41H 1
9 (B) City of Gold 55H 1
10 (B) II, III and I 21H 1
11 (A) Both assertion(A) and reason(R) are correct and (R) is the correct 03P 1
explanation of (A)
12 (B) Telugu Desam-Cycle-Andhra Pradesh 56P 1
13 (D) Currency, Communication, Defense 16P 1
14 (C) Only I, II and IV are correct 19P 1
15 (A) It enhances the dignity of the individuals 70-71P 1
16 (B) I, III and IV are correct 04-05P 1
17 (D) Madhya Pradesh 15G 1
18 (C) Lignite Coal 50G 1
19 (C) Jute 38G 1
20 (A) Gandhi Sagar-Chambal 24G 1

Section B (4X2=8)
Very Short Answer Type Questions
21 How did information and communication technology promote the 62-63E 2X1=2
process of Globalization? Explain.
(i) Globalization is this process of rapid integration or
interconnection between countries.

Page 3 of 19
 (ii) Rapid improvement in technology has been one major factor
that has stimulated the globalization process.
(iii) For instance, the past fifty years have seen several
improvements in transportation technology which has prompted
faster delivery of goods across long distances, possible at lower
costs.
(iv) Even more remarkable was the development of information and
communication technology.
(v) For example satellite communication devices, mobile phones,
fax etc.
(vi) Any other relevant point.
Any two points to be explained.
22 How did Indians react to the Jallianwala Bagh massacre? Explain. 32 H 2X1=2
(i) On 13 April the infamous Jallianwalla Bagh incident took
place.
(ii) On that day a large crowd gathered in the enclosed ground
of Jallianwalla Bagh to attend the annual Baisakhi fair.
(iii) Being from outside the city, many villagers were unaware
of the martial law that had been imposed.
(iv) Dyer entered the area, blocked the exit points, and opened
fire on the crowd, killing hundreds.
(v) His object, as he declared later, was to ‘produce a moral
effect’, to create in the minds of satyagrahis a feeling of
terror and awe.
(vi) The crowd took to the streets in many North Indian towns.
(vii) There were strikes, clashes with police and attack on
government buildings.
(viii) Any other relevant point.
Any two points to be explained.

23 Why is the conservation of conventional sources of energy 50 G 2X1=2

significant? Explain any two reasons.
(i) Energy is a basic requirement for economic development.

Page 4 of 19
 (ii) Every sector of the national economy -agriculture, industry,
transport, commercial and domestic-needs inputs of energy.
(iii) The implementation of economic developmental plans
require increasing amounts of energy.
(iv) The consumption of energy in all forms has been steadily
rising and hence there is an urgent need to develop a
sustainable path of energy development.
(v) The conventional sources of energy require millions of
years to be created and concentrated. For example coal.
(vi) Any other relevant point,
Any two points to be explained.
24 (a)Suggest any two measures to promote secularism as mentioned 37-38P 2X1=2
in the Indian Constitution.

(i) There is no official religion for the Indian state.

(ii) Our Constitution does not give a special status to any religion.
(iii) The Constitution provides to all individuals and communities the
freedom to profess, practice and propagate any religion, or not
to follow any.
(iv) The Constitution prohibits discrimination on grounds of religion.
(v) At the same time, the Constitution allows the state to intervene
in the matters of religion to ensure equality within religious
communities.
(vi) Any other relevant point.
Any two points to be explained.
OR
(b) Suggest any two measures to ensure participation of women
in public life. 32-33-35 P 2x1=2
(i) Increase the literacy rate among women.
(ii) To promote gender equality.
(iii) Strictly follow the Equal Remuneration Act.
(iv) To ensure increased representation in public/political life.
(v) For example in 2023, Nari shakti Vandan Adhiniyam has been
passed to ensure women participation.
(vi) Any other relevant point.
Any two points to be explained.
Section C (5X3=15)
Page 5 of 19
 Short Answer Type Questions
25 Define ‘Gross Domestic Product’ and explain its importance. 23 E 1+2=3
A.
(i) The value of final goods and services produced in each sector
during a particular year provides the total production of the
sector for that year and the sum of production in the three
sectors gives what is called the Gross Domestic Product of a
country.
B.
(i) It is an indicator of a country’s standard of living.
(ii) It shows how healthy the economy of a particular country
is .
(iii) Any other relevant point.

To be assessed as a whole.
26 Explain the main provisions of the Napoleonic Code- 1804. 06 H 3X1=3
(i) The Civil Code of 1804 – usually known as the
Napoleonic Code – did away with all privileges based
on birth, established equality before the law and
secured the right to property.
(ii) In the Dutch Republic, in Switzerland, in Italy and
Germany, Napoleon simplified administrative
divisions.
(iii) Napoleon abolished the feudal system and freed
peasants from serfdom and manorial dues.
(iv) In the towns too, guild restrictions were removed.
(v) Transport and communication systems were
improved.
(vi) Peasants, artisans, workers and new businessmen
enjoyed a new-found freedom.
(vii) They began to realize that uniform laws, standardized
weights and measures, and a common national
currency would facilitate the movement and exchange
of goods and capital from one region to another.
(viii) Any other relevant point.
Any three points to be explained

Page 6 of 19
27 Explain any three features of Plantation Agriculture. 31 G 3X1=3
(i) In this type of farming, a single crop is grown on a large
area.
(ii) The plantation has an interface of agriculture and industry.
(iii) Plantations cover large tracts of land.
(iv) It uses capital intensive inputs.
(v) All the produce is used as raw material in respective
industries.
(vi) In India, tea, coffee, rubber, sugarcane, banana, etc., are
important plantation crops.
(vii) Any other relevant point.
Any three points to be explained.
28 (a) Explain any three factors responsible for water pollution. 66 G 3X1=3
(i) Water pollution is caused by organic and inorganic
industrial waste and affluents discharged into rivers.
(ii) The main culprits in this regard are paper, pulp, chemical,
textile and dyeing, petroleum refineries, tanneries and
electroplating industries.
(iii) These industries let out dyes, detergents, acids, salts, heavy
metals like lead and mercury pesticides, fertilizers,
synthetic chemicals with carbon, plastics and rubber, etc.
into the water bodies.
(iv) Fly ash, phospo- gypsum and iron and steel slags are the
major solid wastes in India.
(v) Any other relevant point.
Any three points to be explained.
OR
(b) Explain any three factors responsible for air pollution.
(i) Air pollution is caused by the presence of high proportion
of undesirable gases, such as Sulphur dioxide and carbon
monoxide.
(ii) Air borne particulate materials contain both solid and liquid
particles like dust, sprays mist and smoke.

Page 7 of 19
 (iii) Smoke is emitted by chemical and paper factories, brick
kilns, refineries and smelting plants, and burning of fossil
fuels in big and small factories that ignore pollution norms.
(iv) Toxic gas leaks can be very hazardous with long-term
effects.
(v) Air pollution adversely affects human health, animals,
plants, buildings and the atmosphere as a whole.
(vi) Any other relevant point.
Any three points to be explained
29 Differentiate between federal and unitary form of government 15 P 3X1=3
with examples.
Federal system of Governance:
(i) Two or more levels of Government.
(ii) The central government and the state government works
in coordination.
(iii) Decentralization of power takes place in this form of
government.
(iv) There is a balance of power between different levels of
governments.
(v) For example: Belgium/U.S.A.
(vi) Any other relevant point.

Unitary system of Governance:

(i) There is only one level of government.
(ii) The state government works as sub-units to the central
government.
(iii) All powers are vested in the Central government therefore
centralization of power takes place.
(iv) There is absolute control of power by the central
government.
(v) For example: Sri Lanka
(vi) Any other relevant point.
Any three points to be explained, while referring to the example is
mandatory.
Section D (4X5=20)

Page 8 of 19
 Long Answer Type Questions
30 (a) “The consequences of environmental degradation do not 14-16E 5X1=5
respect national and state boundaries.” Examine the
statement in context of sustainability of development.

(i) Since the second half of twentieth century several

scientists have been warning us about present type usage
of resources indiscriminately, and levels of development
are not sustainable.
(ii) Sustainable development refers to economic development
without any damage to the environment.
(iii) Underground water is an example of a renewable resource
which is overused.
(iv) It should be used judiciously to maintain the water levels.
(v) Urbanization and industrialization have depleted water
reserves in a major way.
(vi) We need to sustain development for future generations as
our future is linked together.
(vii) Non-renewable resources like coal, petroleum should be
used in a judicious manner so as to decrease environmental
degradation.
(viii) For example, the poor air quality in one town or country
will adversely affect the quality of air in the neighbouring
city or country.
(ix) Global warming and climate change are a consequence of
not maintaining our resources judiciously and is
experienced by people across national and state
boundaries.
(x) Any other relevant point.
Any Five points to be Examined.

OR
(b) “The question of sustainability of development is becoming
more and more complex day by day.” Examine the statement
in context of use of underground water in India.
14-16E 5X1=5

Page 9 of 19
 (i) With passing days, we need to focus more on the issue of
sustainability on a serious note as our valuable resources
are depleting day by day at a faster pace.
(ii) Sustainable development refers to economic development
without any damage to the environment.
(iii) For example, Groundwater is an example of renewable
resource which is overused in India.
(iv) Recent evidences suggests that the groundwater in under
serious threat of overuse in many parts of the country.
(v) In recent years many districts have reported a decline in
water level.
(vi) Currently, about one-third of the country is over-extracting
from underground water reserves.
(vii) If the present way of using this resource continues it will
be overused by many parts of the country.
(viii) Non-renewable resources are also overused and some of
them are about to get exhausted.
(ix) Resources should be made available in decent quantity for
the upcoming generations.
(x) The question of development or progress is perennial.
(xi) Any other relevant point.
Any Five points to be Examined.
31 (a) Analyze the changes in Indian printing by the end of the 19th 117H 5X1=5
century.
(i) With the setting up of an increasing number of printing presses,
visual images could be easily reproduced in multiple copies.
(ii) Painters like Raja Ravi Verma produced images for mass
circulation.
(iii) Cheap prints and calendars were easily available in the bazaar.
(iv) Now poor people could buy these to decorate the walls of their
homes or places of work.
(v) These prints begin shaping popular ideas about modernity and
traditions, religion and politics, society and culture.
(vi) By 1870s caricatures and cartoons in journals and newspapers,
commenting on political and social issues.

Page 10 of 19
 (vii) Some caricatures ridiculed the educated Indians fascinated with
western taste and cloths, while others expressed the fear of
social change.
(viii) Any other relevant point.
Any five points to be analyzed.
OR
(b) Analyze the significant changes in printing technology during 123H 5X1=5
the 19th century in the world.
(i) Richard M. Hoe of New York had perfected the power-
driven cylindrical press.
(ii) The offset press was developed which could print up to six
colours at a time.
(iii) Electric operated press accelerated printing operations.
(iv) Method of feeding paper improved.
(v) Quality of plates became better.
(vi) Automatic paper reels and photoelectric controls of the
colour registers were introduced.
(vii) The accumulation of several individual mechanical
improvements transformed the appearance of printed
texts.
(viii) Any other relevant point.

Any five points to be explained.

32 (a) Explain the main features of alluvial soil. 07 G 5x1=5
(i) Alluvial soil have been deposited by three important
Himalayan river systems– the Indus, the Ganga and the
Brahmaputra.
(ii) The alluvial soil consists of various proportions of sand, silt
and clay.
(iii) As we move inlands towards the river valleys, soil particles
appear somewhat bigger in size.
(iv) In the upper reaches of the river valley i.e. near the place of
the break of slope, the soils are coarse, commonly found in
piedmont plains such as Duars, Chos and Terai.
(v) According to their age alluvial soils can be classified as old
alluvial (Bangar) and new alluvial (Khadar).

Page 11 of 19
 (vi) The bangar soil has higher concentration of kanker nodules
than the Khadar. Khadar has more fine particles and is more
fertile than the bangar.
(vii) Mostly these soils contain adequate proportion of potash,
phosphoric acid and lime, ideal for the growth of sugarcane,
paddy, wheat and other cereal and pulse crops.
(viii) Due to its high fertility, regions of alluvial soils are
intensively cultivated and densely populated.
(ix) Any other relevant point.
Any five points to be explained

OR
(b)Explain the various stages of resource planning and its need in 03 G 3+2=5
India.
Resource planning is a complex process which involves:
(i) Identification and inventory of resources across the regions of
the country.
(ii) This involves surveying, mapping and qualitative and
quantitative estimation and measurement of the resources.
(iii) Evolving a planning structure endowed with appropriate
technology, skill and institutional set up for implementing
resource development plans.
(iv) Matching the resource development plans with overall national
development plans.
(v) India has made concerted efforts for achieving the goals of
resource planning.
(vi) Any other relevant point.
Any three points to be assessed.

Need in India:
(i) Resources are essential for development.
(ii) Technology and quality human resources are prerequisites
for development of any region.
(iii) Uneven distribution of resources.
(iv) Any other relevant point.

Page 12 of 19
 Any two points to be assessed.
To be assessed as a whole.
33 (a) “The law enacted in 1956 and other Constitutional provisions 03-04 P 5X1=5
led to major conflict between the two communities in Sri
Lanka.” Support the statement.
(i) In 1956, an Act was passed to recognize Sinhala as the
only official language, thus disregarding Tamil.
(ii) The governments followed preferential policies that
favored Sinhala applicants for university positions and
government jobs.
(iii) A new constitution stipulated that the state shall protect
and foster Buddhism.
(iv) Majoritarianism gradually increased the feeling of
alienation among Sri Lankan Tamils.
(v) They felt the Constitution and the government policies
denied them equal political rights.
(vi) The relations between the Sinhala and Tamil Communities
remained strained over time.
(vii) They launched parties and struggles for the recognition of
Tamil as an official language.
(viii) They demanded regional autonomy and equality of
opportunity in securing education and jobs.
(ix) But their demands were repeatedly denied.
(x) Any other relevant point
Any five points to be explained.
OR
(b) “Power sharing increases trust between different groups.”
Support the statement. 08 P 5X1=5
(i) The basic principle of democracy is that people are the
source for all political power.
(ii) Everyone has a voice in shaping public policies.
(iii) Power sharing helps to reduce the possibility of conflicts.
(iv) Power sharing is the very spirit of democracy.
(v) Belgium is the prime example of power sharing.

Page 13 of 19
 (vi) Power sharing gives space to social groups such as
religious and linguistic groups.
(vii) Interest groups, pressure groups like traders, and
industrialists influence power sharing.
(viii) Power sharing gives minority communities fair share in
power.
(ix) Power sharing accommodates social diversity.
(x) Any other relevant point
Any five points to be explained.
Section E 3X4=12
CASE BASED/SOURCE BASED QUESTIONS
34 Read the following source carefully and answer the questions that 47 E 1+1+2=4
follow:
Loans from Cooperatives
Besides banks, the other major source of cheap credit in rural areas are
the co-operative societies. Members of a co-operative pool their
resources for co-operation in certain areas. There are several types of
co-operatives possible such as farmers co-operatives, weavers co-
operatives, industrial workers co-operatives etc.

Krishak Co-operative functions in a village not very far away from

Sonpur. It has 2300 farmers as members. It accepts deposits from its
members. With these deposits as collateral, the co-operative has
obtained a large loan from the bank. These funds are used to provide
loans to members. Once these loans are repaid, another round of lending
can take place.

Krishak Co-operative provides loans for the purchase of agriculture

equipment’s, loans for cultivation and agricultural trade, fishery loans,
loans for constructions of houses and for variety of other expenses.

34.1Which sector includes credit facilities offered by Co-operative

Societies? (1)
- Formal Source of Credit

34.2 How do Self-Help Groups access external funding? (1)

Page 14 of 19
 - Banks/ Cooperatives/ Government

34.3 Explain the functioning of Co-operative Societies. (2)

(i) Members of a cooperative pool their resources for
cooperation in certain areas.
(ii) There are several types of cooperatives possible such
as farmers cooperatives, weavers cooperatives,
industrial workers cooperatives, etc.
(iii) For example Krishak Cooperative functions in a
village not very far away from Sonpur.
(iv) The Cooperative obtains a large loan from the bank.
(v) These funds are used to provide loans to members.
(vi) Once these loans are repaid, another round of lending
can take place.
(vii) Krishak Cooperative provides loans for the purchase
of agricultural implements, loans for cultivation and
agricultural trade, fishery loans, loans for construction
of houses and for a variety of other expenses.
(viii) Any other relevant point
Any two points to be explained.

35 Read the following source carefully and answer the questions that 39 H 1+1+2=4
follow:
The Independence Day Pledge, 26 January 1930

"We believe that it is the inalienable right of the Indian people, as of

any other people, to have freedom and to enjoy the fruits of their toil
and have the necessities of life, so that they may have full
opportunities of growth. We also believe that if any government
deprives people of these rights and oppresses them, the people have a
further right to alter it or abolish it. The British Government in India
has not only deprived the Indian people of their freedom but based
itself on the exploitation of the masses, and has ruined India
economically, politically, culturally and spiritually. We believe,
therefore, that India must sever the British connection and attain Purna
Swaraj or Complete Independence."

Page 15 of 19
 35.1 Why was swaraj considered as an inalienable right
of India? (1)
(i) Swaraj was considered a necessary condition for the
freedom and development of every Indian.
(ii) Any other relevant point
Any one point to be explained

35.2 Which type of government is supported in the source? (1)

(i) Democratic and independent government.
(ii) Any other relevant point
Any one point to be explained.

35.3 Explain any two effects of British rule in India. (2)

(i) The British rule in India ruined it economically,
politically, culturally and spiritually.
(ii) The British Government in India deprived the Indian
people of their freedom.
(iii) They exploited the people.
(iv) Any other relevant point
Any two points to be mentioned.
36 Read the following source carefully and answer the questions that 50 P 1+1+2=4
follow:
The Need for Political Parties

As we have seen, large societies need representative democracy.

As societies became large and complex, they also needed some
agency to gather different views on various issues and to present
these to the government. They needed some ways, to bring various
representatives together so that a responsible government could be
formed. They needed a mechanism to support or restrain the
government, make policies, justify or oppose them. Political
parties fulfil these needs that every representative government has.
We can say that parties are a necessary condition for a democracy.

36.1. Explain the meaning of ‘representative democracy’. (1)

Page 16 of 19
 (i) Representative democracy is a system of government
when the citizens/ public of a country choose their
leader/representative on their behalf.
(ii) It is also known as indirect democracy.
(iii) Any other relevant point
Any one point to be explained.

36.2. How do political parties shape public opinion? (1)

(i) They raise and highlight issues.
(ii) Parties sometimes also launch movements for the
resolution of problems faced by people.
(iii) Often opinions in society crystallize on the lines parties
take.
(iv) Any other relevant point.
Any one point to be explained.

36.3Why are political parties considered a necessary condition

for a democracy? Explain. (2)
(i) Parties are the pillars of democracy.
(ii) Society needed a mechanism to support or restrain the
government, make policies, justify or oppose them.
(iii) Political parties fulfil these needs that every
representative government has.
(iv) Any other relevant point
Any two points to be explained.
Section F (2+3=5)
(Map Skill-Based Question)
37 (a) Two places 'A' and 'B' have been marked on the given political
outline map of India. Identify them with the help of the following
information and write their correct names on the lines drawn near
them.

A. The place where the session of Indian National Congress took

1
place in 1927.

- Madras (Chennai) 1

B. The place where Mahatma Gandhi led the movement of cotton

Page 17 of 19
 mill workers.

- Ahmedabad
(FOR ANSWERS, PLEASE SEE THE ATTACHED MAP)

Note : The following questions are for Visually Impaired Candidates

only in lieu of Question No. 37(a).

1X2=2
37. (a) (i) Name the place where the session of Indian National
Congress took place in 1927.
- Madras (Chennai)

(ii) Name the place where Mahatma Gandhi led the movement
of cotton mill workers.
- Ahmedabad

37. (b) On the same outline map of India locate and label any three
of the following with suitable symbols: 1x3=3
(i) An International Airport located in Punjab
(ii) A major Sea port located in Gujarat.
(iii) A major oil field of India located in Arabian Sea.
(iv) A Nuclear Power Plant located in Uttar Pradesh.

(FOR ANSWERS, PLEASE SEE THE ATTACHED

MAP)
Note : The following questions are for Visually Impaired Candidates

only in lieu of Question No. 37(b). (Attempt three)

37.(b)
1x3=3
(i) Name the place where an international airport is located in
Punjab.
- Shri Guru Ramdas Ji International Airport/Raja Sansi
(Amritsar)
(ii) Name the place where major seaport is located in Gujarat.
- Kandala Port (Deendayal Port)
(iii) Name an oilfield of India located in Arabian sea.
- Mumbai High/ Bassein

Page 18 of 19
(iv) Name the place where nuclear power plant located in Uttar
Pradesh.
- Naraura

Page 19 of 19
 Section B
Very Short Answer Type Questions (4X2=8)
21 Suggest any two measures to increase the representation of women in 35 P 2X1=2
the legislatures of India.

(i) To ensure a fair proportion of women in the elected bodies.

(ii) To enhance political education and awareness amongst women.
(iii) Increase education and skill development among women.
(iv) Laws like Nari Shakti Vandan Adhiniyam, 2023 (Women
Reservation Act, 2023) should be effectively implemented.
(v) Any other relevant point
Any two points to be suggested.
22 Describe any two characteristics of laterite soil. 9G 2X1=2
(i) The laterite soil develops under tropical and subtropical climate
with alternate wet and dry season.
(ii) This soil is the result of intense leaching due to heavy rain.
(iii) Lateritic soils are mostly acidic and deficient in plant nutrients.
(iv) It occurs mostly in southern states, Western Ghats region of
Maharashtra, Odisha, some parts of West Bengal and North-east
regions.
(v) This soil supports deciduous and evergreen forests because it is
humus rich.
(vi) Under sparse vegetation and in semi-arid environment, it is
generally humus poor.
(vii) After adopting appropriate soil conservation techniques particularly
in the hilly areas of Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu, this soil is
very useful for growing tea and coffee.
(viii) Red laterite soils in Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and Kerala are
more suitable for crops like cashew nut.
(ix) Any other relevant point.
Any two points to be described.
23 (a) How did ‘salt’ become a powerful weapon to unite the country in the 39 H 2X1=2
‘Civil Disobedience Movement’? Explain any two causes.
(i) The Civil Disobedience Movement began with the breaking of
the salt law.
(ii) Salt was something consumed by the rich and the poor alike.

4
 (iii) It was one of the most essential items of food.
(iv) The tax on salt and the government monopoly over its production
revealed the most oppressive face of British rule.
(v) Any other relevant point.
Any two points to be explained.

OR
(b) How did the colonial government suppress the ‘Civil Disobedience
40 H 2X1=2
Movement’? Explain.
(i) The colonial government began arresting the Congress leaders one
by one.
(ii) This led to violent clashes in many places.
(iii) Abdul Ghaffar Khan, a devout disciple of Mahatma Gandhi, was
arrested in April 1930.
(iv) Angry crowds demonstrated in the streets of Peshawar, facing
armoured cars and police firing.
(v) Many people were killed.
(vi) A month later, Mahatma Gandhi himself was arrested.
(vii) Industrial workers in Sholapur attacked police posts, municipal
buildings, lawcourts and railway stations – all structures that
symbolised British rule.
(viii) A frightened government responded with a policy of brutal
repression.
(ix) Peaceful satyagrahis were attacked, women and children were
beaten, and many were arrested.
(x) Any other relevant point.
Any two points to be explained.

24 Explain the contribution of foreign trade as an important factor of 64 E 2X1=2

globalization.
(i) Foreign trade is the most important factor for globalisation.
(ii) It enables the exchange of goods and services across national borders
through imports and exports.
(iii)This helps in the integration of markets and enables the process of
globalization.

5
 (iv) Liberalisation in 1991 removed barriers, opened Indian markets to
foreign trade contributing to globalization.
(v) Integration of markets due to globalisation has led to exchange of
technology and innovation.
(vi) Any other relevant points.
Any two points to be explained.
Section C (5X3=15)
Short Answer Type Questions
25 Explain three major challenges before Political Parties in India. 57-58P 3X1=3
(i) The first challenge is lack of internal democracy within parties.
(ii) The concentration of power in the hands of one or few leaders.
(iii) Parties do not keep membership registers, do not hold
organizational meetings, and do not conduct internal elections
regularly.
(iv) The challenge of dynastic succession is commonly faced by
political parties.
(v) Most political parties do not practice open and transparent
procedures for their functioning.
(vi) The growing role of money and muscle power in parties during
elections is another challenge.
(vii) Parties are focused only on winning elections, they tend to use
short-cuts to win elections.
(viii) They tend to nominate those candidates who have or can raise
lots of money.
(ix) Rich people and companies who give funds to the parties tend to
have influence on the policies and decisions of the party.
(x) In some cases, parties support criminals who can win elections.
(xi) Often parties do not seem to offer a meaningful choice to the
voters.
(xii) Any other relevant point.
Any three challenges to be explained.

26 Explain the role of credit in the economic development of the country 43-49E 3X1=3
with example.
(i) Credit plays a vital role in the development of the country.
(ii) People require loans for various economic activities.

6
 (iii) A cheap and affordable credit helps a poor farmer take up the
process of agricultural production.
(iv) A manufacturer is able to setup and expand his business with the
help of easy availability of credit.
(v) The tertiary sector like insurance, transportation, warehousing is
able to provide services with the help of credit.
(vi) Availability of credit helps in generating employment and
increasing GDP of the country.
(vii) Credit adds value to the total production of the country leading to
the overall development of the economy.
(viii) Any other relevant point.
Any three points to be explained.

27 Examine the contribution of tertiary sector in Indian Economy. 24-25E 3X1=3

(i) Tertiary sector activities are an aid or a support for the production
process in the primary and secondary sectors.
(ii) It produces basic services such as hospitals, educational institutions,
post and telegraph services, police stations, courts, village
administrative offices, municipal corporations, defence, transport,
banks, insurance companies, etc. required for the development of the
economy.
(iii) It has supported the development of agriculture and industry by
providing services like transport, trade, storage, etc. leading to further
development of services.
(iv) There has been an increase in the demand for services like eating out,
tourism, shopping, private hospitals, private schools, professional
training etc. with the rise in income levels of the people.
(v) Over the past decade or so, certain new services like information and
communication technology have become important and essential.
These are produced by the tertiary sector helping the growth of
economy.
(vi) Any other relevant point.
Any three points to be examined.

7
28 Why is the division of power essential to democratic system? Explain. 6P 3X1=3
(i) There are two different sets of reasons suggesting the importance
of power sharing in a democracy-prudential and moral reasons.
(ii) Power sharing is good because it helps to reduce the possibility of
conflict between social groups.
(iii) Social conflict often leads to violence and political instability.
Power sharing is a good way to ensure the stability of political
order.
(iv) Imposing the will of majority community over others may look
like an attractive option in the short run, but in the long run it
undermines the unity of the nation.
(v) Power sharing is the very spirit of democracy.
(vi) A democratic rule involves sharing power with those affected by
its exercise, and who have to live with its effects.
(vii) People have a right to be consulted on how they are to be governed.
(viii) A legitimate government is one where citizens, through
participation, acquire a stake in the system.
(ix) Any other relevant point.
Any three points to be explained.

29 (a) Analyze three main impacts of Non-Cooperation Movement on the 34 H 3X1=3

economic front.
(i) Foreign goods were boycotted.
(ii) Liquor shops were picketed.
(iii) Foreign cloth burnt in huge bonfires.
(iv) The import of foreign cloth halved.
(v) In many places merchants and traders refused to trade in foreign
goods or finance foreign trade.
(vi) Production of Indian textile mills and handlooms went up.
(vii) Any other relevant point.
Any three points to be analyzed.

8
 OR
(b) Why did the Non-Cooperation Movement start slowing down in the 34 H 3X1=3
cities? Analyze three causes.
(i) Khadi cloth was often more expensive than mass produced mill
cloth and poor people could not afford to buy it.
(ii) The boycott of British institutions posed a problem.
(iii) For the movement to be successful, alternative Indian institutions
had to be set up so that they could be used in place of the British
ones.
(iv) These were slow to come up.
(v) Students and teachers began trickling back to government schools
and lawyers joined back work in government courts.
(vi) Any other relevant point.
Any three points to be analyzed.

Section D (4X5=20)
Long Answer Type Questions
30 (a) Study the given flow chart and answer the question that follows: 60 G 5X1=5

Explain the added value product in the textile industry on the bases of
above flowchart.
(i) Cotton is harvested from cotton plants and processed to remove
seeds and impurities. The raw fibre obtained is the initial stage of
value addition.
(ii) The raw cotton fibre is spun into yarns through various spinning
techniques. It enhances the usability of cotton by making it
suitable for weaving or knitting.
(iii) The spun yarn is woven or knitted to create fabric. This step
transforms the material into a more functional form, adding value
by making it suitable for further processing.
(iv) The fabric undergoes dyeing, printing, and finishing processes to
improve its aesthetic appeal, durability, and texture. This increases

9
 the fabric's market value and makes it ready for garment
production.
(v) The finished fabric is cut and stitched into garments such as shirts,
dresses, or jeans making it ready for consumers.
(vi) Cotton industry, by creating demands supports many other
industries, such as chemicals and dyes.
(vii) Any other relevant point.
To be assessed as whole.
OR
(b) Study the given flowchart and answer the question that follows: 62 G 5X1=5

Explain the steel manufacturing process on the bases of the above

flowchart.
(i) Raw materials like iron ore, coal, and limestone are transported to
the steel plant. (Example: Iron ore from mines in India (like Odisha
or Jharkhand) is transported to steel plants).
(ii) The raw materials are fed into a blast furnace, where they are melted
at high temperatures. (Example: In steel plants, coke is used as fuel
to melt iron ore).
(iii) The molten iron extracted from the blast furnace is called pig iron,
which is high in carbon content and not yet steel. (Example: Pig iron
is used for refining steel).
(iv) The pig iron is processed in steel-making furnaces to reduce
impurities and adjust its composition. (Example: Companies
produce different grades of steel for various industrial uses).
(v) The purified steel is then shaped into desired forms like sheets, rods,
or beams through rolling, forging, or casting. (Example: Steel is
used to manufacture construction materials, automobile parts, etc.).
(vi) Any other relevant point.
To be assessed as whole.

10
31 (a) “The political and constitutional changes that came in the wake of 5H 5X1=5
the French Revolution led to the transfer of sovereignty from monarchy
to a body of French Citizens.” Explain the statement.
(i) The French revolution proclaimed that it was the people who would
henceforth constitute the nation and shape its destiny.
(ii) From the very beginning, the French revolutionaries introduced
various measures and practices that could create a sense of collective
identity amongst the French people.
(iii) The ideas of ‘la patrie’ (the fatherland) and ‘le citoyen’ (the citizen)
emphasized the notion of a united community enjoying equal rights
under a constitution.
(iv) A new French flag, the tricolour, was chosen to replace the former
royal standard.
(v) The Estates General was elected by the body of active citizens and
renamed the National Assembly.
(vi) New hymns were composed, oaths taken and martyrs
commemorated, all in the name of the nation.
(vii) A centralized administrative system was put in place and it
formulated uniform laws for all citizens within its territory.
(viii) Internal customs duties and dues were abolished and a uniform
system of weights and measures was adopted.
(ix) Regional dialects were discouraged and French, as it was spoken and
written in Paris, became the common language of the nation.
(x) The revolutionaries further declared that it was the mission and the
destiny of the French nation to liberate the people of Europe from
despotism.
(xi) In other words, to help other people of Europe to become nations.
(xii) Any other relevant point.
Any five points to be explained.

OR
(b) “During 19th century, in the economic sphere, liberalization stood
for the freedom of markets and the abolition of state-imposed 9-10 H 5X1=5

restrictions on the movement of goods and capital.” Explain the

statement.

11
 (i) Napoleon’s administrative measures had created out of countless
small principalities a confederation of 39 states.
(ii) Each of these possessed its own currency, and weights and measures.
(iii) Duties were often levied according to the weight or measurement of
the goods.
(iv) As each region had its own system of weights and measures, this
involved time-consuming calculation.
(v) Such conditions were viewed as obstacles to economic exchange and
growth by the new commercial classes, who argued for the creation
of a unified economic territory allowing the unhindered movement of
goods, people and capital.
(vi) In 1834, a ‘customs union’ or ‘zollverein’ was formed at the initiative
of Prussia and joined by most of the German states.
(vii) The union abolished tariff barriers and reduced the number of
currencies from over thirty to two.
(viii) The creation of a network of railways further stimulated mobility,
harnessing economic interests to national unification.
(ix) A wave of economic nationalism strengthened the wider nationalist
sentiments growing at the time.
(x) Any other relevant point.
Any five points to be explained.

32 (a) How is democracy a responsible and legitimate government? 65-66P 5x1=5

Explain.
(i) Democracy ensures that people will have the right to choose their
rulers and people will have control over the rulers.
(ii) People wish to be ruled by representatives elected by them. In a
democracy, people are able to participate in decision making, that
affects them all.
(iii) The leaders work in accordance to the needs and desires of the
people, acting responsibly.
(iv) It produces a government that is accountable and responsive to the
needs and expectations of the citizens.
(v) Democratic government is a transparent government.
(vi) A democratic government is people’s own government.

12
 (vii) Democracy generates its own support.
(viii) Democracy is the most suitable form of government.
(ix) There is an overwhelming support for the idea of democracy all over
the world.
(x) Any other relevant point.
Any five points to be explained.

OR
(b) Explain the role of democracy in establishing harmony among social 70-71P 5x1=5
diversities.
(i) Democracies lead to peaceful and harmonious life among citizens.
(ii) Democracies develop a procedure to conduct their competition.
(iii) It reduces the possibility of tensions becoming explosive or
violent.
(iv) No society can fully and permanently resolve conflicts among
different social groups.
(v) Citizens can learn to respect the differences and also evolve
mechanisms to dialogue.
(vi) Democracy has the ability to handle social differences, divisions
and conflicts.
(vii) The majority needs to work with minority so that governments
function to represent the general view.
(viii) Elections ensure the formation of majority government
representing diversity and not a majoritarian one.
(ix) Any other relevant point.
Any five points to be explained.
33 (a) How can development for one be destructive for another? Explain. 4-5E 5X1=5

(i) Different people have different notions of development.

(ii) They seek things that are most important for them, i.e., which can
fulfil their aspirations or desires.
(iii) In fact, at times, two persons or groups of persons may seek things
which are conflicting.
(iv) A girl expects as much freedom and opportunity as her brother, and
that he also shares in the household work. Her brother may not like
this.

13
 (v) To get more electricity, industrialists may want more dams.
(vi) This may submerge the land and disrupt the lives of people who are
living there. They might resent this and may prefer small check
dams or tanks to irrigate their land.
(vii) This shows that developmental goal for one may be destructive for
another.
(viii) Any other relevant point
To be assessed as a whole.

OR
(b) Why is the income considered most important for comparing
14-15E 5X1=5
countries? Explain.

(i) The average income is also called per capita income.

(ii) We compare the average income which is the total income of the
country divided by its total population.
(iii) For comparing countries, their income is considered to be one of the
most important attributes.
(iv) Countries with higher income are more developed than others with
less income.
(v) This is based on the understanding that more income means more of
all things that human beings need.
(vi) Whatever people like, and should have, they will be able to get with
greater income.
(vii) Comparing total income does not tell us what an average person is
likely to earn.
(viii) In World Development Reports, brought out by the World Bank, the
per capita income criterion is used in classifying countries as
developed and developing.
(ix) Any other relevant point.
Any five points to be analyzed.

14
 Section E 3X4=12
CASE BASED/SOURCE BASED QUESTIONS
34 Read the following source carefully and answer the questions that 30 G 4
follow:
Primitive Subsistence Farming
It is a 'slash and burn' agriculture. Farmers clear a patch of land and
produce cereals and other food crops to sustain their family. When the soil
fertility decreases, the farmers shift and clear a fresh patch of land for
cultivation. This type of shifting allows Nature to replenish the fertility of
the soil through natural processes; land productivity in this type of
agriculture is low as the farmer does not use fertilisers or other modern
inputs. It is known by different names in different parts of the country.
It is jhumming in north-eastern states like Assam, Meghalaya,
Mizoram and Nagaland; Pamlou in Manipur, Dipa in Bastar district of
Chhattisgarh, and in Andaman and Nicobar Islands.

34.1 'Slash and Burn' system of agriculture comes under which type
of farming? (1)
(i) Primitive Subsistence Farming
34.2 Why is productivity low in 'Slash and Burn' system? (1)
(i) Land productivity in this type of agriculture is low as the farmer
does not use fertilisers or other modern inputs.
(ii) This system uses traditional farming methods.
(iii)Any other relevant points.
Any one point to be mentioned.
34.3 Describe any two features of 'Slash and Burn' system of
agriculture. (2)
(i) It is practiced on small patches of land with the help of primitive
tools.
(ii) This type of farming depends upon monsoon and natural fertility of
the soil.
(iii) This type of shifting allows nature to replenish the fertility of the
soil through natural processes.
(iv) It has different name in different parts of the world.
(v) Any other relevant point
Any two points to be mentioned.

35 Read the following source carefully and answer the questions that 109 H 4
follow:
Pages of Gutenberg's Bible, the first printed book in Europe.
Gutenberg printed about 180 copies, of which no more than 50 have
survived.
Look at these pages of Gutenberg's Bible carefully. They were not
just products of new technology. The text was printed in the new Gutenberg

15
 press with metal type, but the borders were carefully designed, painted and
illuminated by hand by artists. No two copies were the same. Every page of
each copy was different. Even when two copies look similar, a careful
comparison will reveal differences. Elites everywhere preferred this lack of
uniformity: what they possessed then could be claimed as unique, for no one
else owned a copy that was exactly the same.
In the text you will notice the use of colour within the letters in
various places. This had two functions: it added colour to the page, and
highlighted all the holy words to emphasise their significance. But the colour
on every page of the text was added by hand. Gutenberg printed the text in
black, leaving spaces where the colour could be filled in later.

35.1 Mention the contribution of Gutenberg in the field of printing. (1)

(i) Johann Gutenberg created the first mechanical printing press in
1430s.
(ii) This brought about the print revolution – shift from hand printing to
mechanical printing in the world.
(iii)Any other relevant point
Any one point to be mentioned.
35.2 How were the books borders painted and illuminated? (1)
(i) The borders were carefully designed, painted and illuminated by
hand by artists.
(ii) Any other relevant point
Any one point to be mentioned.
35.3 Describe any two benefits of colouring in the letters. (2)
(i) It added colour to the page, and highlighted all the holy words to
emphasise their significance.
(ii) The colour on every page of the text was added by hand.
(iii)Gutenberg printed the text in black, leaving spaces where the colour
could be filled in later.
(iv) Any other relevant point
Any two points to be described.
36 Read the following source carefully and answer the questions that 23P 4
follow:
State Reorganisation Commission
“The report of the States Reorganisation Commission (SRC), was
implemented on November 1, 1956. This, in its own time and own way, has
also transformed the political and institutional life of the nation.
Gandhi and other leaders promised their followers that when freedom came,
the new nation would be based on a new set of provinces, these based on the
principle of language. However, when India was finally free in 1947, it was
also divided...
Far from undermining Indian unity, linguistic states have helped strengthen
it. It has proved to be perfectly consistent to be Kannadiga and Indian,

16
 Bengali and Indian, Tamil and Indian, Gujarati and Indian. To be sure, these
states based on language sometimes quarrel with one another.
36.1 What promise did Gandhiji make to his followers? (1)
(i) The new nation would be based on a new set of provinces.
(ii) These provinces would be reorganised on the principle of language.
(iii)Any other relevant points.
Any one point to be explained.
36.2 How did language strengthen the unity of India? (1)
(i) Creation of linguistic states has strengthened the nation.
(ii) The formation of linguistic states has made the country more
united.
(iii)It also made administration easier.
(iv) Any other relevant point
Any one point to be explained.
36.3 Mention the names of major language of Kerala and Andhra
Pradesh states. (2)
(i) Kerala – Malayalam
(ii) Andhra Pradesh – Telugu

Section F (2+3=5)
(Map Skill-Based Question)
37 (a) Two places ‘A’ and ‘B’ have been marked on the given political outline 2X1=2
map of India. Identify them with the help of the following information
and write their names on the lines drawn near them.
A. The place where the session of the Indian National Congress was
held- Calcutta/Kolkata
B. The place where Mahatma Gandhi started satyagraha for indigo
peasants- Champaran (Bihar)

PLEASE SEE THE ATTACHED MAP.

Note: The following questions are for the Visually Impaired Candidates
only, in lieu of Q. No. 37(a).
2x1=2
37.(a) (i) Name the place where session of Indian National Congress held in
December 1920- Nagpur
(ii) Name the place where Mahatma Gandhi started satyagraha
for indigo peasants- Champaran (Bihar)

37. b. On the same outline map of India, locate and label any three of the
following with suitable symbols: 3x1=3
(i) Leading state in production of rice – West Bengal
(ii) Coal mines located in Tamil Nadu - Neyveli
(iii) Major Sea Port located in Karnataka- New Mangalore
(iv) Oil field located in Maharashtra- Mumbai High/ Bassien

PLEASE SEE THE ATTACHED MAP.

17
Note: The following questions are for the Visually Impaired Candidates 3x1=3
only, in lieu of Q. No. 37(b).
Attempt any three questions.

37. b.
(i) Name the leading state in production of rice- West Bengal
(ii) Name the place where coal mines are located in Tamil Nadu-
Neyveli
(iii) Name the place where major sea port is located in Karnataka- New
Mangalore
(iv) Name the oil field located in Maharashtra- Mumbai High/ Bassien

18
 Section B (4X2=8)
Very Short Answer Type Questions
21 How did liberalization promote the process of globalization in India? 64 E 2X1=2
Explain.
(i) Barriers on foreign trade and foreign investment were removed
to a large extent.
(ii) The goods could now be imported and exported easily.
(iii) Foreign companies could now setup factories and offices in
India.
(iv) With liberalization of trade, businesses are allowed to make
decisions freely about what they wish to import or export.
(v) Government has created Special Economic Zones (SEZs) to
promote and attract foreign investment.
(vi) MNCs have increased their investments in India.
(vii) Globalisation has enabled some large Indian companies to
emerge as multinationals.
(viii) Any other relevant point.
Any two points to be explained.

22 Describe any two main characteristics of ‘Alluvial Soil’. 7G 2X1=2

(i) These have been deposited by three important Himalayan river
systems– the Indus, the Ganga and the Brahmaputra.
(ii) The alluvial soil consists of various proportions of sand, silt and clay.
(iii) As we move inlands towards the river valleys, soil particles appear
somewhat bigger in size.
(iv) In the upper reaches of the river valley i.e. near the place of the break
of slope, the soils are coarse, commonly found in piedmont plains
such as Duars, Chos and Terai.
(v) According to their age alluvial soils can be classified as old alluvial
(Bangar) and new alluvial (Khadar).
(vi) The bangar soil has higher concentration of kanker nodules than the
Khadar. It has more fine particles and is more fertile than the bangar.
(vii) Mostly these soils contain adequate proportion of potash, phosphoric
acid and lime, ideal for the growth of sugarcane, paddy, wheat and
other cereal and pulse crops.

4
 (viii) Due to its high fertility, regions of alluvial soils are intensively
cultivated and densely populated.
(ix) Any other relevant point.
Any two points to be described.
23 Suggest any two measures to prevent violence against women. 33-34P 2X1=2
(i) Increasing the literacy rates of everyone in the country, especially
women, will help improve the treatment of women in society.
(ii) Promoting legal awareness among women about existing laws to
protect them from domestic violence and other types of exploitation.
(iii) Strengthening the laws to prevent domestic and workplace violence.
(iv) Increase in political representation.
(v) Any other relevant point.
Any two points to be suggested.
24 (a) How did ‘salt’ become a powerful weapon to unite the country in the 39 H 2X1=2
‘Civil Disobedience Movement’? Explain any two causes.
(i) The Civil Disobedience Movement began with the breaking of
the salt law.
(ii) Salt was something consumed by the rich and the poor alike.
(iii) It was one of the most essential items of food.
(iv) The tax on salt and the government monopoly over its production
revealed the most oppressive face of British rule.
(v) Any other relevant point.
Any two points to be explained.
OR
(b) How did the colonial government suppress the ‘Civil Disobedience 40 H 2X1=2
Movement’? Explain.
(i) The colonial government began arresting the Congress leaders
one by one.
(ii) This led to violent clashes in many places.
(iii) Abdul Ghaffar Khan, a devout disciple of Mahatma Gandhi, was
arrested in April 1930.
(iv) Angry crowds demonstrated in the streets of Peshawar, facing
armoured cars and police firing.
(v) Many people were killed.
(vi) A month later, Mahatma Gandhi himself was arrested.

5
 (vii) Industrial workers in Sholapur attacked police posts, municipal
buildings, lawcourts and railway stations – all structures that
symbolised British rule.
(viii) A frightened government responded with a policy of brutal
repression.
(ix) Peaceful satyagrahis were attacked, women and children were
beaten, and many were arrested.
(x) Any other relevant point.
Any two points to be explained.
Section C (5X3=15)
Short Answer Type Questions
25 Explain three major challenges before Political Parties in India. 57-58P 3X1=3
(i) The first challenge is lack of internal democracy within parties.
(ii) The concentration of power in the hands of one or few leaders.
(iii) Parties do not keep membership registers, do not hold
organizational meetings, and do not conduct internal elections
regularly.
(iv) The challenge of dynastic succession is commonly faced by
political parties.
(v) Most political parties do not practice open and transparent
procedures for their functioning.
(vi) The growing role of money and muscle power in parties during
elections is another challenge.
(vii) Parties are focused only on winning elections, they tend to use
short-cuts to win elections.
(viii) They tend to nominate those candidates who have or can raise
lots of money.
(ix) Rich people and companies who give funds to the parties tend to
have influence on the policies and decisions of the party.
(x) In some cases, parties support criminals who can win elections.
(xi) Often parties do not seem to offer a meaningful choice to the
voters.
(xii) Any other relevant point.
Any three challenges to be explained.

6
26 Why are formal sources more beneficial than informal sources of 48- 3X1=3
credit in India? Explain by giving any three arguments. 51E
(i) Formal sources offer loan at comparatively low rate of interest
than the informal sources of credit.
(ii) They are supervised by the Reserve Bank of India whereas there
is no supervisory body to keep a check on the informal sources of
credit.
(iii) Collateral is required to borrow money from the formal sources
of credit whereas there is no need of collateral in the informal
sources of credit.
(iv) In urban areas, the formal source is the main source of credit
while in rural areas people usually borrow from the informal
sources of credit.
(v) The process of lending is long and complicated in the formal
sources whereas it is easy to borrow from the informal source of
credit.
(vi) The formal sources of credit do not use unfair means to get their
money back while the lender in the informal sources of credit
might use unfair means to recover the loan.
(vii) The examples of formal sources of credit are banks, cooperatives,
etc. while the informal sources can be moneylenders, agricultural
traders, friends, family, relatives, etc.
(viii) Any other relevant point.
Any three points to be explained.

27 “In India, workers in the organized sector enjoy security of 30 E 3X1=3

employment.” Examine the statement by giving appropriate
arguments.
(i) The workers in the organized sector are given an appointment
letter stating all the terms and conditions of work.
(ii) In the organized sector workers cannot be removed from the job
without any reason.
(iii) The organised sectors are registered by the government and have
to follow its rules and regulations which are given in various
laws such as the Factories Act, Minimum Wages Act, Payment
of Gratuity Act, Shops and Establishments Act etc.

7
 (iv) The workers get paid holidays in the organized sector.
(v) Any other relevant point.
Any three points to be examined.
28 Analyze the vertical division of power in India. 8-9 P 3X1=3

(i) The division of powers involving higher and lower levels of

government is called vertical division of power.
(ii) Power can be shared among governments at different levels – a
general government for the entire country and governments at
the provincial or regional level- state and local governments.
(iii) A general government for the entire country is usually called
federal government.
(iv) In India, we refer to it as the Central or Union Government.
(v) The governments at the provincial or regional level are called by
different names in different countries like state government in
India.
(vi) The same principle can be extended to levels of government
lower than the state government, such as the municipality and
panchayat.
(vii) The constitution clearly lays down the powers of different levels
of government.
(viii) This is called federal division of power.
(ix) Any other relevant point.
Any three points to be analyzed.
29 (a) Analyze three main impacts of Non-Cooperation Movement on the 34 H 3X1=3
economic front.
(i) Foreign goods were boycotted.
(ii) Liquor shops were picketed.
(iii) Foreign cloth was burnt in huge bonfires.
(iv) The import of foreign cloth halved.
(v) In many places merchants and traders refused to trade in foreign
goods or finance foreign trade.
(vi) Production of Indian textile mills and handlooms went up.
(vii) Any other relevant point.
Any three points to be analyzed.

8
 OR
(b) Why did the Non-Cooperation Movement start slowing down in the 34 H 3X1=3
cities? Analyze three causes.
(i) Khadi cloth was often more expensive than mass produced mill
cloth and poor people could not afford to buy it.
(ii) The boycott of British institutions posed a problem.
(iii) For the movement to be successful, alternative Indian institutions
had to be set up so that they could be used in place of the British
ones.
(iv) These were slow to come up.
(v) Students and teachers began trickling back to government schools
and lawyers joined back work in government courts.
(vi) Any other relevant point.
Any three points to be analyzed.
Section D (4X5=20)
Long Answer Type Questions
30 (a) How did the tension in Balkans region in 1871 become the major 5H 5X1=5
cause of the First World War? Explain.
(i) The most serious source of nationalist tension in Europe after 1871
was the area called the Balkans.
(ii) The Balkans was a region of geographical and ethnic variation
comprising modern-day Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Greece,
Macedonia, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Slovenia, Serbia and
Montenegro whose inhabitants were broadly known as the Slavs.
(iii) A large part of the Balkans was under the control of the Ottoman
Empire.
(iv) The spread of the ideas of romantic nationalism in the Balkans
together with the disintegration of the Ottoman Empire made this
region very explosive.
(v) All through the nineteenth century the Ottoman Empire had sought
to strengthen itself through modernisation and internal reforms but
with very little success.
(vi) One by one, its European subject nationalities broke away from its
control and declared independence.

9
(vii) The Balkan people based their claims for independence or political
rights on nationality.
(viii) They used history to prove that they had once been independent but
had subsequently been subjugated by foreign powers.
(ix) Hence the rebellious nationalities in the Balkans thought of their
struggles as attempts to win back their long-lost independence.
(x) As the different Slavic nationalities struggled to define their identity
and independence, the Balkan area became an area of intense
conflict.
(xi) The Balkan states were fiercely jealous of each other.
(xii) Each of them hoped to gain more territory at the expense of the
others.
(xiii) Matters were further complicated because the Balkans also became
the scene of big power rivalry.
(xiv) During this period, there was intense rivalry among the European
powers over trade and colonies as well as naval and military might.
(xv) These rivalries were very evident in the way the Balkan problem
unfolded.
(xvi) Each power – Russia, Germany, England, Austro-Hungary –
wanting to get hold of other powers over the Balkans, and extending
its own control over the area.
(xvii) This led to a series of wars in the region and finally the First World
War.
(xviii) Any other relevant point.
To be assessed as a whole.
OR
(b) Explain the programme for a unified Italian republic put forward 12,20- 5X1=5
by the Giuseppe Mazzini in the decade of 1830. 21H
(i) An Italian revolutionary Giuseppe Mazzini, born in Genoa in
1805, became a member of the secret society of the Carbonari.
(ii) During the 1830s, he had sought to put together a coherent
programme for a unitary Italian Republic.
(iii) He was sent into exile in 1831 for attempting a revolution in
Liguria.

10
 (iv) He subsequently founded two more underground societies, first,
Young Italy in Marseilles, and then, Young Europe in Berne.
(v) Mazzini believed that God had intended nations to be the natural
units of mankind. So, Italy could not continue to be a patchwork
of small states and kingdoms.
(vi) It had to be forged into a single unified republic within a wider
alliance of nations.
(vii) This unification alone could be the basis of Italian liberty.
(viii) Mazzini’s relentless opposition to monarchy and his vision of
democratic republics frightened the conservatives.
(ix) Metternich described him as ‘the most dangerous enemy of our
social order’.
(x) The failure of revolutionary uprisings both in 1831 and 1848
meant that the mantle now fell on Sardinia-Piedmont under its
ruler King Victor Emmanuel II to unify the Italian states through
war.
(xi) Any other relevant point.
Any five points to be explained.

31 (a) Analyse the social and economic goals of development. 5-6E 2+3=5
Social Goals 2X1=2
(i) Quality education and skill development for all.
(ii) Accessible and affordable healthcare for everyone.
(iii) Women empowerment through equal opportunities and leadership
roles.
(iv) Ensuring dignity, equity, and social justice for all individuals.
(v) Promoting social harmony in a diverse society.
(vi) Strengthening coordination and cooperation between majority and
minority communities.
(vii) Any other relevant point
Any two points to be analyzed.
Economic Goals 3X1=3
(i) Increasing per capita income to improve the standard of living.
(ii) Enhancing sectoral development for balanced economic growth.
(iii) Driving industrial growth to boost employment and innovation.
(iv) Strengthening infrastructure to support economic expansion.
11
 (v) Modernizing agriculture for higher productivity and sustainability.
(vi) Promoting renewable energy.
(vii) Encouraging self-reliance through local manufacturing.
(viii) Ensuring sustainable economic growth with environmental
responsibility.
(ix) Expanding global trade.
(x) Any other relevant point.
Any three points to be analyzed.
OR
(b) Why is the question of sustainability of development becoming 14- 5X1=5
challenging in the present times? Analyse the appropriate reasons. 16E
(i) Sustainable development refers to meeting the needs of the present
without compromising the needs of the future generations.
(ii) With growing population and growing demands for resources
sustainability is becoming challenging in the present time.
(iii) Consequences of environmental degradation do not respect
national or state boundaries. Sustainability is a global issue and
requires global co-operation.
(iv) Promoting sustainable industrialization can ensure resource
efficiency and long-term economic growth.
(v) Eco-friendly technologies drive economic growth while protecting
the environment. More government policy support can help ensure
sustainability.
(vi) Lifestyle changes are leading to overconsumption. Public
awareness and responsible consumption can contribute to long-
term sustainability.
(vii) Advancing alternative energy like solar and wind power reduces
dependence on fossil fuels.
(viii) Strengthening environmental policies and regulations helps
control pollution and preserve ecosystems.
(ix) Encouraging afforestation and biodiversity conservation supports
ecological balance.
(x) Investing in sustainable agriculture ensures food security while
conserving natural resources.

12
 (xi) Water conservation initiatives and efficient irrigation techniques
enhance water security.
(xii) Any other relevant point
Any five points to be analyzed.

32 (a) Explain the role of democracy in reducing economic inequalities in 69 P 5x1=5

India.
(i) Democracies are based on political equality. All individuals have
equal weight in electing representatives.
(ii) Democracy discourages discrimination on the basis of economic
status, language, religion etc.
(iii) Democratic government puts forward schemes to eradicate poverty.
(iv) Democracy strengthens the claims of the disadvantaged and
discriminated groups for equal status and equal opportunity.
(v) Democratic governments make special provisions like reservation in
educational institutions and government jobs for socially and
economically weaker sections.
(vi) Democratic governments initiate employment generation
programmes.
(vii) Democratic government tries to distribute wealth equally among
different strata of society.
(viii) Democratic governments launch different programmes for the
deprived sections of society to bring them at par with the better off
section.
(ix) Any other relevant point.
Any five points to be explained.
OR
(b) Explain the role of democracy in establishing the dignity of citizens.
71-72P 5x1=5
(i) Democracy stands much superior to any other form of
government in promoting dignity and freedom of the individual.
(ii) Every individual wants to receive respect from fellow beings.
(iii) Often conflicts arise among individuals because some feel that
they are not treated with due respect.
(iv) Democracies throughout the world have recognised this and
provide mechanism to resolve it.
(v) This has been achieved in various degrees in various
democracies.
(vi) Democracy in India has strengthened the claims of the
disadvantaged and discriminated caste/gender for equal status
and equal opportunities.
(vii) Any other relevant point.
Any five points to be explained.

13
33 (a) Study the given flow chart and answer the question that follows: 60 G 5X1=5

Explain the added value product in the textile industry on the bases of
above flowchart.
(i) Cotton is harvested from cotton plants and processed to remove
seeds and impurities. The raw fibre obtained is the initial stage of
value addition.
(ii) The raw cotton fibre is spun into yarns through various spinning
techniques. It enhances the usability of cotton by making it
suitable for weaving or knitting.
(iii) The spun yarn is woven or knitted to create fabric. This step
transforms the material into a more functional form, adding value
by making it suitable for further processing.
(iv) The fabric undergoes dyeing, printing, and finishing processes to
improve its aesthetic appeal, durability, and texture. This increases
the fabric's market value and makes it ready for garment
production.
(v) The finished fabric is cut and stitched into garments such as shirts,
dresses, or jeans making it ready for consumers.
(vi) Cotton industry, by creating demands supports many other
industries, such as chemicals and dyes.
(vii) Any other relevant point.
To be assessed as whole.
OR
(b) Study the given flowchart and answer the question that follows:
62 G 5X1=5

Explain the steel manufacturing process on the bases of the above

flowchart.
(i) Raw materials like iron ore, coal, and limestone are transported to
the steel plant. (Example: Iron ore from mines in India (like Odisha
or Jharkhand) is transported to steel plants).
14
 (ii) The raw materials are fed into a blast furnace, where they are melted
at high temperatures. (Example: In steel plants, coke is used as fuel
to melt iron ore).
(iii) The molten iron extracted from the blast furnace is called pig iron,
which is high in carbon content and not yet steel. (Example: Pig iron
is used for refining steel).
(iv) The pig iron is processed in steel-making furnaces to reduce
impurities and adjust its composition. (Example: Companies
produce different grades of steel for various industrial uses).
(v) The purified steel is then shaped into desired forms like sheets, rods,
or beams through rolling, forging, or casting. (Example: Steel is
used to manufacture construction materials, automobile parts, etc.).
(vi) Any other relevant point.
To be assessed as whole.

Section E 3X4=12
CASE BASED/SOURCE BASED QUESTIONS
34 Read the following source carefully and answer the questions that 23P 4
follow:
State Reorganisation Commission
“The report of the States Reorganisation Commission (SRC), was
implemented on November 1, 1956. This, in its own time and own way, has
also transformed the political and institutional life of the nation.
Gandhi and other leaders promised their followers that when freedom came,
the new nation would be based on a new set of provinces, these based on the
principle of language. However, when India was finally free in 1947, it was
also divided...
Far from undermining Indian unity, linguistic states have helped strengthen
it. It has proved to be perfectly consistent to be Kannadiga and Indian,
Bengali and Indian, Tamil and Indian, Gujarati and Indian. To be sure, these
states based on language sometimes quarrel with one another.

34.1 What promise did Gandhiji make to his followers? (1)

(i) The new nation would be based on a new set of provinces.
(ii) These provinces would be reorganised on the principle of language.
(iii)Any other relevant points.
Any one point to be mentioned.

34.2 How did language strengthen the unity of India? (1)

(i) Creation of linguistic states has strengthened the nation.

15
 (ii) The formation of linguistic states has made the country more united.
(iii) It also made administration easier.
(iv) Any other relevant point
Any one point to be mentioned.
34.3 Mention the names of major language of Kerala and Andhra
Pradesh states. (2)
(i) Kerala – Malayalam
(ii) Andhra Pradesh – Telugu

35 Read the following source carefully and answer the questions that 30 G 4
follow:
Primitive Subsistence Farming
It is a 'slash and burn' agriculture. Farmers clear a patch of land and
produce cereals and other food crops to sustain their family. When the soil
fertility decreases, the farmers shift and clear a fresh patch of land for
cultivation. This type of shifting allows Nature to replenish the fertility of
the soil through natural processes; land productivity in this type of
agriculture is low as the farmer does not use fertilisers or other modern
inputs. It is known by different names in different parts of the country.
It is jhumming in north-eastern states like Assam, Meghalaya,
Mizoram and Nagaland; Pamlou in Manipur, Dipa in Bastar district of
Chhattisgarh, and in Andaman and Nicobar Islands.

35.1 'Slash and Burn' system of agriculture comes under which type
of farming? (1)
(i) Primitive Subsistence Farming

35.2 Why is productivity low in 'Slash and Burn' system? (1)

(i) Land productivity in this type of agriculture is low as the farmer
does not use fertilisers or other modern inputs.
(ii) This system uses traditional farming methods.
(iii)Any other relevant points.
Any one point to be mentioned.
35.3 Describe any two features of 'Slash and Burn' system of
agriculture. (2)
(i) It is practiced on small patches of land with the help of primitive
tools.
(ii) This type of farming depends upon monsoon and natural fertility
of the soil.
(iii) This type of shifting allows nature to replenish the fertility of the
soil through natural processes.
(iv) It has different name in different parts of the world.
(v) Any other relevant point
Any two points to be described.

16
36 Read the following source carefully and answer the questions that 109 H 4
follow:
Pages of Gutenberg's Bible, the first printed book in Europe.
Gutenberg printed about 180 copies, of which no more than 50 have
survived.
Look at these pages of Gutenberg's Bible carefully. They were not
just products of new technology. The text was printed in the new Gutenberg
press with metal type, but the borders were carefully designed, painted and
illuminated by hand by artists. No two copies were the same. Every page of
each copy was different. Even when two copies look similar, a careful
comparison will reveal differences. Elites everywhere preferred this lack of
uniformity: what they possessed then could be claimed as unique, for no one
else owned a copy that was exactly the same.
In the text you will notice the use of colour within the letters in
various places. This had two functions: it added colour to the page, and
highlighted all the holy words to emphasise their significance. But the colour
on every page of the text was added by hand. Gutenberg printed the text in
black, leaving spaces where the colour could be filled in later.

36.1 Mention the contribution of Gutenberg in the field of printing. (1)

(i) Johann Gutenberg created the first mechanical printing press in
1430s.
(ii) This brought about the print revolution – shift from hand printing to
mechanical printing in the world.
(iii)Any other relevant point
Any one point to be mentioned.
36.2 How were the books borders painted and illuminated? (1)
(i) The borders were carefully designed, painted and illuminated by
hand by artists.
(ii) Any other relevant point
Any one point to be mentioned.
36.3 Describe any two benefits of colouring in the letters. (2)
(i) It added colour to the page, and highlighted all the holy words to
emphasise their significance.
(ii) The colour on every page of the text was added by hand.
(iii)Gutenberg printed the text in black, leaving spaces where the colour
could be filled in later.
(iv) Any other relevant point
Any two points to be described.

17
 Section F (2+3=5)
(Map Skill-Based Question)
37 (a) Two places ‘A’ and ‘B’ have been marked on the given political outline 2X1=2
map of India. Identify them with the help of the following information
and write their names on the lines drawn near them.
A. The place where the session of the Indian National Congress was
held- Calcutta/Kolkata
B. The place where Mahatma Gandhi started satyagraha for indigo
peasants- Champaran (Bihar)

PLEASE SEE THE ATTACHED MAP.

2x1=2

Note: The following questions are for the Visually Impaired Candidates
only, in lieu of Q. No. 37(a).
37.(a) (i) Name the place where session of Indian National Congress held in
December 1920- Nagpur
(ii) Name the place where Mahatma Gandhi started satyagraha 3x1=3
for indigo peasants- Champaran (Bihar)

37. b. On the same outline map of India, locate and label any three of the
following with suitable symbols:
(i) Leading state in production of rice – West Bengal
(ii) Coal mines located in Tamil Nadu - Neyveli
(iii) Major Sea Port located in Karnataka- New Mangalore
(iv) Oil field located in Maharashtra- Mumbai High/ Bassien 3x1=3

PLEASE SEE THE ATTACHED MAP.

Note: The following questions are for the Visually Impaired Candidates
only, in lieu of Q. No. 37(b).
Attempt any three questions.

37. b.
(i) Name the leading state in production of rice- West Bengal
(ii) Name the place where coal mines are located in Tamil Nadu-
Neyveli
(iii) Name the place where major sea port is located in Karnataka- New
Mangalore
(iv) Name the oil field located in Maharashtra- Mumbai High/ Bassien

18
19
 Section B (4X2=8)
Very Short Answer Type Questions
21 (a) How did ‘salt’ become a powerful weapon to unite the country in the 39 H 2X1=2
‘Civil Disobedience Movement’? Explain any two causes.
(i) The Civil Disobedience Movement began with the breaking of
the salt law.
(ii) Salt was something consumed by the rich and the poor alike.
(iii) It was one of the most essential items of food.
(iv) The tax on salt and the government monopoly over its production
revealed the most oppressive face of British rule.
(v) Any other relevant point.
Any two points to be explained.

OR
(b) How did the colonial government suppress the ‘Civil Disobedience 40 H 2X1=2
Movement’? Explain.
(i) The colonial government began arresting the Congress leaders one
by one.
(ii) This led to violent clashes in many places.
(iii) Abdul Ghaffar Khan, a devout disciple of Mahatma Gandhi, was
arrested in April 1930.
(iv) Angry crowds demonstrated in the streets of Peshawar, facing
armoured cars and police firing.
(v) Many people were killed.
(vi) A month later, Mahatma Gandhi himself was arrested.
(vii) Industrial workers in Sholapur attacked police posts, municipal
buildings, lawcourts and railway stations – all structures that
symbolised British rule.
(viii) A frightened government responded with a policy of brutal
repression.
(ix) Peaceful satyagrahis were attacked, women and children were
beaten, and many were arrested.
(x) Any other relevant point.
Any two points to be explained.

4
22 Describe any two ways to solve the problem of land degradation. 6G 2X1=2
(i) Afforestation and proper management of grazing.
(ii) Planting of shelter belts of plants.
(iii) Control on over grazing.
(iv) Stabilisation of sand dunes by growing thorny bushes are some
of the methods to check land degradation in arid areas.
(v) Proper management of waste lands.
(vi) Control of mining activities.
(vii) Proper discharge and disposal of industrial effluents and wastes
after treatment can reduce land and water degradation in
industrial and suburban areas.
(viii) Any other relevant point.
Any two points to be described.

23 Suggest any two measures to increase the representation of women in 34-35P 2X1=2
the legislatures of India.
(i) To ensure a fair proportion of women in the elected bodies.
(ii) To enhance political education and awareness amongst women.
(iii) Increase education and skill development among women.
(iv) Laws like Nari Shakti Vandan Adhiniyam, 2023 (Women
Reservation Act, 2023) should be effectively implemented.
(v) Any other relevant point.
Any two points to be suggested.

24 How did liberalization promote the process of globalization in India? 64 E 2X1=2

Explain.
(i) Barriers on foreign trade and foreign investment were removed
to a large extent.
(ii) The goods could now be imported and exported easily.
(iii) Foreign companies could now setup factories and offices in
India.
(iv) With liberalization of trade, businesses are allowed to make
decisions freely about what they wish to import or export.
(v) Government has created Special Economic Zones (SEZs) to
promote and attract foreign investment.

5
 (vi) MNCs have increased their investments in India.
(vii) Globalisation has enabled some large Indian companies to
emerge as multinationals.
(viii) Any other relevant point.
Any two points to be explained.

Section C (5X3=15)
Short Answer Type Questions
25 (a) Analyze three main impacts of Non-Cooperation Movement on the 34 H 3X1=3
economic front.
(i) Foreign goods were boycotted.
(ii) Liquor shops were picketed.
(iii) Foreign cloth was burnt in huge bonfires.
(iv) The import of foreign cloth halved.
(v) In many places merchants and traders refused to trade in foreign
goods or finance foreign trade.
(vi) Production of Indian textile mills and handlooms went up.
(vii) Any other relevant point.
Any three points to be analyzed.

OR
(b) Why did the Non-Cooperation Movement start slowing down in the 34 H 3X1=3
cities? Analyze three causes.
(i) Khadi cloth was often more expensive than mass produced mill
cloth and poor people could not afford to buy it.
(ii) The boycott of British institutions posed a problem.
(iii) For the movement to be successful, alternative Indian institutions
had to be set up so that they could be used in place of the British
ones.
(iv) These were slow to come up.
(v) Students and teachers began trickling back to government schools
and lawyers joined back work in government courts.
(vi) Any other relevant point.
Any three points to be analyzed.

6
26 Distinguish between formal and informal sources of credit in India 48-49E 3X1=3
with example.

Formal Sources of Credit Informal Sources of credit

The Reserve Bank of India No one supervises their
supervises their functioning. functioning.
In urban areas, it is the main In rural areas, it is the main source
source of credit. of credit.
Collateral is required. There is no need of collateral.
Cost of borrowing is low. Cost of borrowing is high.
The process of lending is long and Credit is easily available.
complicated.
Do not use unfair means to get Use unfair means to get their
their money back. money back.
Example: Banks, Cooperatives, Example: Moneylenders, friends,
etc. family, relatives, agricultural
traders, etc.
Any other relevant point. Any other relevant point.
Any three points to be described.

27 Suggest any three measures to increase employment opportunities in 29 E 3X1=3

urban areas in India.

(i) There should be improvement in education sector.

(ii) There should be improvement in healthcare sector.
(iii) Regional craft industry should be promoted.
(iv) More focus should be given on sectors like IT.
(v) Improvement and promotion of tourism sector.
(vi) Development of infrastructure like roads, highways, buildings,
schools, etc.
(vii) Few sectors require proper planning and support from the
government.
(viii) Any other relevant point.
Any three points to be suggested.

7
28 Evaluate the system of ‘Checks and Balances’ in the horizontal 8P 3X1=3
distribution of power in India.
(i) The horizontal form of power sharing allows different organs of
government such as the legislature, executive and judiciary
placed at the same level to exercise different powers.
(ii) Such a separation ensures that none of the organs can exercise
unlimited power.
(iii) Each organ checks the others.
(iv) This results in a balance of power among various institutions.
(v) In a democracy, even though ministers and government officials
exercise power, they are responsible to the Parliament or State
Assemblies.
(vi) Although judges are appointed by the executive, they can check
the functioning of executive or laws made by the legislatures.
(vii) This arrangement is called a system of checks and balances.
(viii) Any other relevant point.
Any three points to be evaluated.

29 Explain three major challenges before Political Parties in India. 57-58P 3X1=3
(i) The first challenge is lack of internal democracy within parties.
(ii) The concentration of power in the hands of one or few leaders.
(iii) Parties do not keep membership registers, do not hold
organizational meetings, and do not conduct internal elections
regularly.
(iv) The challenge of dynastic succession is commonly faced by
political parties.
(v) Most political parties do not practice open and transparent
procedures for their functioning.
(vi) The growing role of money and muscle power in parties during
elections is another challenge.
(vii) Parties are focused only on winning elections, they tend to use
short-cuts to win elections.
(viii) They tend to nominate those candidates who have or can raise
lots of money.

8
 (ix) Rich people and companies who give funds to the parties tend to
have influence on the policies and decisions of the party.
(x) In some cases, parties support criminals who can win elections.
(xi) Often parties do not seem to offer a meaningful choice to the
voters.
(xii) Any other relevant point.
Any three challenges to be explained.

Section D (4X5=20)
Long Answer Type Questions
30 (a) “The political and constitutional changes that came in the wake of 5H 5X1=5
the French Revolution led to the transfer of sovereignty from
monarchy to a body of French Citizens.” Explain the statement.
(i) The French revolution proclaimed that it was the people who would
henceforth constitute the nation and shape its destiny.
(ii) From the very beginning, the French revolutionaries introduced
various measures and practices that could create a sense of
collective identity amongst the French people.
(iii) The ideas of ‘la patrie’ (the fatherland) and ‘le citoyen’ (the citizen)
emphasized the notion of a united community enjoying equal rights
under a constitution.
(iv) A new French flag, the tricolour, was chosen to replace the former
royal standard.
(v) The Estates General was elected by the body of active citizens and
renamed the National Assembly.
(vi) New hymns were composed, oaths taken and martyrs
commemorated, all in the name of the nation.
(vii) A centralized administrative system was put in place and it
formulated uniform laws for all citizens within its territory.
(viii) Internal customs duties and dues were abolished and a uniform
system of weights and measures was adopted.
(ix) Regional dialects were discouraged and French, as it was spoken
and written in Paris, became the common language of the nation.

9
 (x) The revolutionaries further declared that it was the mission and the
destiny of the French nation to liberate the people of Europe from
despotism.
(xi) In other words, to help other people of Europe to become nations.
(xii) Any other relevant point.
Any five points to be explained.

OR
(b) “During 19th century, in the economic sphere, liberalization stood
9-10 H 5X1=5
for the freedom of markets and the abolition of state-imposed
restrictions on the movement of goods and capital.” Explain the
statement.

(i) Napoleon’s administrative measures had created out of countless

small principalities a confederation of 39 states.
(ii) Each of these possessed its own currency, and weights and
measures.
(iii) Duties were often levied according to the weight or measurement of
the goods.
(iv) As each region had its own system of weights and measures, this
involved time-consuming calculation.
(v) Such conditions were viewed as obstacles to economic exchange
and growth by the new commercial classes, who argued for the
creation of a unified economic territory allowing the unhindered
movement of goods, people and capital.
(vi) In 1834, a ‘customs union’ or ‘zollverein’ was formed at the
initiative of Prussia and joined by most of the German states.
(vii) The union abolished tariff barriers and reduced the number of
currencies from over thirty to two.
(viii) The creation of a network of railways further stimulated mobility,
harnessing economic interests to national unification.
(ix) A wave of economic nationalism strengthened the wider nationalist
sentiments growing at the time.
(x) Any other relevant point.
Any five points to be explained.

10
31 (a) Study the given flow chart and answer the question that follows: 60 G 5X1=5

Explain the added value product in the textile industry on the bases of
above flowchart.
(i) Cotton is harvested from cotton plants and processed to remove
seeds and impurities. The raw fibre obtained is the initial stage of
value addition.
(ii) The raw cotton fibre is spun into yarns through various spinning
techniques. It enhances the usability of cotton by making it
suitable for weaving or knitting.
(iii) The spun yarn is woven or knitted to create fabric. This step
transforms the material into a more functional form, adding value
by making it suitable for further processing.
(iv) The fabric undergoes dyeing, printing, and finishing processes to
improve its aesthetic appeal, durability, and texture. This increases
the fabric's market value and makes it ready for garment
production.
(v) The finished fabric is cut and stitched into garments such as shirts,
dresses, or jeans making it ready for consumers.
(vi) Cotton industry, by creating demands supports many other
industries, such as chemicals and dyes.
(vii) Any other relevant point.
To be assessed as whole.
OR
(b) Study the given flowchart and answer the question that follows:
62 G 5X1=5

Explain the steel manufacturing process on the bases of the above

flowchart.
(i) Raw materials like iron ore, coal, and limestone are transported to
the steel plant. (Example: Iron ore from mines in India (like Odisha
or Jharkhand) is transported to steel plants).
11
 (ii) The raw materials are fed into a blast furnace, where they are melted
at high temperatures. (Example: In steel plants, coke is used as fuel
to melt iron ore).
(iii) The molten iron extracted from the blast furnace is called pig iron,
which is high in carbon content and not yet steel. (Example: Pig iron
is used for refining steel).
(iv) The pig iron is processed in steel-making furnaces to reduce
impurities and adjust its composition. (Example: Companies
produce different grades of steel for various industrial uses).
(v) The purified steel is then shaped into desired forms like sheets, rods,
or beams through rolling, forging, or casting. (Example: Steel is
used to manufacture construction materials, automobile parts, etc.).
(vi) Any other relevant point.
To be assessed as whole.

32 (a) Evaluate the outcomes of democracy in the economic sector of the 67 P 5x1=5
country.
(i) Economic development depends on several factors: country’s
population, size, global situation, cooperation from other countries,
economic priorities adopted by the country, etc.
(ii) Equality being one of the basic principles in democracy it is
expected from democracies to reduce economic inequalities.
(iii) Democracy encourages economic growth through reforms and
policies.
(iv) Democracy promotes initiatives like Make in India and
MGNREGA.
(v) The policies of globalization and liberalization adopted by
democracies have encouraged international trade leading to
progress.
(vi) It strengthens infrastructure projects.
(vii) It expands digital economy.
(viii) It supports easy loans, subsidies and enhances agricultural growth.
(ix) It focuses on renewable energy for sustainable development.
(x) Any other relevant point.
Any five points to be evaluated.

12
 OR
(b) Evaluate the outcomes of democracy in the social sector of the 70-72 5x1=5
country. P
(i) Democracies lead to peaceful and harmonious life among citizens.
(ii) It negotiates social differences.
(iii) It reduces the possibility of tensions.
(iv) It produces a method to resolve conflicts.
(v) It has the ability to handle social differences, divisions and
conflicts.
(vi) The majority needs to work with minority so that governments
function to represent the general view.
(vii) Elections ensure the formation of majority government
representing diversity and not a majoritarian one.
(viii) Any other relevant point.
Any five points to be evaluated.
33 (a) Analyse the social and economic goals of development. 5-6E 2+3=5
Social Goals 2X1=2
(i) Quality education and skill development for all.
(ii) Accessible and affordable healthcare for everyone.
(iii) Women empowerment through equal opportunities and leadership
roles.
(iv) Ensuring dignity, equity, and social justice for all individuals.
(v) Promoting social harmony in a diverse society.
(vi) Strengthening coordination and cooperation between majority and
minority communities.
(vii) Any other relevant point
Any two points to be analyzed.

Economic Goals
3X1=3
(i) Increasing per capita income to improve the standard of living.
(ii) Enhancing sectoral development for balanced economic growth.
(iii)Driving industrial growth to boost employment and innovation.
(iv) Strengthening infrastructure to support economic expansion.
(v) Modernizing agriculture for higher productivity and sustainability.
(vi) Promoting renewable energy.
(vii)Encouraging self-reliance through local manufacturing.
(viii)
Ensuring sustainable economic growth with environmental
responsibility.
(ix) Expanding global trade.
(x) Any other relevant point.

13
 Any three points to be analyzed.
OR 14-16E 5X1=5
(b) Why is the question of sustainability of development becoming
challenging in the present times? Analyse the appropriate reasons.
(i) Sustainable development refers to meeting the needs of the present
without compromising the needs of the future generations.
(ii) With growing population and growing demands for resources
sustainability is becoming challenging in the present time.
(iii) Consequences of environmental degradation do not respect
national or state boundaries. Sustainability is a global issue and
requires global co-operation.
(iv) Promoting sustainable industrialization can ensure resource
efficiency and long-term economic growth.
(v) Eco-friendly technologies drive economic growth while protecting
the environment. More government policy support can help ensure
sustainability.
(vi) Lifestyle changes are leading to overconsumption. Public
awareness and responsible consumption can contribute to long-
term sustainability.
(vii) Advancing alternative energy like solar and wind power reduces
dependence on fossil fuels.
(viii) Strengthening environmental policies and regulations helps
control pollution and preserve ecosystems.
(ix) Encouraging afforestation and biodiversity conservation supports
ecological balance.
(x) Investing in sustainable agriculture ensures food security while
conserving natural resources.
(xi) Water conservation initiatives and efficient irrigation techniques
enhance water security.
(xii) Any other relevant point
Any five points to be analyzed.

Section E 3X4=12
CASE BASED/SOURCE BASED QUESTIONS
34 Read the following source carefully and answer the questions that 109 H 4
follow:
Pages of Gutenberg's Bible, the first printed book in Europe.
Gutenberg printed about 180 copies, of which no more than 50 have
survived.
Look at these pages of Gutenberg's Bible carefully. They were not
just products of new technology. The text was printed in the new Gutenberg
press with metal type, but the borders were carefully designed, painted and
illuminated by hand by artists. No two copies were the same. Every page of
each copy was different. Even when two copies look similar, a careful

14
 comparison will reveal differences. Elites everywhere preferred this lack of
uniformity: what they possessed then could be claimed as unique, for no one
else owned a copy that was exactly the same.
In the text you will notice the use of colour within the letters in
various places. This had two functions: it added colour to the page, and
highlighted all the holy words to emphasise their significance. But the colour
on every page of the text was added by hand. Gutenberg printed the text in
black, leaving spaces where the colour could be filled in later.

34.1 Mention the contribution of Gutenberg in the field of printing. (1)

(i) Johann Gutenberg created the first mechanical printing press in
1430s.
(ii) This brought about the print revolution – shift from hand printing to
mechanical printing in the world.
(iii)Any other relevant point
Any one point to be mentioned.

34.2 How were the books borders painted and illuminated? (1)
(i) The borders were carefully designed, painted and illuminated by
hand by artists.
(ii) Any other relevant point
Any one point to be mentioned.
34.3 Describe any two benefits of colouring in the letters. (2)
(i) It added colour to the page, and highlighted all the holy words to
emphasise their significance.
(ii) The colour on every page of the text was added by hand.
(iii)Gutenberg printed the text in black, leaving spaces where the colour
could be filled in later.
(iv) Any other relevant point
Any two points to be described.

35 Read the following source carefully and answer the questions that 30 G 4
follow:
Primitive Subsistence Farming
It is a 'slash and burn' agriculture. Farmers clear a patch of land and
produce cereals and other food crops to sustain their family. When the soil
fertility decreases, the farmers shift and clear a fresh patch of land for
cultivation. This type of shifting allows Nature to replenish the fertility of
the soil through natural processes; land productivity in this type of
agriculture is low as the farmer does not use fertilisers or other modern
inputs. It is known by different names in different parts of the country.
It is jhumming in north-eastern states like Assam, Meghalaya,
Mizoram and Nagaland; Pamlou in Manipur, Dipa in Bastar district of
Chhattisgarh, and in Andaman and Nicobar Islands.

15
 35.1 'Slash and Burn' system of agriculture comes under which type
of farming? (1)
(i) Primitive Subsistence Farming
35.2 Why is productivity low in 'Slash and Burn' system? (1)
(i) Land productivity in this type of agriculture is low as the farmer
does not use fertilisers or other modern inputs.
(ii) This system uses traditional farming methods.
(iii)Any other relevant points.
Any one point to be mentioned.
35.3 Describe any two features of 'Slash and Burn' system of
agriculture. (2)
(i) It is practiced on small patches of land with the help of primitive
tools.
(ii) This type of farming depends upon monsoon and natural fertility
of the soil.
(iii) This type of shifting allows nature to replenish the fertility of the
soil through natural processes.
(iv) It has different names in different parts of the world.
(v) Any other relevant point
Any two points to be described.

36 Read the following source carefully and answer the questions that 23P 4
follow:
State Reorganisation Commission
“The report of the States Reorganisation Commission (SRC), was
implemented on November 1, 1956. This, in its own time and own way, has
also transformed the political and institutional life of the nation.
Gandhi and other leaders promised their followers that when freedom came,
the new nation would be based on a new set of provinces, these based on the
principle of language. However, when India was finally free in 1947, it was
also divided...
Far from undermining Indian unity, linguistic states have helped strengthen
it. It has proved to be perfectly consistent to be Kannadiga and Indian,
Bengali and Indian, Tamil and Indian, Gujarati and Indian. To be sure, these
states based on language sometimes quarrel with one another.

36.1 What promise did Gandhiji make to his followers? (1)

(i) The new nation would be based on a new set of provinces.
(ii) These provinces would be reorganised on the principle of language.
(iii)Any other relevant point.
Any one point to be mentioned.

36.2 How did language strengthen the unity of India? (1)

(i) Creation of linguistic states has strengthened the nation.
(ii) The formation of linguistic states has made the country more
united.

16
 (iii)It also made administration easier.
(iv) Any other relevant point
Any one point to be mentioned.

36.3 Mention the names of major language of Kerala and Andhra

Pradesh states. (2)
(i) Kerala – Malayalam
(ii) Andhra Pradesh – Telugu

Section F (2+3=5)
(Map Skill-Based Question)
37 (a) Two places ‘A’ and ‘B’ have been marked on the given political outline 2X1=2
map of India. Identify them with the help of the following information
and write their names on the lines drawn near them.
A. The place where the session of the Indian National Congress was
held- Calcutta/Kolkata
B. The place where Mahatma Gandhi started satyagraha for indigo
peasants- Champaran (Bihar)

PLEASE SEE THE ATTACHED MAP.

Note: The following questions are for the Visually Impaired Candidates 2x1=2
only, in lieu of Q. No. 37(a).
37.(a) (i) Name the place where session of Indian National Congress held in
December 1920- Nagpur
(ii) Name the place where Mahatma Gandhi started satyagraha
for indigo peasants- Champaran (Bihar)

37. b. On the same outline map of India, locate and label any three of the 3x1=3
following with suitable symbols:
(i) Leading state in production of rice - West Bengal
(ii) Coal mines located in Tamil Nadu - Neyveli
(iii) Major Sea Port located in Karnataka - New Mangalore
(iv) Oil field located in Maharashtra - Mumbai High/ Bassien

PLEASE SEE THE ATTACHED MAP.

Note: The following questions are for the Visually Impaired Candidates 3x1=3
only, in lieu of Q. No. 37(b).
Attempt any three questions.

37. b.
(i) Name the leading state in production of rice- West Bengal
(ii) Name the place where coal mines are located in Tamil Nadu-
Neyveli
(iii) Name the place where major sea port is located in Karnataka- New
Mangalore
(iv) Name the oil field located in Maharashtra- Mumbai High/ Bassien

17
18
 SECTION- B (4x2=8)
(Very Short Answer Type Questions)
21. (A) “Planning is the widely accepted strategy for judicious use of 3G (2x1=2)
resources.” Explain the statement.
(i) Planning is important for a country which has enormous diversity
in the availability of resources.
(ii) It is important for regions which are rich in certain types of
resources but are deficient in some other resources.
(iii) Planning helps in balanced distribution of resources across national,
state and regional levels.
(iv) Planning helps in sustainable development.
(v) Any other relevant point.
Any two points to be explained.

OR
(B) “An equitable distribution of resources has become essential for 3G (2x1=2)
a sustained quality of human life.” Explain the statement.
(i) Sustainable existence is a component of sustainable development.
(ii) If the present trend of resource depletion by a few individuals and
countries continues the future of our planet will be in danger.
(iii) There is a dire need to address economic and environmental
protection plans.
(iv) Uneven distribution of resources will create a wide gap in regional
development resulting in disunity in a nation.
(v) Resource planning is essential for the sustainable existence of all
forms of life.
(vi) Appropriate technology, skill and institutional set up is required for
resource development and distribution.
(vii) Judicious use of resources with qualitative and quantitaive
estimates is necessary.
(viii) Any other relevant point.
Any two points to be explained.

4
22. Suggest any two ways to promote women’s rights in India. 31 P (2x1=2)
(i) Encouragement to be given to women to increase participation in
public life.
(ii) Laws like Nari Shakti,Vandan Adhiniyam (Womens’ Reservation
Act 2023) must be implemented effectively.
(iii) Enforcing Equal Pay for Equal Work
(iv) Improving educational and career opportunities.
(v) Promoting programmes on skill development.
(vi) Encouraging community support.

(vii) Legal protection to be given to promote women’s rights.

(viii) Any other relevant point.

Any two points to be suggested
23. Explain the role of public facilities for quality of life. 34 E (2x1=2)
(i) Public facilities are provided by the government.
(ii) Increased investment by the government in health will improve the
wellbeing of the citizens.
(iii) Providing quality education, (particularly elementary education)
will help to develop human resources.
(iv) Providing safe drinking water will provide good health.
(v) Housing facilities for the poor will improve basic living conditions.
(vi) Providing safe and good transport facilities will contribute to
improved economic activities.
(vii) Any other relevant point.
Any two points to be explained.
24. Why was the Indian subcontinent significant to trade networks before 55 H (2x1=2)
European intervention? Explain.
(i) The Indian subcontinent was located along major trade routes like
the Silk Route connecting east and west.
(ii) It was central to trade networks.
(iii) It connected the trade routes through land and sea.
(iv) Pottery from China, spices and textiles from India and Southeast
Asia were transported along these routes.

5
 (v) It helped in exchange of goods, people, knowledge, customs etc.
(vi) Thus, India lay at the centre of the trade network between these
continents and participated in this trade.
(vii) Any other relevant point.
Any two points to be explained.
SECTION- C (5x3=15)
(Short Answer Type Questions)
25. How did the trade policy implemented in 1991 stimulated the 64 E (3x1=3)
globalization in India? Explain with examples.
(i) Removal of barriers on foreign trade giving businesses
opportunities to import and export
(ii) Encouraging investments by [Link], cell phones,
automobiles, soft drinks, fast food etc.
(iii) Encouraging Indian companies to compete with producers around
the globe.
(iv) Encouraging Indian companies to collaborate with foreign
companies which has enabled some large Indian companies to
become multi nationals themselves. Examples. Tata Motors and
Infosys
(v) Improving infra structure and developing policies to attract foreign
investment. Example, Special Economic Zones.
(vi) It has created new opportunities for companies providing services.
Example, IT.
(vii) Any other relevant point.
Any three points to be explained.
26. Examine the measures taken by the government to make agriculture 39G (3x1=3)
profitable in India.
(i) Land reforms in the 1980s and 1990s included institutional and
technical reforms.
(ii) Provisions for crop insurance against drought, flood, cyclone, fire
and disease were introduced.
(iii) Establishment of Grameen banks and cooperative societies for
providing loans at lower rates of interest.

6
 (iv) Initiative taken by the government to provide Kisan Credit Card
(KCC)
(v) Personal Accident Insurance Scheme (PAIS) introduced by the
government.
(vi) Special weather bulletins and agricultural programmes for farmers
on radio and TV.
(vii) Announcement of MSP, remunerative and procurement prices for
important crops by the government.
(viii) Any other relevant point.
Any three points to be examined.
27. (A) Describe the steps taken by French revolutionaries to create a sense 5H (3x1=3)
of national unity and belonging.
(i) Ideas of “la patrie” (the fatherland) and “le citoyen” (the citizen)
(ii) A new tricolour replaced the former royal standard.
(iii) The Estate General body was renamed as the National Assembly.
(iv) New hymns were composed, oaths were taken and martyrs
commemorated in the name of the nation.
(v) A centralized administrative system was introduced.
(vi) Uniform laws for all citizens.
(vii) Internal custom duties and dues abolished.
(viii) Introduction of uniform system of weights and measures adopted.
(ix) Regional dialects replaced by French spoken in Paris.
(x) Any other relevant point.
Any three points to be described.
OR
(B) Describe the historical factors that contributed to the emergence of 26H (3x1=3)
nationalist tensions in the Balkans.
(i) Balkans was a region of geographical and ethnic variation.
(ii) Large part of the Balkans was under the control of the Ottoman
Empire.
(iii) Ideas of romantic nationalism and the disintegration of the Ottoman
Empire made the region explosive.
(iv) The Ottomans failed in their attempts to modernize through internal
reforms.
(v) The European nationalists broke away from Ottoman control and
declared their independence.
(vi) The Balkan people claimed their independence and political rights
on nationality proving that they had once been independent.

7
 (vii) The Balkan area became one of intense conflicts when every Balkan
nation sought to expand its territory at the cost of the other.
(viii) Matters became worse due to Big Power rivalry in this region.
(ix) Any other relevant point.
Any three points to be described.
28. Explain the role of political parties in democracy. 48-49 P (3x1=3)
(i) Parties contest elections.
(ii) Parties put forward different policies and programmes.
(iii) Parties play a decisive role in making laws for a country.
(iv) Parties form and run governments
(v) Those parties that lose the elections play the role of the opposition.
(vi) Parties shape public opinion.
(vii) Parties provide people access to government machinery and welfare
schemes.
(viii) Any other relevant point.
Any three points to be explained.
29. Examine the factors driving the growth of the Tertiary sector in India. 24 E (3x1=3)
(i) Increased requirement of institutions /organisations like hospitals,
schools, banks etc.
(ii) Development of agriculture and industry has increased the demand
for the development of infra structure.
(iii) Rise in income levels have led to an increase in demand of services,
like transport, shopping, hotels and restaurants.
(iv) Improvement in communication and technology has facilitated trade
and commerce. This has led to a need for growth in the tertiary sector.
(v) Any other relevant point.
Any three points to be examined.
SECTION- D (4x5=20)
(Long Answer Type Questions)
30. (A) How did Gandhiji’s Salt March mobilize people across different 39-43 (5x1=5)
strata against British rule? Explain with examples. H
(i) Taking up the cause of the salt tax united communities across India
as salt was a commodity consumed by the rich and poor alike.

8
 (ii) Dandi March initiated to break the Salt law.
(iii) Started with 78 volunteers and was joined by thousands.
(iv) Breaking of salt laws by thousands of people.
(v) Participation by forest people who violated forest laws.
(vi) Resignation by village officials.
(vii) Participation of rich peasants (patidars and jats) who found it
impossible to pay government revenue.
(viii) Participation of poor peasants who could not pay rent to the
landlords.
(ix) Participation by Indian industrialists who wanted policies that
would not restrict free trade.
(x) Participation by factory workers.
(xi) Large scale participation of women.
(xii) Any other relevant point.
Any five points to be explained.
OR
(B) “History, fiction, folklore, songs, popular prints and symbols 46-48 (5x1=5)
developed the sense of collective belonging in Indians during the H
19 th century.” Explain the statement with examples.
(i) Reinterpretation of History by nationalist historians glorifying the
past. Revived interest in ancient Indian art, architecture, science, law
and philosophy aimed to instill a sense of pride amongst Indians.
(ii) Anandamath by Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyaya popularized
Vande Mataram which united the people as it was widely sung as a
hymn to the motherland during the swadeshi movement.
(iii) The idea of nationalism developed through a movement to revive
Indian folklore.
(iv) In the late nineteenth century India, nationalists began recording folk
tales sung by bards and they toured villages to gather folk songs and
legends.
(v) These tales they believed gave a true picture of traditional culture.

9
 (vi) Rabindranath Tagore collected ballads, nursery rhymes and myths. In
Madras, Natesa Sastri published a four-volume collection of Tamil
tales called “The Folklore of Southern India”
(vii) Abanindranath Tagore painted the image of Bharat Mata. Devotion to
the mother figure was seen as evidence of one’s nationalism.
(viii) As the national movement developed leaders became aware of icons
and symbols to unify the people.
(ix) During the swadeshi movement in Bengal, a tricolour flag (red, green
and yellow) was designed. It had eight lotuses representing the eight
provinces of British India and a crescent moon, representing the
Hindus and Muslims.
(x) By 1921 Gandhiji had designed the swaraj flag which was a tricolour
with a charkha in the middle.
(xi) Carrying the flag during the marches became a symbol of defiance.
(xii) Any other relevant point.
Any five points to be explained.
31. (A) “It would be beneficial to develop sustainable way to meet the 55 G (5x1=5)
growing energy demand in India.” Support the statement by
giving suitable arguments.
(i) Energy is the basic requirement for economic development.
(ii) Every sector like agriculture, industry, transport, commercial and
domestic- needs inputs of energy.
(iii) Consumption of energy in all forms has been steadily rising all over
the country.
(iv) Promotion of energy conservation and increased use of renewable
energy sources are the twin planks of sustainable energy.
(v) Need of the hour to develop a sustainable path of energy
development through use of energy efficient programmes.
(vi) Public awareness campaigns to promote the idea of energy
conservation.
(vii) Cautious approach to the judicious use of limited energy resources.

10
 (viii) Use of non-conventional sources of energy like solar, wind and geo-
thermal
(ix) Adopting small steps to save energy like use of public transport,
switching of electricity when not in use, using power saving devices
etc.
(x) Any other relevant point.
Any five arguments to be explained.
OR
(B) “We have to use a planned and sustainable manner to conserve 49 G (5x1=5)
our minerals.” Support the statement by giving suitable
arguments.
(i) Mineral resources are finite and non-renewable.
(ii) Example, coal and iron ore which will take millions of years to be
created and concentrated.
(iii) High dependence of industry and agriculture on mineral deposits.
(iv) Replenishment of used resources is a time-consuming process.
(v) Judicious use of mineral resources is the need of the hour
(vi) Improving technology to allow the use of low-grade ores at low
cost.
(vii) Reusing of metals.
(viii) Enforcement of stricter regulations of environmental laws.
(ix) Any other relevant point.
Any five arguments to be explained.
32. (A) “Democratic governments are usually attentive to the needs and 65-66 P (5x1=5)
demands of the people.” Justify the statement with suitable
arguments.
(i) Democracies are successful in setting up regular and free elections
providing a fair chance to all its citizens to elect the government.
(ii) Democratic government is a legitimate government as it is elected by
the citizens, and it is answerable to them.
(iii) Democracies work to fulfil the needs and aspirations of all its people.

11
 (iv) Democratic governments encourage open public debates on major
policies and laws.
(v) Democratic governments are transparent as they allow the citizen to
examine the process of decision making.
(vi) Democratic governments are largely free of corruption as compared
to non-democratic governments.
(vii) Any other relevant point.
Any five points to be justified.

OR
(B) “Democracy stands much superior to any other form of 71-72 P (5x1=5)
government in promoting dignity and freedom of the individual.”
Justify the statement with suitable arguments.

(i) Every individual wants to receive respect from fellow beings.

(ii) Conflicts arise in societies because they are not treated with due
respect.
(iii) The passion for respect and freedom are the basis for democracies
which have been achieved in various degrees in various democratic
nations.
(iv) Women have struggled to gain respect and equal treatment all over
the world.
(v) Laws protecting the women in democracy have helped them to
achieve these rights.
(vi) Democracies have stregthened the claims of the disadvantaged and
dicriminated communities for equal status and equal opportunity.
(vii) Promotion of dignity and freedom in a democracy have transformed
people from the status of subjects to that of citizens.
(viii) Any other relevant point.
Any five points to be justified.
33. (A) Analyse the role of banks in the economy of the country. 42-43E (5x1=5)
(i) Providing financial assistance or loans for various economic
activities.
(ii) Promoting saving habits of the people.

12
(iii) Mediating between those who have surplus funds (depositors) and
those who need funds (borrowers).
(iv) Payment of interests on deposits made by the people.
(v) Acting as a caretaker of excess money in the hands of the people.
(vi) Promoting economic growth in the country.
(vii) Any other relevant point
Any five points to be analysed.
OR

(B) Analyse the role of Self-Help Groups in the development of rural 42-49 E (5x1=5)
areas in India.
(i) SHG is an organization which works with the rural poor especially
women.
(ii) It usually consists of 15-20 members belonging to one
neighbourhood.
(iii) They meet and save regularly.
(iv) Saving per member varies from Rupees 25 to 100 or more
depending on the ability of the people to save.
(v) Members can take small loans from the group to meet their needs
at a very low rate of interest.
(vi) If the group is regular in savings, it becomes eligible for availing
loans from the bank.
(vii) Loan is sanctioned in the name of the group to create self-
employment opportunities for the members.
(viii) The decisions regarding savings and loan activities are taken by
the group members.
(ix) The group is responsible for the repayment of the loan.
(x) Any case of non-repayment of loan by anyone-member, other
members follow it up seriously.
(xi) They get loans even without collateral from the banks.
(xii) SHG is also a platform to discuss and act on various social issues
such as health, nutrition, domestic violence etc.
(xiii) Any other relevant point
Any five points to be analysed.

13
 SECTION- E (3x4=12)
(Case Based/Source-based Questions)
34. Read the following source carefully and answer the questions that 17 G 4
follow:

Sacred Groves - a wealth of diverse and rare species

Nature worship is an age-old tribal belief based on the premise that all
creations of nature have to be protected. Such beliefs have preserved
several virgin forests in pristine form called Sacred Groves (the forests
of God and Goddesses). These patches of forest or parts of large forests
have been left untouched by the local people and any interference with
them is banned. Certain societies revere a particular tree which they
have preserved from time immemorial. The Mundas and the Santhal
of Chota Nagpur region worship mahua (Bassia latifolia) and
kadamba (Anthocaphalus cadamba) trees, and the tribals of Odisha
and Bihar worship the tamarind (Tamarindus indica) and mango
(Mangifera indica) trees during weddings. To many of us, peepal and
banyan trees are considered sacred.
Indian society comprises several cultures, each with its own set of
traditional methods of conserving nature and its creations. Sacred
qualities are often ascribed to springs, mountain peaks, plants and
animals which are closely protected. You will find troops of
macaques and langurs around many temples. They are fed daily and
treated as a part of temple devotees. In and around Bishnoi villages
in Rajasthan, herds of blackbuck (chinkara), nilgai and peacocks can
be seen as an integral part of the community and nobody harms them.

34.1 How do sacred groves show the inter- connectivity of spirituality

1
and ecology?
(i) Sacred qualities are often ascribed to springs, mountain peaks,
plants and animals which are closely protected.
(ii) In many communities mountains,plants and animals are
worshipped.
(iii) Any other relevant point.
Any one point to be explained.
1
34.2 How do tribal practices promote conservation of forests?

(i) The Mundas and the Santhals of Chota Nagpur region

worship mahua and kadamba trees.

14
 (ii) Tribals of Odisha and Bihar worship the tamarind and
mango trees during weddings.

(iii) Any other relevant point.

Any one point to be explained.

2
34.3 Why is conservation of wildlife important for us?
(i) It maintains ecological balance.
(ii) Preserves ecological diversity
(iii) Preserves our life support system.
(iv) Any other relevant point.
Any two points to be explained.
35. Read the following source carefully and answer the questions that 123 H 4
follow:
New Forms of Publication
By the end of the nineteenth century, a new visual culture was taking
shape. With the setting up of an increasing number of printing presses,
visual images could be easily reproduced in multiple copies. Painters like
Raja Ravi Varma produced images for mass circulation. Poor wood
engravers who made woodblocks set up shop near the letterpresses and
were employed by print shops. Cheap prints and calendars, easily
available in the bazaar, could be bought even by the poor to decorate the
walls of their homes or places of work. These prints began shaping
popular ideas about modernity and tradition, religion and politics, and
society and culture.
By the 1870s, caricatures and cartoons were being published in journals
and newspapers, commenting on social and political issues. Some
caricatures ridiculed the educated Indians' fascination with Western tastes
and clothes, while others expressed the fear of social change. There were
imperial caricatures lampooning nationalists, as well as nationalist
cartoons criticising imperial rule.

35.1. How did the development of printing technology impact visual 1

culture?
(i) Painters like Raja Ravi Varma produced images for mass
circulation.
(ii) With the setting up of an increasing number of printing presses,
visual images could be easily reproduced in multiple copies.
(iii) Any other relevant point.

15
 Any one point to be explained.
35.2 How did Raja Ravi Varma contribute to the mass circulation of 1
art in India?
(i) Cheap prints and calendars, easily available in the bazaar,
could be bought even by the poor to decorate the walls of their
homes or places of work.
(ii) The Raja Ravi Varma Press produced innumerable
mythological paintings that were now accessible to the masses.
(iii) Any other relevant point.
Any one point to be explained.
2
35.3 How did visual culture shape the memory of the 19th century
social landscape? Explain.
(i) Caricatures and cartoons were being published in journals and
newspapers, commenting on social and political issues.
(ii) Some ridiculed the educated Indians' fascination with
Western tastes and clothes.
(iii) Others expressed the fear of social change.
(iv) Nationalist cartoons criticised imperial rule.
(v) Any other relevant point.
Any two points to be explained
36. Read the following source carefully and answer the questions that 24-25 P 4
follow:
Local Self Government
The local government structure goes right up to the district level. A few
gram panchayats are grouped together to form what is usually called a
panchayat samiti or block or mandal. The members of this
representative body are elected by all the panchayat members in that
area. All the panchayat samitis or mandals in a district together
constitute the zilla (district) parishad. Most members of the zilla
parishad are elected. Members of the Lok Sabha and MLAs of that
district and some other officials of other district level bodies are also
its members. Zilla parishad chairperson is the political head of the zilla
parishad.
Similarly, local government bodies exist for urban areas as well.
Municipalities are set up in towns. Big cities are constituted into
municipal corporations. Both municipalities and municipal
corporations are controlled by elected bodies consisting of people's
16
 representatives. Municipal chairperson is the political head of the
municipality. In a municipal corporation, such an officer is called the
mayor.
This new system of local government is the largest experiment in
democracy conducted anywhere in the world.

1
36.1 Explain the relationship between Gram Panchayats and Panchayat
Samitis?
(i) Gram Panchayats are grouped together to form Panchayat Samitis.
(ii) Panchayat Samiti acts as a link between Zila Parishad and Gram
Panchayat.
(iii)Any other relevant point.
Any one point to be explained.
1
36.2 How is the structure of municipal corporation different from
municipality?
(i) A municipal corporation is an urban local self-government body that
administers a city. A municipality is also an urban self-government
body that administers a town.
(ii) Any other relevant point.
Any one point to be explained.
2
36.3 How does the local government structure promote democracy?
Examine.
(i) It promotes grass root level democracy.
(ii) It deepens democracy.
(iii) Increases women’s participation.
(iv) Participation of people in decision making.
(v) Any other relevant.
Any two points to be explained.
SECTION - F
(Map Skill Based Question) (2+3=5)
37. (i) Two places (A) and (B) have been marked on the given political
outline map of India. Identify them with the help of the following
information and write their correct names on the lines drawn near
them.
(a) The place where the session of the Indian National Congress was held
1
in 1927: Madras (Chennai)
17
 (b) The place where Gandhiji broke the salt law: Dandi 1

For answers please see the attached map

Note the following questions are for the Visually Impaired Candidates only,
in lieu of Q. No. 37 (i)
1
(a) Name the state where the session of Indian National Congress was
37.
held in 1927.
Madras (Chennai)
(b) Name the place where Gandhiji broke the salt law.
1
Dandi

(ii) On the same political outline map of India, locate and label any three
of the following with suitable symbols:
(a) A major dam on the Chenab river- Salal 1
(b) Nuclear Power Plant located in Uttar Pradesh- Naraura
1
(c) A major Software Technology Park located in Karnataka-
Benguluru 1
(d) A major Sea Port located in Odisha- Paradwip
1

For answers please see the attached map

Note: The following questions are for the Visually Impaired Candidates
only, in lieu of Q. No. 37 (ii).
(a) A major dam on the Chenab River.
Salal 1
(b) Nuclear Power Plant located in Uttar Pradesh
1
Naraura
(c) A major Software Technology Park located in Karnataka 1
Benguluru
(d) A major Sea Port located in Odisha
Paradwip 1

18
19
 Marking Scheme
Class X -Social Science (087)
SET-32/4/2
SET -2 MM-80
[Link] Values Points Page Marks-
. No.
SECTION- A (20x1=20)
(Multiple Choice Questions)
1. (c) Only (i), (ii) and (iv) are correct. 5E 1
2. (c) Enhanced connectivity 63 E 1
3. (a) (i) and (iii) are correct. 48 E 1
4. (c) Nature of production activities 20 E 1
5. (d) Doctor, Teacher, Lawyer 20 E 1
6. (a) Per Capita Income 8E 1
7. (a) A 13 E 1
8. (c) 1992 24 P 1
9. (b) Citizens feel empowered to determine policies. 64 P 1
10. (d) Biju Janta Dal - Odisha 56 P 1
11. (d) Division of power among Legislative, Executive and Judiciary. 8P 1
12. (b) By ensuring a division of power between centre and states. 16 P 1
13. (a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A). 2P 1
14. (d) (iii), (iv), (ii) and (i) 45-47 1
G
15. (b) Coffee 37 G 1
16. (c) Black soil 7G 1
17. (c) II, I, IV and III 10- 1
21H
18. (b) Abanindranath Tagore 47 H 1
Note: The following questions are for the Visually Impaired Candidates only, in
lieu of Question No.3. 44 H
(d) B. R. Ambedkar
19. (a) By censoring the Indian newspapers 127 H 1
20. (d) Due to trade and cultural exchange 54 H 1

3
 SECTION- B (4x2=8)
(Very Short Answer Type Questions)
21. (A) “Planning is the widely accepted strategy for judicious use of 3G (2x1=2)
resources.” Explain the statement.
(i) Planning is important for a country which has enormous diversity in the
availability of resources.
(ii) It is important for regions which are rich in certain types of resources
but are deficient in some other resources.
(iii) Planning helps in balanced distribution of resources across national,
state and regional levels.
(iv) Planning helps in sustainable development.
(v) Any other relevant point.
Any two points to be explained.
OR
(B) “An equitable distribution of resources has become essential for a 3G (2x1=2)
sustained quality of human life.” Explain the statement.
(i) Sustainable existence is a component of sustainable development.
(ii) If the present trend of resource depletion by a few individuals and
countries continue the future of our planet will be in danger.
(iii) There is a dire need to address economic and environmental protection
plans.
(iv) Uneven distribution of resources will create a wide gap in regional
development resulting in disunity in a nation.
(v) Resource planning is essential for sustainable existence of all forms of
life.
(vi) Appropriate technology, skill and institutional set up is required for
resource development and distribution.
(vii) Judicious use of resources with qualitative and quantitaive estimates is
necessary.
(viii) Any other relevant point.
Any two points to be explained.

4
22. How did the feminist movements help to enhance the role of women in public 30-31 (2x1=2)
life? Explain.
P
(i) Feminist movements support equal rights and opportunities for both men
and women.
(ii) Encouragement given to women to increase participation in public life.
(iii) Feminist movements have enhanced legal status of women.
(iv) Women are working as scientists, engineers, doctors etc.
(v) Promotion of Equal Pay for Equal Work has helped to improve the
position of women.
(vi) Improved educational and career opportunities have increased women’s
participation in public life.
(vii) Any other relevant point.
Any two points to be explained.
23. Explain the role of public facilities for quality of life. 34 E (2x1=2)
(i) Public facilities are provided by the government.
(ii) Increased investment by the government in health will improve the
wellbeing of the citizens.
(iii) Providing quality education, (particularly elementary education) will
help to develop human resources.
(iv) Providing safe drinking water will provide good health.
(v) Housing facilities for the poor will improve basic living conditions.
(vi) Providing safe and good transport facilities will contribute to improved
economic activities.
(vii) Any other relevant point.
Any two points to be explained
24. Why was the Indian subcontinent significant to trade networks before 55 H (2x1=2)
European intervention? Explain.
(i) The Indian subcontinent was located along major trade routes like the
Silk Route connecting east and west.
(ii) It was central to trade networks.
(iii) It connected the trade routes through land and sea.
(iv) Pottery from China, spices and textiles from India and Southeast Asia
were transported along these routes.
(v) It helped in exchange of goods, people, knowledge, customs etc.
5
 (vi) Thus, India lay at the centre of the trade network between these
continents and participated in this trade.
(vii) Any other relevant point.
Any two points to be explained.
SECTION- C (5x3=15)
(Short Answer Type Questions)
25. How did the trade policy implemented in 1991 stimulated the globalization 64 E (3x1=3)
in India? Explain with examples.
(i) Removal of barriers on foreign trade giving businesses opportunities to
import and export.
(ii) Encouraging investments by [Link], cell phones, automobiles,
soft drinks, fast food etc.
(iii) Encouraging Indian companies to compete with producers around the
globe.
(iv) Encouraging Indian companies to collaborate with foreign companies
which has enabled some large Indian companies to become multi
nationals themselves. Examples. Tata Motors and Infosys
(v) Improving infra structure and developing policies to attract foreign
investment. Example, Special Economic Zones.
(vi) It has created new opportunities for companies providing services.
Example, IT.
(vii) Any other relevant point.
Any three points to be explained.
26. (A) Describe the steps taken by French revolutionaries to create a sense of 5H (3x1=3)
national unity and belonging.
(i) Ideas of “la patrie” (the fatherland) and “le citoyen” (the citizen)
(ii) A new tricolour replaced the former royal standard.
(iii) The Estate General body was renamed as the National Assembly.
(iv) New hymns were composed, oaths were taken and martyrs
commemorated in the name of the nation.
(v) A centralized administrative system was introduced.
(vi) Uniform laws for all citizens.
(vii) Internal custom duties and dues abolished.
(viii) Introduction of uniform system of weights and measures adopted.
6
 (ix) Regional dialects replaced by French spoken in Paris.
(x) Any other relevant point.
Any three points to be described.
OR
26 H (3x1=3)
(B) Describe the historical factors that contributed to the emergence of
nationalist tensions in the Balkans.
(i) Balkans was a region of geographical and ethnic variation.
(ii) Large part of the Balkans was under the control of the Ottoman Empire.
(iii) Ideas of romantic nationalism and the disintegration of the Ottoman
Empire made the region explosive.
(iv) The Ottomans failed in their attempts to modernize through internal
reforms.
(v) The European nationalists broke away from Ottoman control and
declared their independence.
(vi) The Balkan people claimed their independence and political rights on
nationality proving that they had once been independent.
(vii) The Balkan area became one of intense conflict when every Balkan
nation sought to expand its territory at the cost of the other.
(viii) Matters became worse due to Big Power rivalry in this region.
(ix) Any other relevant point.
Any three points to be described.
27. Examine the measures taken by the government to make agriculture 39 G (3x1=3)
profitable in India.
(i) Land reforms in the 1980s and 1990s included institutional and technical
reforms.
(ii) Provisions for crop insurance against drought, flood, cyclone, fire and
disease were introduced.
(iii) Establishment of Grameen banks and cooperative societies for
providing loans at lower rates of interest.
(iv) Initiative taken by the government to provide Kisan Credit Card (KCC)
(v) Personal Accident Insurance Scheme (PAIS) introduced by the
government.
(vi) Special weather bulletins and agricultural programmes for farmers on
radio and TV.

7
 (vii) Announcement of MSP, remunerative and procurement prices for
important crops by the government.
(viii) Any other relevant point.
Any three points to be examined.
28. Explain the role of the opposition in democracy. 49 P (3x1=3)
(i) The parties that lose elections forms the opposition.
(ii) They voice different views.
(iii) Criticize government for its failures.
(iv) They protest against wrong policies.
(v) Mobilise public opinion against the government.
(vi) Any other relevant point.
Any three points to be explained.
29. Examine the role of the government in promoting economic growth in India? 28 E (3x1-3)
(i) Encouraging development of infrastructure. 42 E
(ii) Providing subsidies on various goods. 56-63
(iii) Increasing investment in public facilities. E
(iv) Adopting policies like liberalization and globalization.
(v) Adopting policies to promote industries in rural and semi-rural areas.
(vi) Special poverty eradication and employment generation schemes like
MNREGA.
(vii) Supporting startups.
(viii) Promoting easy access to formal loans.
(ix) Investing more on the development of various skill training programmes.
(x) Any other relevant point.
Any three points to be examined.
SECTION- D (4x5=20)
(Long Answer Type Questions)
30. (A) Explain the role of Gandhiji in the Non-Cooperation Movement with 32-33 (5x1=5)
examples. H
(i) Gandhiji’s idea of non-cooperation stems from his idea of not cooperating
with the British as mentioned in Hind Swaraj.
(ii) Gandhiji wanted the movement to unfold in stages.
(iii) Surrender of titles awarded by the British government.

8
(iv) Boycott of British services like boycott of civil services, army, police,
courts, schools and legislative councils
(v) Boycott of British goods and promotion of Indian goods like khadi.
(vi) Launching of a full civil disobedience campaign in the face of repression.
(vii) Gandhiji’s support to the Khilafat agitation united Hindus and Muslims.
(viii) Gandhiji played a role in the adoption of the non-cooperation programme
at the Congress session held at Nagpur.
(ix) Participation of the middleclass in towns and cities following Gandhiji’s
call.
(x) Participation of peasants, tribals and plantation workers in the name of
Gandhiji.
(xi) Gandhiji’s call for non-cooperation united Indians from different
communities to rise up against colonial rule.
(xii) Any other relevant point.
Any five points to be explained.
OR
39-43 (5x1=5)
(B) How did the Civil Disobedience Movement able to bring all
communities together in India? Explain with examples. H
(i) Rejection of 11 demands in the letter written by Gandhiji to Viceroy, Lord
Irwin brought people together.
(ii) Taking up the cause of the salt tax united communities across India as salt
was a commodity consumed by the rich and poor alike.
(iii) Dandi March initiated to break the Salt law.
(iv) Started with 78 volunteers and was joined by thousands.
(v) Breaking of salt laws by thousands of people.
(vi) Participation of forest people who violated forest laws.
(vii) Peasants refused to pay chowkidari taxes.
(viii) Participation of rich peasants (patidars and jats).
(ix) Participation of poor peasants.
(x) Participation by Indian industrialists.
(xi) Participation by workers.
(xii) Large scale participation of women.
(xiii) Any other relevant point.
Any five points to be explained.

9
31. (A) “It would be beneficial to develop sustainable way to meet the growing 55 G (5x1=5)
energy demand in India.” Support the statement by giving suitable
arguments.
(i) Energy is the basic requirement for economic development.
(ii) Every sector like agriculture, industry, transport, commercial and
domestic- needs inputs of energy.
(iii) Consumption of energy in all forms has been steadily rising all over the
country.
(iv) Promotion of energy conservation and increased use of renewable
energy sources are the twin planks of sustainable energy.
(v) Need of the hour to develop a sustainable path of energy development
through use of energy efficient programmes.
(vi) Public awareness campaigns to promote the idea of energy conservation.
(vii) Cautious approach to the judicious use of limited energy resources.
(viii) Use of non-conventional sources of energy like solar, wind and geo-
thermal.
(ix) Adopting small steps to save energy like use of public transport,
switching of electricity when not in use, using power saving devices etc.
(x) Any other relevant point.
Any five arguments to be explained.
OR
(B) “We have to use a planned and sustainable manner to conserve our
minerals.” Support the statement by giving suitable arguments.
(i) Mineral resources are finite and non-renewable.
49 G (5x1=5)
(ii) Example, coal and iron ore which will take millions of years to be
created and concentrated.
(iii) High dependence of industry and agriculture on mineral deposits.
(iv) Replenishment of used resources is a time-consuming process.
(v) Judicious use of mineral resources is the need of the hour.
(vi) Improving technology to allow the use of low-grade ores at low cost.
(vii) Reusing of metals.
(viii) Enforcement of stricter regulations of environmental laws.
(ix) Any other relevant point.
Any five arguments to be explained.
32. (A) “Democracy elevates humans from the status of subject to citizen.” 72 P (5x1=5)
Justify the statement with suitable arguments.
10
 (i) Democratic principles allow people to come up with more expectations.
(ii) Freedom of expression to show dissatisfaction with democracy indicates
the transformation of people from the status of a subject into that of a
citizen.
(iii) Democracy promotes equality among citizens.
(iv) It enhances dignity of citizens.
(v) It improves the quality of decision making.
(vi) It provides methods to resolve conflicts.
(vii) It allows room to correct mistakes.
(viii) Complaints by people about outcomes of democracy is itself a testimony
to its success.
(ix) Any other relevant point.
Any five points to be justified.
OR
(B) “Democracy and development go together.” Justify the statement 64-72 (5x1=5)
with suitable arguments. P
(i) Democracies encourage power sharing, thus giving every citizen a voice
in governance.
(ii) The policy of decentralization adopted by democracies ensure
development of the whole nation.
(iii) Democracies stand for dignity and freedom of the citizens which
encourages them to contribute to the growth of the nation.
(iv) Accommodation of diversity ensures harmony in the nation leading to
development.
(v) Equality being one of the basic principles of democracies results in
economic growth.
(vi) The policies of globalization and liberalization adopted by democracies
have encouraged international trade leading to progress.
(vii) Any other relevant point.

Any five points to be justified.

33. (A) Analyse the role of credit in rural economy. 43E (5x1=5)

11
 (i) Important for economic growth and development of rural economy.
(ii) Encourages farmers to invest in non-agricultural activities.
(iii) Supports the farmer to modernize agricultural practices.
(iv) Increases production of agricultural output.
(v) Helps to manage ongoing expenses.
(vi) Can put a farmer in a debt trap.
(vii) Any other relevant point
Any five points to be analysed.
OR
(B) Analyse the differences between formal and informal sectors of 42-49 (5x1=5)
credit. E
Formal Sources of Credit Informal Sources of credit
The Reserve Bank of India No one supervises their
supervises their functioning. functioning.
In urban areas, it is the main In rural areas, it is the main source
source of credit. of credit.
Collateral is required. There is no need of collateral.
Cost of borrowing is low. Cost of borrowing is high.
The process of lending is long and Credit is easily available.
complicated.
Do not use unfair means to get Use unfair means to get their
their money back. money back.
Example: Banks, Cooperatives, Example: Moneylenders, friends,
etc. family, relatives, agricultural
traders, etc.
Any other relevant point. Any other relevant point.

Any five points to be analysed.

SECTION- E (3x4=12)
(Case Based/Source-based Questions)
34. Read the following source carefully and answer the questions that follow: 24-25 4
Local Self Government P
The local government structure goes right up to the district level. A few
gram panchayats are grouped together to form what is usually called a
panchayat samiti or block or mandal. The members of this representative
body are elected by all the panchayat members in that area. All the
panchayat samitis or mandals in a district together constitute the zilla
(district) parishad. Most members of the zilla parishad are elected.
Members of the Lok Sabha and MLAs of that district and some other
officials of other district level bodies are also its members. Zilla parishad
chairperson is the political head of the zilla parishad.
12
 Similarly, local government bodies exist for urban areas as well.
Municipalities are set up in towns. Big cities are constituted into municipal
corporations. Both municipalities and municipal corporations are
controlled by elected bodies consisting of people's representatives.
Municipal chairperson is the political head of the municipality. In a
municipal corporation, such an officer is called the mayor.
This new system of local government is the largest experiment in
democracy conducted anywhere in the world.

1
34.1 Explain the relationship between Gram Panchayats and Panchayat
Samitis?
(i) Gram Panchayats are grouped together to form Panchayat Samitis.
(ii) Panchayat Samiti acts as a link between Zila Parishad and Gram
Panchayat.
(iii) Any other relevant point.
Any one point to be explained.
1
34.2 How is the structure of municipal corporation different from
municipality?
(i) A municipal corporation is an urban local self-government body that
administers a city. A municipality is also an urban self-government body
that administers a town.
(ii) Any other relevant point
Any one point to be explained.
2
34.3 How does the local government structure promote democracy?
Examine.
(i) It promotes grass root level democracy.
(ii) It deepens democracy.
(iii) Increases women’s participation.
(iv) Participation of people in decision making.
(v) Any relevant point.
Any two points to be explained.
35. Read the following source carefully and answer the questions that follow: 123 H 4
New Forms of Publication
By the end of the nineteenth century, a new visual culture was taking shape.
With the setting up of an increasing number of printing presses, visual images
could be easily reproduced in multiple copies. Painters like Raja Ravi Varma
produced images for mass circulation. Poor wood engravers who made

13
woodblocks set up shop near the letterpresses and were employed by print
shops. Cheap prints and calendars, easily available in the bazaar, could be
bought even by the poor to decorate the walls of their homes or places of work.
These prints began shaping popular ideas about modernity and tradition,
religion and politics, and society and culture.
By the 1870s, caricatures and cartoons were being published in journals and
newspapers, commenting on social and political issues. Some caricatures
ridiculed the educated Indians' fascination with Western tastes and clothes,
while others expressed the fear of social change. There were imperial
caricatures lampooning nationalists, as well as nationalist cartoons criticising
imperial rule.

35.1. How did the development of printing technology impact visual

1
culture?
(i) Painters like Raja Ravi Varma produced images for mass
circulation.
(ii) With the setting up of an increasing number of printing presses,
visual images could be easily reproduced in multiple copies.
(iii) Any other relevant point.
Any one point to be explained.
35.2 How did Raja Ravi Varma contribute to the mass circulation of art 1
in India?
(i) Cheap prints and calendars, easily available in the bazaar, could be
bought even by the poor to decorate the walls of their homes or
places of work.
(ii) The Raja Ravi Varma Press produced innumerable mythological
paintings that were now accessible to the masses.
(iii) Any other relevant point.
Any one point to be explained.
35.3 How did visual culture shape the memory of the 19th century social 2
landscape? Explain.
(i) Caricatures and cartoons were being published in journals and
newspapers, commenting on social and political issues.
(ii) Some ridiculed the educated Indians' fascination with Western tastes
and clothes.
(iii) Others expressed the fear of social change.

14
 (iv) Nationalist cartoons criticised imperial rule.
(v) Any other relevant point.
Any two points to be explained
36. Read the following source carefully and answer the questions that follow: 17 G 4
Sacred Groves - a wealth of diverse and rare species

Nature worship is an age-old tribal belief based on the premise that all
creations of nature have to be protected. Such beliefs have preserved several
virgin forests in pristine form called Sacred Groves (the forests of God and
Goddesses). These patches of forest or parts of large forests have been left
untouched by the local people and any interference with them is banned.
Certain societies revere a particular tree which they have preserved from
time immemorial. The Mundas and the Santhal of Chota Nagpur region
worship mahua (Bassia latifolia) and kadamba (Anthocaphalus cadamba)
trees, and the tribals of Odisha and Bihar worship the tamarind
(Tamarindus indica) and mango (Mangifera indica) trees during weddings.
To many of us, peepal and banyan trees are considered sacred.
Indian society comprises several cultures, each with its own set of
traditional methods of conserving nature and its creations. Sacred qualities
are often ascribed to springs, mountain peaks, plants and animals which
are closely protected. You will find troops of macaques and langurs
around many temples. They are fed daily and treated as a part of temple
devotees. In and around Bishnoi villages in Rajasthan, herds of blackbuck
(chinkara), nilgai and peacocks can be seen as an integral part of the
community and nobody harms them.

36.1 How do sacred groves show the inter- connectivity of spirituality and 1
ecology?
(i) Sacred qualities are often ascribed to springs, mountain peaks,
plants and animals which are closely protected.
(ii) In many communities mountains, plants and animals are worshipped.
(iii) Any other relevant point.
Any one point to be explained.
36.2How do tribal practices promote conservation of forests? 1

(i) The Mundas and the Santhals of Chota Nagpur region

worship mahua and kadamba trees.

(ii) Tribals of Odisha and Bihar worship the tamarind and

mango trees during weddings.

(iii) Any other relevant point.

15
 Any one point to be explained 2

36.3Why is conservation of wildlife important for us?

(i) It maintains ecological balance.
(ii) Preserves ecological diversity
(iii) Preserves our life support system.
(iv) Any other relevant point.
Any two points to be explained.

SECTION - F (2+3=5)
(Map Skill Based Question)
37. (i) Two places (A) and (B) have been marked on the given political outline
map of India. Identify them with the help of the following information and
write their correct names on the lines drawn near them.
(a) The place where the session of the Indian National Congress was held in 1
1927: Madras (Chennai)
1
(b) The place where Gandhiji broke the salt law: Dandi

For answers please see the attached map

Note the following questions are for the Visually Impaired Candidates only, in
lieu of Q. No. 37 (i)

1
(a) Name the state where the session of Indian National Congress was held
37.
in 1927.
Madras (Chennai) 1
(b) Name the place where Gandhiji broke the salt law.
Dandi

(ii) On the same political outline map of India, locate and label any three of
1
the following with suitable symbols:
(a) A major dam on the Chenab river- Salal 1
(b) Nuclear Power Plant located in Uttar Pradesh- Naraura
1
(c) A major Software Technology Park located in Karnataka-
Benguluru 1
(d) A major Sea Port located in Odisha- Paradwip

For answers please see the attached map

Note: The following questions are for the Visually Impaired Candidates only,
in lieu of Q. No. 37. (ii)
Attempt any three questions:
16
(a) A major dam on the Chenab river- Salal 1
(b) Nuclear Power Plant located in Uttar Pradesh- Naraura 1
(c) A major Software Technology Park located in Karnataka- 1
Benguluru 1
(d) A major Sea Port located in Odisha- Paradwip

17
 SECTION- B (4x2=8)
(Very Short Answer Type Questions)
21. Why was the Indian subcontinent significant to trade networks 55 H (2x1=2)
before European intervention? Explain.
(i) The Indian subcontinent was located along major trade routes
like the Silk Route connecting east and west.
(ii) It was central to trade networks.
(iii) It connected the trade routes through land and sea.
(iv) Pottery from China, spices and textiles from India and
Southeast Asia were transported along these routes.
(v) It helped in exchange of goods, people, knowledge, customs
etc.
(vi) Thus, India lay at the centre of the trade network between these
continents and participated in this trade.
(vii) Any other relevant point.
Any two points to be explained.
22. Suggest any two ways to increase women’s representation in 31 P (2x1=2)
leadership roles.

(i) Increasing training programmes.

(ii) Increasing mentorship programmes.
(iii) Improving career and educational opportunities for women.
(iv) Developing different skills among women.
(v) Laws like Nari Shakti,Vandan Adhiniyam (Womens’
Reservation Act 2023) should be effectively implemented.
(vi) Any other relevant point.

Any two points to be suggested

23. (A) “Planning is the widely accepted strategy for judicious use of 3G (2x1=2)
resources.” Explain the statement.

(i) Planning is important for a country which has enormous

diversity in the availability of resources.
(ii) It is important for regions which are rich in certain types of
resources but are deficient in some other resources.
4
 (iii) Planning helps in balanced distribution of resources across
national, state and regional levels.
(iv) Planning helps in sustainable development.
(v) Any other relevant point.

Any two points to be explained.

OR
(B) “An equitable distribution of resources has become essential 3G (2x1=2)
for a sustained quality of human life.” Explain the statement.

(i) Sustainable existence is a component of sustainable

development.
(ii) If the present trend of resource depletion by a few individuals
and countries continue the future of our planet will be in
danger.
(iii) There is a dire need to address economic and environmental
protection plans.
(iv) Uneven distribution of resources will create a wide gap in
regional development resulting in disunity in a nation.
(v) Resource planning is essential for sustainable existence of all
forms of life.
(vi) Appropriate technology, skill and institutional set up is required
for resource development and distribution.
(vii) Judicious use of resources with qualitative and quantitative
estimates is necessary.
(viii) Any other relevant point.
Any two points to be explained.
24. Explain the role of public facilities for quality of life. 34 E (2x1=2)

(i) Public facilities are provided by the government.

(ii) Increased investment by the government in health will improve
the wellbeing of the citizens.
(iii) Providing quality education, (particularly elementary
education) will help to develop human resources.
(iv) Providing safe drinking water will provide good health.

5
 (v) Housing facilities for the poor will improve basic living
conditions.
(vi) Providing safe and good transport facilities will contribute to
improved economic activities.
(vii) Any other relevant point.

Any two points to be explained.

SECTION- C (5x3=15)
(Short Answer Type Questions)
25. (A) Describe the steps taken by French revolutionaries to create a 5H (3x1=3)
sense of national unity and belonging.

(i) Ideas of “la patrie” (the fatherland) and “le citoyen” (the

citizen)
(ii) A new tricolour replaced the former royal standard.
(iii) The Estate General body was renamed as the National
Assembly.
(iv) New hymns were composed, oaths were taken and martyrs
commemorated in the name of the nation.
(v) A centralized administrative system was introduced.
(vi) Uniform laws for all citizens.
(vii) Internal custom duties and dues abolished.
(viii) Introduction of uniform system of weights and measures
adopted.
(ix) Regional dialects replaced by French spoken in Paris.
(x) Any other relevant point.

Any three points to be described.

OR
26H (3x1=3)
(B) Describe the historical factors that contributed to the emergence
of nationalist tensions in the Balkans.

(i) Balkans was a region of geographical and ethnic variation.

6
 (ii) Large part of the Balkans was under the control of the Ottoman
Empire.
(iii) Ideas of romantic nationalism and the disintegration of the
Ottoman Empire made the region explosive.
(iv) The Ottomans failed in their attempts to modernize through
internal reforms.
(v) The European nationalists broke away from Ottoman control
and declared their independence.
(vi) The Balkan people claimed their independence and political
rights on nationality proving that they had once been
independent.
(vii) The Balkan area became one of intense conflict when every
Balkan nation sought to expand its territory at the cost of the
other.
(viii) Matters became worse due to Big Power rivalry in this region.
(ix) Any other relevant point.

Any three points to be described.

26. Examine the measures taken by the government to make agriculture 39G (3x1=3)
profitable in India.

(i) Land reforms in the 1980s and 1990s included institutional and
technical reforms.
(ii) Provisions for crop insurance against drought, flood, cyclone,
fire and disease were introduced.
(iii) Establishment of Grameen banks and cooperative societies for
providing loans at lower rates of interest.
(iv) Initiative taken by the government to provide Kisan Credit Card
(KCC)
(v) Personal Accident Insurance Scheme (PAIS) introduced by the
government.
(vi) Special weather bulletins and agricultural programmes for
farmers on radio and TV.
(vii) Announcement of MSP, remunerative and procurement prices
for important crops by the government.

7
 (viii) Any other relevant point.

Any three points to be examined.

27.. How did the trade policy implemented in 1991 stimulated the 64-67 E (3x1=3)
globalization in India? Explain with examples.

(i) Removal of barriers on foreign trade giving businesses

opportunities to import and export.
(ii) Encouraging investments by [Link], cell phones,
automobiles, soft drinks, fast food etc.
(iii) Encouraging Indian companies to compete with producers
around the globe.
(iv) Encouraging Indian companies to collaborate with foreign
companies which has enabled some large Indian companies to
become multi nationals themselves. Examples. Tata Motors and
Infosys
(v) Improving infra structure and developing policies to attract
foreign investment. Example, Special Economic Zones.
(vi) It has created new opportunities for companies providing
services. Example, IT.
(vii) Any other relevant point.
Any three points to be explained.
28. Describe any three features of the multi-party system. 51 P (3x1=3)

(i) Existence of many political parties.

(ii) Increased chances of a coalition government.
(iii) Provides checks and balances.
(iv) More choices for voters.
(v) Accommodates diverse opinions.
(vi) Inclusive policy making.
(vii) Enhances political stability.
(viii) Any other relevant point.
Any three points to be described.

8
29. Analyse the significance of Primary Sector in Indian economy. 20 E (3x1=3)
(i) Provides raw materials to the secondary sector.
(ii) Provides employment.
(iii) Provides food security.
(iv) Promotes trade.(national and international)
(v) Brings foreign exchange.
(vi) Any other relevant point.

Any three points to be analysed.

SECTION- D (4x5=20)
(Long Answer Type Questions)
30. (A) Explain with examples the significance of the Non-Cooperation 34-36 (5x1=5)
Movement in the Indian national movement. H

(i) Encouragement given to swadeshi industries encouraged self-

reliance.
(ii) Increase in the production of Indian textiles (KHADI).
(iii) Boycott of foreign goods affected the economy of Britain.
(iv) Reduction in the import of foreign cloth.
(v) Educational institutions set up by Indians.
(vi) Industries established by Indians.
(vii) Idea of swaraj began to spread throughout the country.
(viii) National movement expanded into mass participation.
(ix) Nationalistic feeling spread among the Indians.
(x) Hindu Muslim unity.
(xi) Participation of peasants.
(xii) Participation of tribals.
(xiii) Participation of plantation workers.
(xiv) Any other relevant point.
Any five points to be explained.
OR
(B) How did the Civil Disobedience Movement become a mass 39-43 (5x1=5)
movement? Explain with examples. H
(i) Dandi March was initiated to break the Salt law.
(ii) It started with 78 volunteers and was later joined by thousands.
9
 (iii) Breaking of salt laws by thousands of people.
(iv) Manufacturing of salt by defying government laws.
(v) Demonstration in front of government salt factories.
(vi) Colonial laws broken, peasants’ refusal to pay revenue.
(vii) Refusal to pay chowkidari tax.
(viii) Forest people entered the reserve forest to collect wood and
graze cattle.
(ix) Boycott of foreign cloth.
(x) Picketing of liquor shops.
(xi) Participation of rich peasants (patidars and jats).
(xii) Participation of poor peasants.
(xiii) Participation by Indian industrialists.
(xiv) Participation by workers.
(xv) Large scale participation of women.
(xvi) Any other relevant point.

Any five points to be explained.

31. (A) “It would be beneficial to develop sustainable way to meet 55 G (5x1=5)
the growing energy demand in India.” Support the statement
by giving suitable arguments.

(i) Energy is the basic requirement for economic development.

(ii) Every sector like agriculture, industry, transport, commercial
and domestic- needs inputs of energy.
(iii) Consumption of energy in all forms has been steadily rising all
over the country.
(iv) Promotion of energy conservation and increased use of
renewable energy sources are the twin planks of sustainable
energy.
(v) Need of the hour is to develop a sustainable path of energy
development through use of energy efficient programmes.
(vi) Public awareness campaigns to promote the idea of energy
conservation.
(vii) Cautious approach to the judicious use of limited energy
resources.

10
 (viii) Use of non-conventional sources of energy like solar, wind and
geo- thermal
(ix) Adopting small steps to save energy like use of public
transport, switching of electricity when not in use, using power
saving devices etc.
(x) Any other relevant point.

Any five arguments to be explained.

OR
(B) “We have to use a planned and sustainable manner to 49 G (5x1=5)
conserve our minerals.” Support the statement by giving
suitable arguments.

(i) Mineral resources are finite and non-renewable.

(ii) Example, coal and iron ore which will take millions of years to
be created and concentrated.
(iii) High dependence of industry and agriculture on mineral
deposits.
(iv) Replenishment of used resources is a time-consuming process.
(v) Judicious use of mineral resources is the need of the hour
(vi) Improving technology to allow the use of low-grade ores at low
cost.
(vii) Reusing of metals.
(viii) Enforcement of stricter regulations of environmental laws.
(ix) Any other relevant point.

Any five arguments to be explained.

32. (A) “Democratic governance is responsive to the expectations of 65 P (5x1=5)
citizens.” Justify the statement with suitable arguments.
(i) Citizens in a democracy elect their leaders who form the
government.
(ii) Leaders are accountable to the citizens.
(iii) Governments are bound to respond to the demands and
expectations of the citizens.

11
 (iv) Decision making by the government takes place through
deliberation and negotiation.
(v) Citizens have right to get information about the government
and its functioning.
(vi) Decision making is based on norms and procedures.
(vii) It is the people’s own government, and the government is
answerable to the people.
(viii) Any other relevant point.

Any five arguments to be justified.

OR
(B) “Democracy accommodates social diversity better than 70 P (5x1=5)
dictatorship.” Justify the statement with suitable arguments.

(i) Democracy accommodates social divisions in a better way as

opposed to dictatorships.
(ii) Democracies develop procedures to resolve conflict.
Dictatorships supress conflicts.
(iii) Democracies develop systems to prevent tensions from
becoming explosive or [Link] impose decisions
which may lead to violence.
(iv) Democracies evolve mechanisms to negotiate differences.
Dictatorships suppress differences.
(v) Democracies work both with minority and
[Link] tend to work with the majority and
dominate the minority.
(vi) Democracies support a majority government and not
[Link] follow majoritarianism.
(vii) Any other relevant point.
Any five arguments to be justified.
33. (A) Imagine you are a part of a “Self Help Group” (SHG). 50-51E (5x1=5)
Explain the working system of the Self-Help Group (SHG) to
the new member.
(i) SHG is an organization which works with the rural poor
especially women.

12
(ii) It usually consists of 15-20 members belonging to one
neighbourhood.
(iii) They meet and save regularly.
(iv) Saving per member varies from Rupees 25 to 100 or more
depending on the ability of the people to save.
(v) Members can take small loans from the group to meet their
needs at a very low rate of interest.
(vi) If the group is regular in savings, it becomes eligible for
availing loans from the bank.
(vii) Loan is sanctioned in the name of the group to create self-
employment opportunities for the members.
(viii) The decisions regarding savings and loan activities are taken by
the group members.
(ix) The group is responsible for the repayment of the loan.
(x) Any case of non-repayment of loan by anyone-member, other
members follow it up seriously.
(xi) They get loans even without collateral from the banks.
(xii) SHG is also a platform to discuss and act on various social
issues such as health, nutrition, domestic violence etc.
(xiii) Any other relevant point

Any five points to be explained.

OR
(B) Imagine that you are the Village Development Officer of your 48-49E (5x1=5)
village. Explain the usefulness of formal sources of credit for
the farmers.

(i) Formal source of credit includes banks and cooperatives.

(ii) Loans given to small cultivators.
(iii) Reasonable rates of interest charged.
(iv) The cost to the borrower is much lower.
(v) Borrowers have more income left for themselves.
(vi) Supervised by RBI.
(vii) Encourages people who wish to start an enterprise by
borrowing.

13
 (viii) Cheap and affordable credit is crucial for the country’s
development.
(ix) Less chances of rural indebtedness.
(x) Any other relevant point.

Any five points to be explained.

Section E (3x4=12)
(Case Based/Source-based Questions)
34. Read the following source carefully and answer the questions that 123 H 4
follow:
New Forms of Publication
By the end of the nineteenth century, a new visual culture was taking
shape. With the setting up of an increasing number of printing
presses, visual images could be easily reproduced in multiple copies.
Painters like Raja Ravi Varma produced images for mass circulation.
Poor wood engravers who made woodblocks set up shop near the
letterpresses and were employed by print shops. Cheap prints and
calendars, easily available in the bazaar, could be bought even by the
poor to decorate the walls of their homes or places of work. These
prints began shaping popular ideas about modernity and tradition,
religion and politics, and society and culture.
By the 1870s, caricatures and cartoons were being published in
journals and newspapers, commenting on social and political issues.
Some caricatures ridiculed the educated Indians' fascination with
Western tastes and clothes, while others expressed the fear of social
change. There were imperial caricatures lampooning nationalists, as
well as nationalist cartoons criticising imperial rule.

34.1. How did the development of printing technology impact visual 1

culture?
(i) Painters like Raja Ravi Varma produced images for mass
circulation.
(ii) With the setting up of an increasing number of printing
presses, visual images could be easily reproduced in
multiple copies.
(iii) Any other relevant point.
Any one point to be explained.

14
 34.2 How did Raja Ravi Varma contribute to the mass circulation 1
of art in India?
(i) Cheap prints and calendars, easily available in the bazaar,
could be bought even by the poor to decorate the walls of
their homes or places of work.
(ii) The Raja Ravi Varma Press produced innumerable
mythological paintings that were now accessible to the
masses.
(iii) Any other relevant point.
Any one point to be explained
2
34.3 How did visual culture shape the memory of the 19th century
social landscape? Explain.
(i) Caricatures and cartoons were being published in journals
and newspapers, commenting on social and political issues.
(ii) Some ridiculed the educated Indians' fascination with
Western tastes and clothes.
(iii) Others expressed the fear of social change.
(iv) Nationalist cartoons criticised imperial rule.
(v) Any other relevant point.
Any two points to be explained

35. Read the following source carefully and answer the questions that 17 G 4
follow:

Sacred Groves - a wealth of diverse and rare species

Nature worship is an age-old tribal belief based on the premise that
all creations of nature have to be protected. Such beliefs have
preserved several virgin forests in pristine form called Sacred Groves
(the forests of God and Goddesses). These patches of forest or parts
of large forests have been left untouched by the local people and any
interference with them is banned. Certain societies revere a
particular tree which they have preserved from time immemorial.
The Mundas and the Santhal of Chota Nagpur region worship
mahua (Bassia latifolia) and kadamba (Anthocaphalus cadamba)
trees, and the tribals of Odisha and Bihar worship the tamarind
(Tamarindus indica) and mango (Mangifera indica) trees during
weddings. To many of us, peepal and banyan trees are considered
sacred.

15
 Indian society comprises several cultures, each with its own set of
traditional methods of conserving nature and its creations. Sacred
qualities are often ascribed to springs, mountain peaks, plants and
animals which are closely protected. You will find troops of
macaques and langurs around many temples. They are fed daily
and treated as a part of temple devotees. In and around Bishnoi
villages in Rajasthan, herds of blackbuck (chinkara), nilgai and
peacocks can be seen as an integral part of the community and
nobody harms them.

35.1 How do sacred groves show the inter- connectivity of 1

spirituality and ecology?
(i) Sacred qualities are often ascribed to springs, mountain
peaks, plants and animals which are closely protected.
(ii) In many communities mountains, plants and animals are
worshipped.
(iii) Any other relevant point.
Any one point to be explained.

35.2 How do tribal practices promote conservation of forests? 1

(i) The Mundas and the Santhals of Chota Nagpur region

worship mahua and kadamba trees.

(ii) Tribals of Odisha and Bihar worship the tamarind and

mango trees during weddings.
(iii) Any other relevant point.
Any one point to be explained.
35.3 Why is conservation of wildlife important for us?
2
(i) It maintains ecological balance.
(ii) Preserves ecological diversity.
(iii) Preserves our life support system.
(iv) Any other relevant point.
Any two points to be explained.
36. Read the following source carefully and answer the questions that 24-25 P 4
follow:
Local Self Government
The local government structure goes right up to the district level. A

16
few gram panchayats are grouped together to form what is usually
called a panchayat samiti or block or mandal. The members of this
representative body are elected by all the panchayat members in that
area. All the panchayat samitis or mandals in a district together
constitute the zilla (district) parishad. Most members of the zilla
parishad are elected. Members of the Lok Sabha and MLAs of that
district and some other officials of other district level bodies are also
its members. Zilla parishad chairperson is the political head of the
zilla parishad.
Similarly, local government bodies exist for urban areas as well.
Municipalities are set up in towns. Big cities are constituted into
municipal corporations. Both municipalities and municipal
corporations are controlled by elected bodies consisting of people's
representatives. Municipal chairperson is the political head of the
municipality. In a municipal corporation, such an officer is called
the mayor.
This new system of local government is the largest experiment in
democracy conducted anywhere in the world.

36.1 Explain the relationship between Gram Panchayats and 1

Panchayat Samitis?
(i) Gram Panchayats are grouped together to form Panchayat
Samitis.
(ii) Panchayat Samiti act as a link between Zila Parishad and Gram
Panchayat.
(iii) Any other relevant point.
Any one point to be explained.

36.2 How is the structure of Municipal Corporation different 1

from Municipality?
(i) A Municipal Corporation is an urban local self-government
body that administers a city. A Municipality is also an urban
self-government body that administers a town.
(ii) Any other relevant point.
Any one point to be explained.
36.3 How does the local government structure promote democracy? 2
Examine.
(i) It promotes grass root level democracy.
(ii) It deepens democracy.

17
 (iii) Increases women’s participation.
(iv) Participation of people in decision making.
(v) Any other relevant point
Any two points to be explained.
Section F (2+3=5)
(Map Skill-Based Question)
37. (i) Two places (A) and (B) have been marked on the given political
outline map of India. Identify them with the help of the following
information and write their correct names on the lines drawn near
them.
(a) The place where the session of the Indian National Congress was 1
held in 1927: Madras (Chennai)
(b) The place where Gandhiji broke the salt law: Dandi 1

For answers please see the attached map

Note the following questions are for the Visually Impaired Candidates
only, in lieu of Q. No. 37 (i)

(a) Name the state where the session of Indian National Congress 1
was held in 1927.
Madras (Chennai)
(b) Name the place where Gandhiji broke the salt law. 1
Dandi

37. (ii) On the same political outline map of India, locate and label any
three of the following with suitable symbols:
(a) A major dam on the Chenab river- Salal 1
(b) Nuclear Power Plant located in Uttar Pradesh- Naraura 1
(c) A major Software Technology Park located in Karnataka-
Benguluru 1
(d) A major Sea Port located in Odisha- Paradwip
1
For answers please see the attached map

18
Note: The following questions are for the Visually Impaired
Candidates only, in lieu of Q. No. 37 (ii).
(a) A major dam on the Chenab River. 1
Salal
(b) Nuclear Power Plant located in Uttar Pradesh 1
Naraura
(c) A major Software Technology Park located in Karnataka 1
Benguluru
(d) A major Sea Port located in Odisha 1
Paradwip

19
 Marking Scheme
Class X -Social Science (087)
SET-32/3/3
SET -3 MM-80
[Link]. Values Points Page No. Marks-
Section A (20X1=
Multiple Choice Question 20)
1. (D) III, IV, II, I 30 & 35 H 1
2. (D) Kesari 127 H 1
3. (C) Willingness to make peace 24 H 1
4. (B) Smallpox 55 H 1
5. (B) Slash and burn farming 30 G 1
6. (B) a – ii, b – iii, c –iv, d –i 15 G 1
7. (B) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A). 60 G 1
8. (C) Liberalisation 64 E 1
9. (D) Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited 33 E 1
10. (C) United Nations Development Programme 13 E 1
11. (B) Only II, III and IV are correct. 44-45 E 1
12. (D) Private Sector 33 E 1
13. (B) 80 percent 10 E 1
14. (C) (A) is true, but (R) is false. 53 P 1
15. (B) Sinhala-speakers 3P 1
16. (C) Only I, III and IV are correct. 60 P 1
17. (D) Providing voting rights equally to men and women 30 P 1
18. (A) Concurrent List – Education 17 P 1
19. (A) Municipality 35 P 1
20. (D) Tamil 22 P 1
Section B (4X2=8)
Very Short Answer Type Questions
21 How is the distribution of power among different social groups beneficial for 9P 2X1=2
democracy? Explain.

(i) Promotes equality.

(ii) Accommodates diversity.

(iii) Prevents domination of majority over the minority communities

(iv) Gives minority community a fair share in power.

(iii) “Reserved Constituencies” in assemblies and the parliament is the

example of power sharing among different social groups.

3
 (iv) Any other relevant points.

(Any two points to be explained.)

22 Explain any two benefits of globalisation. 66 E 2X1=2

(i) Globalization has several advantages that impact various aspects of

society, economics, and culture.

(ii) There is a greater choice before consumers.

(iii) Quality of products improved.

(iv) Lower prices for several products.

(v) Access to New Markets.

(vi) Globalisation promotes innovation.

(vii) Better Employment Opportunities.

(viii) Improved Standards of Living.

(ix) Any other relevant point.

(Any two points to be explained.)
23 Mention any two economic impacts of the First World War on India. 30 H 2X1=2
(i) Huge increase in defence expenditure.
(ii) Taxes were increased.
(iii) Customs duties were raised and income tax introduced.
(iv) Forced recruitment.
(v) (Any other relevant point)
(Any two points to be explained.)
24 (a) Describe any two features of ‘arid soils’. 9G 2X1=2
(i) Arid soils range from red to brown in colour.

(ii) They are generally sandy in texture and saline in nature.

(iii) In some areas the salt content is very high and common salt is
obtained by evaporating the water.

(iv) Due to the dry climate high temperature evaporation is faster and the
soil lacks humus and moisture.

(v) The lower horizons of the soil are occupied by Kankar because of the
increasing calcium content downwards.
9G 2X1=2
(vi) Any other relevant point
(Any two points to be explained.)
OR

(b) Describe any two features of ‘forest soils’.

4
 (i) Mainly found in the hilly and mountainous areas where sufficient rain
forests are available.

(ii) Soils texture varies according to the mountain environment.

(iii) Loamy and silty in valley sides and coarse grained in the upper slopes.

(iv) In the snow-covered areas of Himalayas, these soils experience

denudation and are acidic with low humus content.

(v) The soils found in the lower parts of the valleys particularly on the
river terraces and alluvial fans are fertile.

(vi) Any other relevant point

(Any two points to be explained.)
Section C (5X3=1
(Short Answer Type Questions) 5)
25 Explain any three aims of Jal Jeevan Mission (JJM). 21 G 3X1=3

(i) The Jal Jeevan Mission (JJM) was initiated to improve the
quality of life for people living in rural areas.

(ii) It prioritises making the livelihoods of rural people easier.

(iii) The goal of the Jal Jeevan Mission (JJM) is to enable every rural
household a regular water supply.

(iv) It ensures the supply of potable piped water at a service level of

55 litres per capita per day.

(v) Any other relevant point.

(Any two points to be explained.)

26 How does democracy establish an accountable, responsible and legitimate 65 P 3X1=3
governance? Explain.

(i) People have the right to choose their rulers and people will have
control over the rulers.

(ii) Citizens should be able to participate in decision-making so that the

government is accountable to the citizens.

(iii) Decision-making will be based on norms and procedures.

(iv) Democratic government is legitimate government. It may be slow,

less efficient, not always very responsive or clean but a democratic
government is people’s own government.

(v) Any other relevant point.

5
 (Any three points to be explained.)
27 (a) Analyse the impacts of Gandhi-Irwin pact on the Indian freedom struggle. 40 H 3X1=3

(i) Civil disobedience movement was called off.

(ii) Gandhi ji participated in second round table conference in London.

(iii) Government agreed to release political prisoners.

(iv) Any other relevant point.
(Any three points to be explained.)
OR
(b) Analyse the role of Alluri Sitaram Raju in the Indian National Movement.
(i) He led the militant guerrilla movement at Gudem Hills of Andhra
Pradesh. 36 H 3X1=3

(ii) He claimed that he has variety of special powers.

(iii) Captured by Raju, the rebels proclaimed that he was an incarnation

of God.

(iv) He supported Gandhiji in persuading the people to wear khadi and

give up drinking.

(v) At the same time, he believed that India could be liberated only by the
use of force, not non-violence.

(vi) Any other relevant point.

(Any three points to be explained.)

28 Examine the importance of bank deposits. 40 E 3X1=3
(i) People can hold money is as deposits with banks.
(ii) Banks accept the deposits and also pay an amount as interest on the
deposits.
(iii) In this way people’s money is safe with the banks and it earns an
amount as interest.
(iv) People also have the provision to withdraw the money as and when
they require.
(v) Since the deposits in the bank accounts can be withdrawn on demand,
these deposits are called demand deposits.
(vi) Promotes saving habits of the people.
(vii) Any other relevant point
(Any three points to be explained.)
29 Explain the main features of the Indian federal system. 17 P 3X1=3

6
 (i) The Constitution mentioned India as a union of states based on the
principles of federalism.

(ii) There are two or more levels (or tiers) of government- Centre, State
and Local government.

(iii) Different tiers of government govern the same citizens.

(iv) The jurisdictions of the respective levels or tiers of government are

specified in the Constitution.

(v) The fundamental provisions of the Constitution cannot be unilaterally

changed by one level of government.

(vi) Courts have the power to interpret the Constitution and the powers
of different levels of government.

(vii) Distribution of Legislative powers among three lists – Union, State

and Concurrent are mentioned in the Constitution.

(viii) Those subjects that do not fall in any of the three lists are called
the residuary subjects. According to our Constitution, the Union
government has the power to legislate on these residuary subjects.

(ix) Some states enjoy special powers under certain provisions of the
Constitution of India. Union Territories are governed by the Centre.

(x) Sources of revenue for each level of government are clearly specified
to ensure its financial autonomy.

(xi) The federal system thus has dual objectives: to safeguard and promote
unity of the country, while at the same time accommodate regional
diversity.

(xii) Any other relevant point.

(Any three points to be explained.)
Section D (4X5=2
(Long Answer Type Questions) 0)
30 (a) Analyse the contribution of Johann Gutenberg in the development the 109 H 5X1=5
printing press.

(i) Johann Gutenberg developed the first known printing press in the
1430s.
(ii) The Olive press provided the model for the printing press.

(iii) He used moulds for casting metal type for the letters of alphabets.

(iv) The first book printed was the Bible.

7
 (v) Around 180 copies were produced in three years.

(vi) By the standards of the time this was fast production.

(vii) The new technology did not entirely displace the existing art of
producing books by hand.

(viii) Any other relevant point.

(Any five points to be explained.)

OR
(b) Analyse the development journey of print culture in India.

120 H 5X1=5
(i) The printing press first came to Goa with Portuguese missionary in
the mid-sixteenth century.

(ii) Jesuit priests learnt Konkani and printed several tracts.

(iii) By later seventeenth century 50 books had been printed in the

Konkani and Kanara languages.

(iv) A Catholic priest printed the first Tamil book at Cochin.

(v) The first Malayalam book was printed by Catholics priests.

(vi) Dutch protestant missionaries had printed 32 Tamil texts.

(vii) Many of them were the translations of the older works.

(viii) James Augustus Hickey began to edit the Bengal Gazette.

(ix) Any other relevant point.

(Any five points to be explained.)
31 (a) “Secularism is the very idea of Indian Constitution.” Justify the statement. 37-38 P 1x5=5

(i) No official religion of Indian State.

(ii) All religions to be treated equally.

(iii) Constitution prohibits discrimination on the grounds of religion.

(iv) The Constitution allows the state to intervene in the matter of religion
in order to ensure equality within religious communities.

(v) The Constitution provides to all individuals and communities freedom

to profess, practice and propagate any religion, or not to follow
any.

(vi) Secularism is the very idea of Indian Constitution.

8
 (vii) Any other relevant point

(Any five points to be explained.)

OR
(b) Suggest any five measures to establish the gender equality of labour.
30-35 P 1x5=5

(i) Promote education among women

(ii) Equal employment opportunities
(iii) Equal Remuneration Act 1976 provides that equal wages
should be paid to equal work.
(iv) Enhancing the political and legal status of women and career
opportunities.
(v) Encourage participation of women among the highly paid and valued
jobs.
(vi) Any other relevant point
(Any five points to be explained.)
32 (a) Distinguish between public and private sector of economy with 32-34E 5X1=5
examples.

PUBLIC SECTOR PRIVATE SECTOR

1. In the public sector, the 1. In the private sector, the
government owns most of the ownership of assets and
assets and provides all the delivery of services is in the
services. hands of private individuals
or companies.
2. Examples of public sector are 2. Examples of private sector
Indian Railways, BHEL etc. are TISCO, RIL etc.
3. The purpose of the public 3. Activities in the private
sector is not just to earn profit. sector are guided by the
Governments raise money motive to earn profits. To get
through taxes and other ways to such services, we have to pay
meet expenses on the services money to these individuals
rendered by it. and companies.

4. The government spends 4. The private sector does not

money on all kinds of provide such
activities/services that are activities/services at a
required by all members of reasonable price.
society.
5. Some of activities/services 5. The private sector cannot
need spending large sums of spend large sums of money
money, which is beyond the on these types of
capacity of the private sector. services/activities.
9
 Examples are construction of
roads, bridges, railways,
harbours, generating electricity,
providing irrigation through
dams etc.
6. Their services are for 6. They cannot provide
everyone. services to everyone.

7. Any other relevant point

(Any five points to be explained.)
OR
(b) Suppose you are the Sarpanch of your village. What suggestions
48-50E 5X1=5
will you give for creating additional employment in the village, so
that the problem of unemployment of the residents of rural areas
can be reduced?
(i) Increase the working days of MGNREGA-2005.
(ii) Make the arrangements for irrigation.
(iii) The villagers will be encouraged to borrow loans from the formal sources.
(iv) Promote local industries.
(v) Setting up small scale cottage industries.
(vi) Spreading awareness about self-employment opportunities.
(vii) Promoting Self-Help Groups.
(viii) Organising local markets and fairs.
(ix) Any other relevant point.

(Any five points to be explained.)

33 (a) Describe the features of cropping patterns in India. 32G 5X1=5

(i) India has three cropping seasons — rabi, kharif and zaid.

(ii) Rabi crops are sown in winter from October to December and
harvested in summer from April and June.

(iii) Wheat, barley, peas, gram and mustard are examples of rabi crops.

(iv) Kharif crops are grown with the onset of monsoon in different parts
of the country and these are harvested in September-October.

(v) Paddy, maize, jowar, bajra, tur (arhar), moong, urad, cotton, jute,
groundnut and soyabean are examples of kharif crops.

(vi) In between Rabi and the Kharif seasons, there is a short season
during the summer months known as Zaid season.

(vii) Watermelon, muskmelon, cucumber, vegetables and fodder crops

are examples of zaid crops.

(viii) Any other relevant points.

10
 (Any five points to be explained.)
OR
(b) Describe the main characteristics of major millet crops grown in India. 34G 5X1=5
(i) Jowar, bajra and ragi are the important millets grown in India.
(ii) Though millets are known as coarse grains, they have very high
nutritional value.

(iii) Ragi is very rich in iron, calcium, other micro nutrients and roughage.
(iv) Jowar is the third most important food crop with respect to area and
production.
(v) It is a rain-fed crop mostly grown in the moist areas which hardly needs
irrigation.
(vi) Major Jowar producing States are Maharashtra, Karnataka, Andhra
Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh.
(vii) Bajra grows well on sandy soils and shallow black soil.
(viii) Major Bajra producing States are Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra,
Gujarat and Haryana.
(ix) Ragi is a crop of dry regions and grows well on red, black, sandy, loamy
and shallow black soils.
(x) Major ragi producing states are: Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Himachal
Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Sikkim, Jharkhand and Arunachal Pradesh.
(xi) Any other relevant points

(Any five points to be explained.)

Section E 3X4=12
(CASE BASED/SOURCE BASED QUESTIONS)
34 Read the following source carefully and answer the questions that follow: 44 G 1+1+2=
Iron Ore 4
Iron ore is the basic mineral and the backbone of industrial development. India is
endowed with fairly abundant resources of iron ore. India is rich in good quality
iron ores. Magnetite is the finest iron ore with a very high content of iron up to 70
per cent. It has excellent magnetic qualities, especially valuable in the electrical
industry. Hematite ore is the most important industrial iron ore in terms of the
quantity used, but has a slightly lower iron content than magnetite (50 60 per cent).
In 2018 19, almost the entire production of iron ore (97%) accrued from Odisha,
Chhattisgarh, Karnataka and Jharkhand. The remaining production (3%) was from
other states.
34.1 In which iron ore is the maximum iron content found? (1)

11
 Magnetite
34.2 Which is the most important industrial iron ore? (1)
Hematite
34.3 “Iron ore is a basic mineral.” Support the statement. (2)

(i) It is abundantly available.

(ii) India is rich in good quality iron ore.

(iii) It is important for various industries.

(iv) Any other relevant points.

35 Read the following source carefully and answer the questions that 30 E 1+1+2=
follow: 4
Organised Sector
Kanta works in the organised sector. Organised sector covers those
enterprises or places of work where the terms of employment are regular
and therefore, people have assured work. They are registered by the
government and have to follow its rules and regulations which are given in
various laws such as the Factories Act, Minimum Wages Act, Payment of
Gratuity Act, Shops and Establishments Act, etc. It is called Organised
Sector because it has some formal processes and procedures. Some of these
people may not be employed by anyone but may work on their own, but
they too have to register themselves with the government and follow the
rules and regulations.
35.1 Mention any one feature of the working conditions of organised
sector. (1)
(i) Regular term of employment.
(ii) Fixed working hours.
(iii) People have assured work.
(iv) Any other relevant point.
35.2 Explain any one benefit provided by the employers to the
organised sector employees. (1)
(i) In the organised sector, employees get paid leaves.
(ii) In this sector, employees get minimum wages.
(iii) Any other relevant point.
35.3 Why is it necessary for all self-employed people to register with the
government? (2)
(i) For people who are engaged in self-employment to comply
with the rules and regulations set by the government.
(ii) It helped the government to create a data base.
(iii) Any other relevant points.

36 Read the given source carefully and answer the questions that follow: 12 H 1+1+2=
The Revolutionaries 4

12
 During the years following 1815, the fear of repression drove many liberal-
nationalists underground. Secret societies sprang up in many European states to
train revolutionaries and spread their ideas. To be revolutionary at this time meant
a commitment to oppose monarchical forms that had been established after the
Vienna Congress, and to fight for liberty and freedom. Most of these
revolutionaries also saw the creation of nation-states as a necessary part of this
struggle for freedom.
36.1 Mention any one political demand of the liberals. (1)
Creation of nation states.
36.2 Mention the main cause for the rise of secret societies in European States.
(1)
To train revolutionaries and spread their ideas of nation state.
36.3 Analyse the reasons for many liberal-nationalists going underground
after 1815. (2)

(i) Opposed by monarchies

(ii) Fear of Repression

(iii) Any other relevant point

Section F (2+3=5)
(Map Skill-Based Question)
37 (a) Two places A and B have been marked on the given political outline map of
India (on page 23). Identify them with the help of the following information and
write their correct names on the lines drawn near them :
A. The place where the session of Indian National Congress was held place in 2X1=2
1927. Madras (Chennai)
B. The place where Mahatma Gandhi broke the Salt Law. Dandi
Note : The following questions are for the Visually Impaired Candidates only,
2X1=2
in lieu of Q. No. 37 (a).
(i) Name the place where the session of Indian National Congress was held in
1927. Madras (Chennai)
(ii) Name the place where Mahatma Gandhi broke the Salt Law. Dandi
(b) On the same political outline map of India, locate and label any three of the
following with suitable symbols:
(i) An international airport of West Bengal
(ii) A software technology park of Karnataka 3X1=3
(iii) A nuclear power plant located in Maharashtra
(iv) A major sea port of Odisha
(For answers, see the attached map)

13
Note : The following questions are for the Visually Impaired Candidates only, in
lieu of Q. No. 37 (b).
(b) Attempt any three questions. 3X1=3
(i) Name the place where an international airport is located in West Bengal.
Kolkata
(ii) Name the place where a software technology park is located in Karnataka.
Bengaluru
(iii) Name the place where a nuclear power plant is located in Maharashtra.
Tarapur
(iv) Name the place where a major sea port is located in Odisha. Paradwip

14
15
 Marking Scheme
Class X -Social Science (087)
SET-32/3/2
SET -2 MM-80
[Link]. Values Points Page No. Marks-
Section A (20X1=
Multiple Choice Question 20)
1. (C) United Nations Development Programme 13 E 1
2. (D) Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited 33 E 1
3. (C) Liberalisation 64 E 1
4. (B) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A). 60 G 1
5. (B) a – ii, b – iii, c – iv, d – i 15 G 1
6. (B) Slash and burn farming 30 G 1
7. (B) Smallpox 55 H 1
8. (C) Willingness to make peace 24 H 1
9. (D) Kesari 127 H 1
10. (D) III, IV, II, I 30 & 35 H 1
11. (B) Only II, III and IV are correct. 44-45 E 1
12. (D) Private Sector 33 E 1
13. (B) 80 percent 10 E 1
14. (C) (A) is true, but (R) is false. 53 P 1
15. (B) Sinhala-speakers 3P 1
16. (C) Only I, III and IV are correct. 60 P 1
17. (D) Providing voting rights equally to men and women 30 P 1
18. (A) Concurrent List – Education 17 P 1
19. (A) Municipality 35 P 1
20. (D) Tamil 22 P 1
Section B (4X2=8
Very Short Answer Type Questions )
21 (a) Describe any two features of ‘arid soils’. 9G 2X1=2
(i) Arid soils range from red to brown in colour.
(ii) They are generally sandy in texture and saline in nature.
(iii) In some areas the salt content is very high and common salt is
obtained by evaporating the water.
(iv) Due to the dry climate high temperature evaporation is faster
and the soil lacks humus and moisture.
(v) The lower horizons of the soil are occupied by Kankar because of
the increasing calcium content downwards.

3
 (vi) Any other relevant point
(Any two points to be explained.)
OR

(b) Describe any two features of ‘forest soils’.

(i) Mainly found in the hilly and mountainous areas where sufficient
rain forests are available.
(ii) Soils texture varies according to the mountain environment.
(iii) Loamy and silty in valley sides and coarse grained in the upper
slopes. 9G 2X1=2
(iv) In the snow-covered areas of Himalayas, these soils experience
denudation and are acidic with low humus content.
(v) The soils found in the lower parts of the valleys particularly on
the river terraces and alluvial fans are fertile.
(vi) Any other relevant point.
(Any two points to be explained.)
22 Explain the effectiveness of horizontal distribution of ‘power sharing’ 8P 2X1=2
in the context of India.

(i) Power is shared among different organs of government,

such as the legislature, executive, and judiciary.
(ii) It allows different organs of the government placed at the
same level to exercise different powers.
(iii) Such a separation ensures that none of the organs can
exercise unlimited power.
(iv) Each organ checks the other.
(v) This results in a balance of power among various
institutions.
(vi) Though executive exercises power, it is responsible to
the Parliament or State Assemblies.
(vii) Although judges are appointed by the executive they can
check the functioning of executive or review laws made by
the legislature.
(viii) Any other relevant point.
(Any two points to be explained.)

23 What changes did the Government of India make in its economic policies 64 E 2X1=2
in the beginning of 1991? Explain.
(i) Trade barriers were removed.
(ii) Goods could be imported and exported easily.
(iii) Foreign companies could set up factories and offices here
(iv) Any other relevant point
(Any two points to be explained.)

4
24 Mention any two economic impacts of the First World War on India. 30 H 2X1=2
(i) Huge increase in defence expenditure.
(ii) Taxes were increased.
(iii) Customs duties were raised and income tax introduced.
(iv) Forced recruitment.
(v) (Any other relevant point)
(Any two points to be explained.)
Section C (5X3=1
Short Answer Type Questions 5)
25 How does democracy establish an accountable, responsible and 65 P 3X1=3
legitimate governance? Explain.

(i) People have the right to choose their rulers and people will have
control over the rulers.
(ii) Citizens should be able to participate in decision-making so that
the government is accountable to the citizens.
(iii) Decision-making will be based on norms and procedures.
(iv) Democratic government is legitimate government. It may be
slow, less efficient, not always very responsive or clean but a
democratic government is people’s own government.
(v) Any other relevant point.
Any three points to be explained.
26 Describe any three ways of water conservation used in ancient India. 21 G 3X1=3
(i) In ancient times, we have been constructing
sophisticated hydraulic structures for the conservation and
management of water.
(ii) For instance, stepwells, reservoirs, and lakes were
constructed.
(iii) Embankments and canals were built for irrigation.
(iv) Ponds were created.
(v) Any other relevant point.
Any three points to be explained.
27 Explain any three functions of money as a medium of exchange. 39 E 3X1=3
(i) Money solve the problem of medium of exchange.
(ii) It ends the problem of double co-incident of wants.
(iii) It is easy to carry from one place to another.
(iv) It is an easy measure of value.
(iv) Any other relevant point
Any three points to be explained.
28 How does the Indian Constitution ensure the division of powers 16-17 P 3X1=3
between the Union and State Governments? Explain.

5
 (i)The Constitution clearly provided a three-fold distribution of
legislative powers between the Union Government and the State
Government.
(ii)Creation of Union, State and Concurrent lists.
(iii) The Union list includes subjects of international importance such
as defence, foreign affairs, banking, communication, and
currency.
(iv) The State list includes subjects of provincial and local importance
such as police, trade, commerce, agriculture, and irrigation.
(v) The Concurrent list includes subjects such as education, forests,
trade unions, marriage, adoption, and succession.
(vi) Sharing of power between the Union Government and the State
Government is basic to the structure of the Constitution.
(vii) Judiciary plays an important role in overseeing the
implementation of the Constitutional provisions and procedures.
(viii) Any other relevant point
(Any three points to be explained.)

29 (a) Analyse the impacts of Gandhi-Irwin pact on the Indian freedom 40 H 3X1=3
struggle.

(i) Civil disobedience movement was called off.

(ii) Gandhi ji participated in second round table conference in
London.
(iii) Government agreed to release political prisoners.
(iv) Any other relevant point.
(Any three points to be explained.)
OR
(b) Analyse the role of Alluri Sitaram Raju in the Indian National
Movement.
(i) He led the militant guerrilla movement at Gudem Hills of
Andhra Pradesh. 36 H 3X1=3
(ii) He claimed that he has variety of special powers.
(iii) Captured by Raju, the rebels proclaimed that he was an
incarnation of God.
(iv) He supported Gandhiji in persuading the people to wear khadi
and give up drinking.
(v) At the same time, he believed that India could be liberated only
by the use of force, not non-violence.
(vi) Any other relevant point.

(Any three points to be explained.)

Section D (4X5=2
Long Answer Type Questions 0)

6
30 (a) Explain the measures taken by the colonial government to censor 127 H 5X1=5
the press in India and analyse their effects on the nationalist
movement.

Measures taken by the colonial government: (3+2=5)

(i) In 1878 Vernacular Press Act was passed.

(ii) It provided the government with extensive rights to censor
reports and editorials in the vernacular press.
(iii) Government kept regular track of the vernacular newspapers
published in different provinces.
(iv) When a report was judged as seditious, the newspaper was
warned, and if the warning was ignored, the press was liable to
be seized and the printing machinery confiscated.
(v) Any other relevant point.
Impacts on National Movement :
(i) Despite repressive measures nationalist newspapers grew in
numbers in all parts of India.
(ii) They reported on colonial misrule and encouraged nationalist
activities.
(iii) Attempt to throttle nationalist criticism provoked militant protest.
(iv) Any other relevant point.

(Any five points to be explained.)

OR
(b) How did the printing press contribute to the emergence of new
genres of writing in the 18th century? Explain
114-115 H 5X1=5
(i) Print created an appetite for new kinds of writing.
(ii) New forms of popular literature appeared in print targeting
new audiences.
(iii) Penny, chapbooks, Biliotheque Bleue, almanacs are the
examples.
(iv) Booksellers employed peddlers who roamed around villages
carrying little books for sale. There were almanacs or ritual
calendars along with ballads and folktales. Other form of
reading matter largely for entertainment began to reach
ordinary readers as well.
(v) The periodical press developed from the early eighteenth
century, combining information about current affairs with
entertainment.
(vi) Newspapers and journals carried information about war and
trade as well as news of development in other places.
(vii) The ideas of scientists and philosophers now became more
accessible to the common people.
(viii) Any other relevant point.
(Any five points to be explained.)

7
31 (a) Distinguish between public and private sector of economy with 32-34E 5X1=5
examples.

PUBLIC SECTOR PRIVATE SECTOR

1. In the public sector, the 1. In the private sector, the
government owns most of the ownership of assets and
assets and provides all the delivery of services is in the
services. hands of private individuals
or companies.
2. Examples of public sector are 2. Examples of private sector
Indian Railways, BHEL etc. are TISCO, RIL etc.
3. The purpose of the public 3. Activities in the private
sector is not just to earn profit. sector are guided by the
Governments raise money motive to earn profits. To get
through taxes and other ways to such services, we have to pay
meet expenses on the services money to these individuals
rendered by it. and companies.

4. The government spends 4. The private sector does not

money on all kinds of provide such
activities/services that are activities/services at a
required by all members of reasonable price.
society.
5. Some of activities/services 5. The private sector cannot
need spending large sums of spend large sums of money
money, which is beyond the on these types of
capacity of the private sector. services/activities.
Examples are construction of
roads, bridges, railways,
harbours, generating electricity,
providing irrigation through
dams etc.
6. Their services are for 6. They cannot provide
everyone. services to everyone.

7. Any other relevant point.

(Any five points to be explained.)
OR
(b) Suppose you are the Sarpanch of your village. What suggestions
will you give for creating additional employment in the village, so
that the problem of unemployment of the residents of rural areas 48-50E 5X1=5
can be reduced?
(i) Increase the working days of MGNREGA-2005.
(ii) Make the arrangements for irrigation.

8
 (iii) The villagers will be encouraged to borrow loans from the formal
sources.
(iv) Promote local industries.
(v) Setting up small scale cottage industries.
(vi) Spreading awareness about self-employment opportunities.
(vii) Promoting Self-Help Groups.
(viii) Organising local markets and fairs.
(ix) Any other relevant point.

(Any five points to be explained.)

32 (a) The Government of India has invited some suggestions for 39 G 5X1=5
technological reforms in agriculture. Propose any five technological
reforms to the Government for the betterment of agriculture.

(i) The regional expansion of agricultural reforms such as the Green

Revolution and White Revolution based on package technology
should be necessary.
(ii) A comprehensive land development programme should be
initiated through technology.
(iii) Promote the use of the Kisan Credit Cards among peasants.
(iv) Promote Personal Accident Insurance Scheme.
(v) High Yield Variety of seeds should be used.
(vi) There should be technological development of irrigation
systems.
(vii) Crop diversification should be encouraged.
(viii) Awareness among farmers about Special weather bulletins and
agricultural programmes for farmers.
(ix) Any other relevant points.
(Any five points to be explained.)
OR
(b) Suppose you are a farmer. You want to cultivate tea in India.
Describe any three geographical conditions which will be conducive for 34 G 5X1=5
tea cultivation in India and write the names of two leading tea
producing states of India.
(i) Tea cultivation is an example of plantation agriculture. (3+2=5)
(ii) Tea requires a tropical and subtropical climate.
(iii)Tea requires deep and fertile, well- drained soil, rich in humus and
organic matter.
(iv) Tea requires sloped areas with good drainage.
(v) Tea bushes require a warm, and moist frost-free climate all through
the year.
(vi) Major tea producing states – Assam, West Bengal, Tamil Nadu,
Kerala, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Meghalaya, Andhra
Pradesh, and Tripura (any two).
9
 (vii) Any other relevant point.
(Any five points to be explained.)
33 (a) “Secularism is the very idea of Indian Constitution.” Justify the 37-38 P 1x5=5
statement.

(i) There is no official religion of the Indian State.

(ii) The Constitution treates all religions equally.
(iii) Constitution prohibits discrimination on the grounds of religion.
(iv) The Constitution allows the state to intervene in the matter of
religion in order to ensure equality within religious
communities.
(v) The Constitution provides to all individuals and communities
freedom to profess, practice and propagate any religion, or not
to follow any.
(vi) Hence, we can say that secularism is the very idea of the Indian
Constitution.
(vii) Any other relevant point.

(Any five points to be explained.)

OR
(b) Suggest any five measures to establish the gender equality of 30-35 P 1x5=5
labour.

(i) Promote education among women.

(ii) Equal employment opportunities.
(iii) Follow Equal Remuneration Act 1976 that provides equal wages
should be paid to equal work.
(iv) Enhancing the political and legal status of women and career
opportunities.
(v) Encourage participation of women among the highly paid and
valued jobs.
(vi) Any other relevant point
(Any five points to be explained.)

Section E 3X4=1
CASE BASED/SOURCE BASED QUESTIONS 2
34 Read the following source carefully and answer the questions that 30 E 1+1+2=
follow: 4
Organised Sector
Kanta works in the organised sector. Organised sector covers those
enterprises or places of work where the terms of employment are regular
and therefore, people have assured work. They are registered by the
government and have to follow its rules and regulations which are given in
various laws such as the Factories Act, Minimum Wages Act, Payment of
Gratuity Act, Shops and Establishments Act, etc. It is called Organised

10
 Sector because it has some formal processes and procedures. Some of these
people may not be employed by anyone but may work on their own, but
they too have to register themselves with the government and follow the
rules and regulations.
34.1 Mention any one feature of the working conditions of organised
sector. (1)
(i) Regular term of employment.
(ii) Fixed working hours.
(iii) People have assured work.
(iv) Any other relevant point.
34.2 Explain any one benefit provided by the employers to the
organised sector employees. (1)
(i) In the organised sector, employees get paid leaves.
(ii) In this sector, employees get minimum wages.
(iii) Any other relevant point.
34.3 Why is it necessary for all self-employed people to register with the
government? (2)
(i) For people who are engaged in self-employment to comply with
the rules and regulations set by the government.
(ii) It helped the government to create a data base.
(iii) Any other relevant points.

35 Read the given source carefully and answer the questions that follow: 12 H 1+1+2=
The Revolutionaries 4
During the years following 1815, the fear of repression drove many liberal-
nationalists underground. Secret societies sprang up in many European
states to train revolutionaries and spread their ideas. To be revolutionary at
this time meant a commitment to oppose monarchical forms that had been
established after the Vienna Congress, and to fight for liberty and freedom.
Most of these revolutionaries also saw the creation of nation-states as a
necessary part of this struggle for freedom.
35.1 Mention any one political demand of the liberals. (1)
(i) Creation of nation states.
(ii) Any other relevant point.

35.2 Mention the main cause for the rise of secret societies in European
States. (1)
(i) To train revolutionaries and spread their ideas of nation state.
(ii) Any other relevant point.

35.3 Analyse the reasons for many liberal-nationalists going

underground after 1815. (2)
(i) Opposed by monarchies
(ii) Fear of Repression
(iii) Any other relevant point

11
36 Read the following source carefully and answer the questions that 44 G 1+1+2=
follow: 4
Iron Ore
Iron ore is the basic mineral and the backbone of industrial development.
India is endowed with fairly abundant resources of iron ore. India is rich in
good quality iron ores. Magnetite is the finest iron ore with a very high
content of iron up to 70 per cent. It has excellent magnetic qualities,
especially valuable in the electrical industry. Hematite ore is the most
important industrial iron ore in terms of the quantity used, but has a slightly
lower iron content than magnetite (50 60 per cent). In 2018 19, almost the
entire production of iron ore (97%) accrued from Odisha, Chhattisgarh,
Karnataka and Jharkhand. The remaining production (3%) was from other
states.
36.1 In which iron ore is the maximum iron content found? (1)
Magnetite
36.2 Which is the most important industrial iron ore? (1)
Hematite
36.3 “Iron ore is a basic mineral.” Support the statement. (2)
(i) It is abundantly available.
(ii) India is rich in good quality iron ore.
(iii) It is important for various industries.
(iv) Any other relevant points

Section F (2+3=5
(Map Skill-Based Question) )
37 (a) Two places A and B have been marked on the given political outline
map of India (on page 23). Identify them with the help of the following
information and write their correct names on the lines drawn near them :
A. The place where the session of Indian National Congress was held 2X1=2
place in 1927. Madras (Chennai)
B. The place where Mahatma Gandhi broke the Salt Law. Dandi
PLEASE SEE THE ATTACHED MAP.
Note : The following questions are for the Visually Impaired Candidates 2X1=2
only, in lieu of Q. No. 37 (a).
(a) (i) Name the place where the session of Indian National Congress
was held in 1927. Madras (Chennai)
(ii) Name the place where Mahatma Gandhi broke the Salt Law.
Dandi
(b) On the same political outline map of India, locate and label any three
of the following with suitable symbols:
(i) An international airport of West Bengal 3X1=3
(ii) A software technology park of Karnataka
(iii) A nuclear power plant located in Maharashtra
(iv) A major sea port of Odisha
PLEASE SEE THE ATTACHED MAP.

12
Note : The following questions are for the Visually Impaired Candidates
only, in lieu of Q. No. 37 (b).
(b) Attempt any three questions. 3X1=3
(i) Name the place where an international airport is located in West
Bengal. Kolkata (Calcutta)
(ii) Name the place where a software technology park is located in
Karnataka. Bengaluru
(iii) Name the place where a nuclear power plant is located in
Maharashtra. Tarapur
(iv) Name the place where a major sea port is located in Odisha.
Paradwip

13
14
 Marking Scheme
Class X -Social Science (087)
SET-32/3/1
SET -1 MM-80
Q.N Values Points Page No. Marks-
o.
Section A (20X1=20)
(Multiple Choice Question)
1 (D) Tamil 22 P 1
2 (A) Municipality 35 P 1
3 (A) Concurrent List – Education 17 P 1
4 (D) Providing voting rights equally to men and women 30 P 1
5 (C) Only I, III and IV are correct. 60 P 1
6 (B) Sinhala-speakers 3P 1
7 (C) (A) is true, but (R) is false. 53 P 1
8 (B) 80 percent 10 E 1
9 (D) Private Sector 33 E 1
10 (B) Only II, III and IV are correct. 44-45 E 1
11 (C) United Nations Development Programme 13 E 1
12 (D) Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited 33 E 1
13 (C) Liberalisation 64 E 1
14 (B) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of 60 G 1
(A).
15 (B) a – (ii), b – (iii), c – (iv), d – (i) 15 G 1
16 (B) Slash and burn farming 30 G 1
17 (B) Smallpox 55 H 1
18 (C) Willingness to make peace 24 H 1
19 (D) Kesari 127 H 1
20 (D) III, IV, II, I 30 & 35 1
H
Section B (4X2=8)
(Very Short Answer Type Questions)
21 Mention any two economic impacts of the First World War on 30 H 2X1=2
India.
(i) Huge increase in defence expenditure.
(ii) Taxes were increased.
(iii) Customs duties were raised and income tax introduced.
(iv) Forced recruitment.
(v) Any other relevant point.
(Any two points to be explained.)
22 Explain the effectiveness of vertical distribution of ‘power sharing’ 8-9 P 2X1=2
in the context of India.

(i) The Constitution clearly lays down the power of different levels.
(ii) Power is distributed among three levels of government.

3
 (iii) We refer to it as the Central or Union government, State
government and Local government (Urban and Rural
government).
(iv) It has increased participation of people at the grassroot level in
decision making.
(v) It has improved the efficiency of governance.
(vi) It solves the problem at the local level.
(vii) Any other relevant point.
(Any two points to be explained.)
23 (a) Describe any two features of ‘arid soils’. 9G 2X1=2
(i) Arid soils range from red to brown in colour.
(ii) They are generally sandy in texture and saline in nature.
(iii) In some areas the salt content is very high and common salt
is obtained by evaporating the water.
(iv) Due to the dry climate and high temperature evaporation is
faster and the soil lacks humus and moisture.
(v) The lower horizons of the soil are occupied by Kankar
because of the increasing calcium content downwards.
(vi) Any other relevant point.
(Any two points to be explained.)
OR
(b) Describe any two features of ‘forest soils’.

(i) Mainly found in the hilly and mountainous areas where 9G 2X1=2
sufficient rain forests are available.
(ii) Soils texture varies according to the mountain environment.
(iii) Loamy and silty in valley sides and coarse grained in the
upper slopes.
(iv) In the snow-covered areas of Himalayas, these soils
experience denudation and are acidic with low humus
content.
(v) The soils found in the lower parts of the valleys particularly
on the river terraces and alluvial fans are fertile.
(vi) Any other relevant point.
(Any two points to be explained.)
24 Why did the Indian Government restrict foreign trade and foreign 64E 2X1=2
investment between 1947-1991? Explain.

(i) To protect the producers from foreign competition.

(ii) To protect indigenous industries.
(iii) To promote Indian economy.
(iv) Encourage growth and development of Indian industries.
(v) Any other relevant point.

(Any two points to be explained.)

Section C (5X3=15)

4
 (Short Answer Type Questions)
25 (a) Analyse the impacts of Gandhi-Irwin pact on the Indian freedom 40 H 3X1=3
struggle.

(i) Civil disobedience movement was called off.

(ii) Gandhi ji participated in second round table conference in
London.
(iii) Government agreed to release political prisoners.
(iv) Any other relevant point.
(Any three points to be explained.)
OR
(b) Analyse the role of Alluri Sitaram Raju in the Indian National
Movement.
(i) He led the militant guerrilla movement at Gudem Hills of
Andhra Pradesh. 36 H 3X1=3
(ii) He claimed that he has variety of special powers.
(iii) Captivated by Raju, the rebels proclaimed that he was an
incarnation of God.
(iv) He supported Gandhiji in persuading the people to wear
khadi and give up drinking.
(v) At the same time, he believed that India could be liberated
only by the use of force, not non-violence.
(vi) Any other relevant point.

(Any three points to be explained.)

26 How have industrialisation and urbanisation impacted water 21 G 3X1=3
supply? Explain.
(i) It has created a huge pressure on our water resources.
(ii) Fragile water resources are being over-exploited.
(iii) Depletion of ground water resources.
(iv) Untreated release of affluents by industries have increased
the toxicity in water.
(v) Any other relevant point.

(Any three points to be described and students views to be

considered.)
27 How does democracy establish an accountable, responsible and 65 P 3X1=3
legitimate governance? Explain.

(i) People have the right to choose their rulers and people will
have control over the rulers.
(ii) Citizens should be able to participate in decision-making so
that the government is accountable to the citizens.
(iii) Decision-making will be based on norms and procedures.

5
 (iv) Democratic government is legitimate government. It may
be slow, less efficient, not always very responsive or clean
but a democratic government is people’s own government.
(v) Any other relevant point.
(Any three points to be explained.)
28 “Reserve Bank of India plays a crucial role in regulating the Indian 48 E 3X1=3
banks.” Justify the statement.

(i) RBI issues the currency on behalf of the Central

Government.
(ii) It supervises the functioning of formal sources of loans.
(iii) It monitors the banks for cash balancing.
(iv) It sees that the banks give loans not just for profit making
businesses and traders but also to small cultivators, small
industries and small borrowers etc.
(v) Any other relevant point.

(Any three points to be explained.)

29 “Sharing of power between the Union Government and the State 17 P 3X1=3
Governments is basic to the structure of the Indian Constitution.”
Analyse the statement with suitable arguments.
(i) Indian Constitution has adopted federalism where the
powers are shared between the Centre and State.
(ii) It is not easy to make changes to this power sharing
arrangement.
(iii) The Parliament cannot change the power sharing
arrangement on their own.
(iv) Any change has to be first passed by both Houses by
2/3 majority. It has to be ratified by the legislature of at
least half of the total seats.
(v) The Judiciary plays an important role in overseeing the
implementation of Constitutional provisions and
procedures.
(vi) Any other relevant point.

(Any three points to be explained.)

Section D (4X5=20)
(Long Answer Type Questions)
30 (a) “Not everyone welcomed the printed book.” Explain the 112 H 5X1=5
statement with examples from sixteenth century Europe.

(i) Not everyone welcomed the printed book, and those who
did also had fears about it.
(ii) Many were apprehensive of the effects that easy access to
the printed word and wider circulation of books may pollute
the minds of the people.

6
 (iii)It was feared that if there was no control over what was
printed and read then rebellious and irreligious thoughts
might spread.
(iv) If that happened the authority of ‘valuable’ literature would
be destroyed.
(v) Expressed by religious authorities and monarchs, as well as
many writers and artists, this anxiety was the basis of
widespread criticism of the new printed literature that had
begun to circulate.
(vi) Any other relevant point.

(Any five points to be explained.)

OR
(b) “By the seventeenth century, the flourishing of urban culture in
China also led to diversity in the use of printing.” Explain the 106 H 5X1=5
statement with examples.

(i) By the seventeenth century, as urban culture bloomed in

China, the uses of print diversified.
(ii) Print was no longer used just by scholar-officials.
Merchants used print in their everyday life, as they
collected trade information.
(iii) Reading increasingly became a leisure activity.
(iv) The new readership preferred fictional narratives, poetry,
autobiographies, anthologies of literary masterpieces, and
romantic plays.
(v) Rich women began to read.
(vi) Many women began publishing their poetry and plays.
(vii) Wives of scholar-officials published their works and
courtesans wrote about their lives.
(viii) This new reading culture was accompanied by a new
technology.
(ix) Any other relevant point.
(Any five points to be explained.)
31 (a) The Government of India has invited some suggestions for 38-39 G 5X1=5
institutional reforms in agriculture. Propose any five institutional
reforms to the Government for the betterment of agriculture.
(i) Implementation of Crop Insurance Scheme against drought,
flood, cyclone, fire and disease in an effective manner.
(ii) Encourage farmers to borrow loan from the Grameen
Banks, Co-operative societies and Banks.
(iii) Promote the use of the Kisan Credit Cards among peasants.
(iv) Promote Personal Accident Insurance Scheme.
(v) Co-ordination over Minimum Support Price to avoid the
exploitation of farmers by speculators and middlemen.

7
 (vi) Awareness among farmers about special weather bulletins
and agricultural programmes for farmers.
(vii) Any other relevant point.

(Any five points to be explained.)

OR
(b) Suppose you are a farmer. You want to cultivate rice in India.
Describe any three geographical conditions which will be suitable
for rice cultivation in India and write the names of two leading rice
producing states of India. 32-34 G 5X1=5

(i) Rice is a kharif crop. (3+2=5)

(ii) It requires high temperatures (above 25°C) for cultivation.
(iii) It requires high humidity for cultivation.
(iv) It requires more than 100 cm of rainfall for cultivation.
(v) In areas with less rainfall, it can be cultivated through proper
irrigation.
(vi) Major rice-producing states are West Bengal, Bihar, Assam,
Eastern Uttar Pradesh, Odisha, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu
(any two).
(vii) Any other relevant point.
(Any five points to be explained.)
32 (a) “Secularism is the very idea of Indian Constitution.” Justify the 37-38 P 1x5=5
statement.

(i) There is no official religion of the Indian State.

(ii) The Constitution treates all religions equally.
(iii) Constitution prohibits discrimination on the grounds of
religion.
(iv) The Constitution allows the state to intervene in the matter
of religion in order to ensure equality within religious
communities.
(v) The Constitution provides to all individuals and
communities freedom to profess, practice and propagate any
religion, or not to follow any.
(vi) Hence, we can say that secularism is the very idea of the
Indian Constitution.
(vii) Any other relevant point.

(Any five points to be explained.)

OR
(b) Suggest any five measures to establish the gender equality of 30-35 P 1x5=5
labour.

(i) Promote education among women.

(ii) Equal employment opportunities.

8
 (iii) Follow Equal Remuneration Act 1976 that provides equal wages
should be paid to equal work.
(iv) Enhancing the political and legal status of women and career
opportunities.
(v) Encourage participation of women among the highly paid and
valued jobs.
(vi) Any other relevant point.
(Any five points to be explained.)
33 (a) Distinguish between public and private sector of economy with 32-34E 5X1=5
examples.

PUBLIC SECTOR PRIVATE SECTOR

1. In the public sector, the 1. In the private sector, the
government owns most of the ownership of assets and
assets and provides all the delivery of services is in the
services. hands of private individuals
or companies.
2. Examples of public sector are 2. Examples of private sector
Indian Railways, BHEL etc. are TISCO, RIL etc.
3. The purpose of the public 3. Activities in the private
sector is not just to earn profit. sector are guided by the
Governments raise money motive to earn profits. To get
through taxes and other ways to such services, we have to pay
meet expenses on the services money to these individuals
rendered by it. and companies.

4. The government spends 4. The private sector does not

money on all kinds of provide such
activities/services that are activities/services at a
required by all members of reasonable price.
society.
5. Some of activities/services 5. The private sector cannot
need spending large sums of spend large sums of money
money, which is beyond the on these types of
capacity of the private sector. services/activities.
Examples are construction of
roads, bridges, railways,
harbours, generating electricity,
providing irrigation through
dams etc.
6. Their services are for 6. They cannot provide
everyone. services to everyone.

7. Any other relevant point.

(Any five points to be explained.)
OR
9
 (b) Suppose you are the Sarpanch of your village. What suggestions
will you give for creating additional employment in the village, 48-50E 5X1=5
so that the problem of unemployment of the residents of rural
areas can be reduced?
(i) Increase the working days of MGNREGA-2005.
(ii) Make the arrangements for irrigation.
(iii) The villagers will be encouraged to borrow loans from the
formal sources.
(iv) Promote local industries.
(v) Setting up small scale cottage industries.
(vi) Spreading awareness about self-employment opportunities.
(vii) Promoting Self-Help Groups.
(viii) Organising local markets and fairs.
(ix) Any other relevant point.

(Any five points to be explained.)

Section E 3X4=12
(CASE BASED/SOURCE BASED QUESTIONS)
34 Read the given source carefully and answer the questions that 12 H 1+1+2=4
follow:
The Revolutionaries
During the years following 1815, the fear of repression drove many
liberal-nationalists underground. Secret societies sprang up in many
European states to train revolutionaries and spread their ideas. To be
revolutionary at this time meant a commitment to oppose monarchical
forms that had been established after the Vienna Congress, and to fight
for liberty and freedom. Most of these revolutionaries also saw the
creation of nation-states as a necessary part of this struggle for freedom.
34.1 Mention any one political demand of the liberals. (1)
(i) Creation of nation states.
(ii) Any other relevant point.

34.2 Mention the main cause for the rise of secret societies in
European States. (1)
(i) To train revolutionaries and spread their ideas of nation state.
(ii) Any other relevant point.

34.3 Analyse the reasons for many liberal-nationalists going

underground after 1815. (2)
(i) Opposed by monarchies.
(ii) Fear of Repression.
(iii) Any other relevant point.

35 Read the following source carefully and answer the questions that 44 G 1+1+2=4
follow:
Iron Ore

10
 Iron ore is the basic mineral and the backbone of industrial development.
India is endowed with fairly abundant resources of iron ore. India is rich
in good quality iron ores. Magnetite is the finest iron ore with a very
high content of iron up to 70 per cent. It has excellent magnetic
qualities, especially valuable in the electrical industry. Hematite ore is
the most important industrial iron ore in terms of the quantity used, but
has a slightly lower iron content than magnetite (50 60 per cent). In 2018
19, almost the entire production of iron ore (97%) accrued from Odisha,
Chhattisgarh, Karnataka and Jharkhand. The remaining production (3%)
was from other states.
35.1 In which iron ore is the maximum iron content found? (1)
Magnetite
35.2 Which is the most important industrial iron ore? (1)
Hematite
35.3 “Iron ore is a basic mineral.” Support the statement. (2)
(i) It is abundantly available.
(ii) India is rich in good quality iron ore.
(iii) It is important for various industries.
(iv) Any other relevant points.
36 Read the following source carefully and answer the questions that 30 E 1+1+2=4
follow:
Organised Sector
Kanta works in the organised sector. Organised sector covers those
enterprises or places of work where the terms of employment are regular
and therefore, people have assured work. They are registered by the
government and have to follow its rules and regulations which are given
in various laws such as the Factories Act, Minimum Wages Act,
Payment of Gratuity Act, Shops and Establishments Act, etc. It is called
Organised Sector because it has some formal processes and procedures.
Some of these people may not be employed by anyone but may work on
their own, but they too have to register themselves with the government
and follow the rules and regulations.
36.1 Mention any one feature of the working conditions of organised
sector. (1)
(i) Regular term of employment.
(ii) Fixed working hours.
(iii) People have assured work.
(iv) Any other relevant point.
36.2 Explain any one benefit provided by the employers to the
organised sector employees. (1)
(i) In the organised sector, employees get paid leaves.
(ii) In this sector, employees get minimum wages.
(iii) Any other relevant point.
36.3 Why is it necessary for all self-employed people to register with
the government? (2)

11
 (i) For people who are engaged in self-employment to comply
with the rules and regulations set by the government.
(ii) It helped the government to create a data base.
(iii) Any other relevant points.

Section F (2+3=5)
(Map Skill-Based Question)
37 (a) Two places A and B have been marked on the given political outline
map of India (on page 23). Identify them with the help of the following
information and write their correct names on the lines drawn near them :
A. The place where the session of Indian National Congress was 2X1=2
held place in 1927. Madras (Chennai)
B. The place where Mahatma Gandhi broke the Salt Law. Dandi
PLEASE SEE THE ATTACHED MAP.
Note : The following questions are for the Visually Impaired 2X1=2
Candidates only, in lieu of Q. No. 37 (a).
(a) (i) Name the place where the session of Indian National Congress
was held in 1927. Madras (Chennai)
(ii) Name the place where Mahatma Gandhi broke the Salt Law.
Dandi
(b) On the same political outline map of India, locate and label any
three of the following with suitable symbols:
(i) An international airport of West Bengal 3X1=3
(ii) A software technology park of Karnataka
(iii) A nuclear power plant located in Maharashtra
(iv) A major sea port of Odisha
PLEASE SEE THE ATTACHED MAP.
Note : The following questions are for the Visually Impaired
Candidates only, in lieu of Q. No. 37 (b).
(b) Attempt any three questions. 3X1=3
(i) Name the place where an international airport is located in West
Bengal. Kolkata (Calcutta)
(ii) Name the place where a software technology park is located in
Karnataka. Bengaluru
(iii) Name the place where a nuclear power plant is located in
Maharashtra. Tarapur
(iv) Name the place where a major sea port is located in Odisha.
Paradwip

12
13
18 (D) 210 31 E 1

19 (D) Secondary 20 E 1

For Visually Impaired students only-

(C) Milk vending 20 E 1

20 (D) Gross Domestic Production 23 E 1

Section B (4X2=8)
Very Short Answer Type Questions
21 (a) How did reinterpretation of history become a means of creating a sense of 48 H 2X1=2
nationalism by the end of the nineteenth century in India? Explain.

(i) By the end of the nineteenth century many Indians began feeling that to
instill a sense of pride in the nation, Indian history had to be thought about
differently.
(ii) The British saw Indians as backward and primitive, incapable of governing
themselves. In response, Indians began looking into the past to discover
India’s great achievements.
(iii) They wrote about the glorious developments in ancient times when art and
architecture, science and mathematics, religion and culture, law and
philosophy, crafts and trade had flourished.
(iv) This glorious time, in their view, was followed by a history of decline,
when India was colonised.
(v) These nationalist histories urged the readers to take pride in India’s great
achievements in the past and struggle to change the miserable conditions of
life under British rule.
(vi) Any other relevant point.
(Any two points to be explained.)

OR

(b) How did symbols and icons contribute to create a feeling of nationalism
among the people in the national movement of India? Explain
(i) The identity of the nation is most often symbolised in a figure or image.
This helps create an image with which people can identify the nation. 47 H 2X1=2

Page 4 of 19
 (ii) In the twentieth century, with the growth of nationalism the identity of
India came to be visually associated with the image of Bharat Mata. This
image was first created by Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay through his
song Vandematram.
(iii) Moved by the Swadeshi movement, Abanindranath Tagore painted his
famous image of Bharat Mata.
(iv) During the Swadeshi movement in Bengal, a tricolour flag (red, green and
yellow) was designed. It had eight lotuses representing eight provinces of
British India, and a crescent moon, representing Hindus and Muslims.
(v) By 1921, Gandhiji had designed the Swaraj flag. It was again a tricolour
(red, green and white) and had a spinning wheel in the centre,
(vi) Carrying the flag, holding it aloft, during marches became a symbol of
defiance.
(vii) Any other relevant point.
(Any two points to be explained.)

22 Suggest any two measures to solve the problems of land degradation. 6G 2X1=2
(i) Afforestation
(ii) Planting of shelter belts of plants
(iii) Control on over grazing
(iv) Stabilisation of sand dunes by growing thorny bushes
(v) Proper management of waste lands
(vi) Control of mining activities
(vii) Proper disposal of industrial effluents and wastes after treatment.
(viii) Any other relevant point
(Any two points to be mentioned.)

23 “The constitution of India prohibits discrimination on grounds of religion.” 37P 2X1=2

Justify the statement by giving two arguments.
(i) There is no official religion for the Indian state.
(ii) Our Constitution does not give a special status to any religion.
(iii) The Constitution provides to all individuals and communities freedom to
profess, practice and propagate any religion, or not to follow any.
(iv) The Constitution prohibits discrimination on grounds of religion.

Page 5 of 19
 (v) At the same time, the Constitution allows the state to intervene in the
matters of religion in order to ensure equality within religious communities.
For example, it bans untouchability.
(vi) Any other relevant point.

(Any two points to be explained.)

24 “Globalisation is the process of rapid integration and interconnection between 61 E 2X1=2
countries.” Explain the statement with examples.
(i) Foreign trade between countries has been rising rapidly.
(ii) Activities of most MNCs involve substantial trade in goods and also
services.
(iii) Greater foreign investment results in the greater integration of production.
(iv) Greater foreign trade led to greater integration of markets across countries.
(v) More and more goods and services, investments and technology are moving
between countries.
(vi) Most regions of the world are in closer contact with each other than a few
decades back.
(vii) Any other relevant point.

(Any two points to be explained.)

Section C (5X3=
Short Answer Type Questions 15)
25 Analyse the role of peasant communities in the ‘Civil Disobedience 41 H 3X1=3
Movement’.
(i) In the countryside, rich peasant communities – like the Patidars of Gujarat
and the Jats of Uttar Pradesh – were active in the movement.
(ii) Being producers of commercial crops, their cash income disappeared due
to trade depression and falling price.
(iii) They found it impossible to pay the government’s revenue demand and the
refusal of the government to reduce the revenue demand led to widespread
resentment.
(iv) These rich peasants became enthusiastic supporters of the Civil
Disobedience Movement, organising their communities, and at times
forcing reluctant members, to participate in the boycott programmes.

Page 6 of 19
 (v) For them the fight for swaraj was a struggle against high revenues. But they
were deeply disappointed when the movement was called off in 1931
without the revenue rates being revised.
(vi) The poorer peasantry was not just interested in the lowering of the revenue
demand but many of them were small tenants cultivating land they had
rented from landlords.
(vii) As the Depression continued and cash incomes dwindled, the small tenants
found it difficult to pay their rent.
(viii) They wanted the unpaid rent to the landlord to be remitted.
(ix) They joined a variety of radical movements, often led by Socialists and
Communists.
(x) Apprehensive of raising issues that might upset the rich peasants and
landlords, the Congress was unwilling to support ‘no rent’ campaigns in
most places.
(xi) The relationship between the poor peasants and the Congress remained
uncertain.
(xii) Any other relevant point.

(Any three points to be analysed.)

26 Read the story and answer the questions that follows: 31 G 3X1=3
Story of Rinjha
Rinjha lived with her family in a small village at the outskirts of Diphu
in Assam. She enjoys watching her family members clearing, slashing
and burning a patch of land for cultivation. She often helps them in
irrigating the fields with water running through a bamboo canal from
the nearby spring. She loves the surroundings and wants to stay here
as long as she can, but this little girl has no idea about the declining
fertility of the soil and her families search for a fresh patch of land in
the next season.
Suggest any three measures to Rinjha so that the fertility of the soil of her
fields remains intact for a long time.
(i) Use of crop rotation method.
(ii) Use of manure.
(iii) Growing leguminous crops

Page 7 of 19
 (iv) Managing pests and diseases.
(v) Any other relevant point.

(Any three points to be explained.)

27 Why is power sharing essential for the success of democracy? Explain. 6P 3X1=3
(i) Power sharing helps to reduce the possibility of conflict between social
groups.
(ii) It is a good way to ensure the stability of political order.
(iii) Imposing the will of majority community over others may look like an
attractive option in the short run, but in the long run it undermines the unity
of the nation.
(iv) It is the very spirit of democracy.
(v) A democratic rule involves sharing power with those affected by its exercise,
and who have to live with its effects.
(vi) People have a right to be consulted on how they are to be governed.
(vii) A legitimate government is one where citizens, through participation, acquire
a stake in the system.
(viii) Any other relevant point.

(Any three points to be explained.)

28 (a) Describe three main functions of political parties. 48 P 3X1=3
(i) Political parties select candidates to contest elections.
(ii) Parties put forward different policies and programmes and the voters
choose from them.
(iii) Parties play a decisive role in making laws for a country.
(iv) Parties form and run governments. Parties recruit leaders, train them and
then make them ministers to run the government in the way they want.
(v) Those parties that lose in the elections play the role of opposition to the
parties in power.
(vi) They voice different views and criticise government for its failures or
wrong policies.
(vii) Parties shape public opinion by raising and highlighting issues.
(viii) Parties sometimes also launch movements for the resolution of problems
faced by people.

Page 8 of 19
 (ix) Parties provide people access to government machinery and welfare
schemes implemented by governments.
(x) Any other relevant point.

(Any three points to be described.)

OR

(b) Describe three major challenges faced by the political parties in India.
57 P 3X1=3
(i) All over the world there is lack of internal democracy within parties- Parties
do not keep membership registers, do not hold organisational meetings, and
do not conduct internal elections regularly.
(ii) Most political parties do not practice open and transparent procedures for
their functioning. In many parties, the top positions are always controlled
by members of one family.
(iii) There is growing role of money and muscle power in parties, especially
during elections. Since parties are focused only on winning elections, they
tend to use short-cuts to win elections.
(iv) Very often parties do not seem to offer a meaningful choice to the voters.
(v) Any other relevant point.
(Any three points to be described.)
29 Analyse the changes taking place in the sectors of the Indian economy in 24 E 3X1=3
context of ‘Gross Domestic Product’.
(i) There has been a considerable rise in the production of all the three sectors
(Primary, Secondary and Tertiary Sector) in terms of GDP.
(ii) In 1973-74 the largest producing sector was Primary Sector followed by
Tertiary and Secondary sector.
(iii) A remarkable change in the share of the three sectors in GDP has taken
place over the years.
(iv) In the year 2013-14 the largest producing sector was Tertiary sector
followed by Secondary and Primary sector.
(v) It indicates shift from Primary sector to Secondary and Tertiary sector.
(vi) Any other relevant point.
(Any three points to be analysed.)

Page 9 of 19
 Section D (4X5=
Long Answer Type Questions 20)
30 (a) How did the decade of the 1830s bring great difficulties to Europe? 15H 5X1=5
Explain.
(i) The 1830s were years of great economic hardship in Europe.
(ii) The first half of the nineteenth century saw an enormous increase in
population all over Europe.
(iii) In most countries there were more seekers of jobs than employment.
(iv) Population from rural areas migrated to the cities to live in overcrowded
slums.
(v) Small producers in towns were often faced with stiff competition from
imports of cheap machine-made goods from England, where
industrialisation was more advanced than on the continent.
(vi) In those regions of Europe where the aristocracy still enjoyed power,
peasants struggled under the burden of feudal dues and obligations.
(vii) The rise of food prices or a year of bad harvest led to widespread pauperism
in town and country
(viii) Any other relevant point.
(Any five points to be explained.)
OR

(b) How did Romanticism contribute to the development of nationalism in

Europe in the early 19th century? Explain.
(i) Romanticism was a cultural movement which sought to develop a particular 13 H 5X1=5

form of nationalist sentiment.

(ii) Romantic artists and poets generally criticised the glorification of reason
and science and focused instead on emotions, intuition and mystical
feelings.
(iii) Their effort was to create a sense of a shared collective heritage, a common
cultural past, as the basis of a nation.
(iv) German philosopher Johann Gottfried Herder (1744-1803) claimed that
true German culture was to be discovered among the common people – das
volk.

Page 10 of 19
 (v) It was through folk songs, folk poetry and folk dances that the true spirit of
the nation (volksgeist) was popularised.
(vi) Karol Kurpinski, for example, celebrated the national struggle through his
operas and music, turning folk dances like the polonaise and mazurka into
nationalist symbols.
(vii) The Grimm brothers considered their projects of collecting folktales and
developing the German language as part of the wider effort to oppose
French domination and create a German national identity.
(viii) Any other relevant point.
(Any five points to be explained.)
31 (a) How do industries increase air pollution? Suggest any three measures to 66G 2+3=5
reduce air pollution.
Role of industries in increasing air pollution-
(i) Air pollution is caused by the presence of high proportion of undesirable
gases, such as sulphur dioxide and carbon monoxide.
(ii) Airborne particulate materials contain both solid and liquid particles like
dust, sprays mist and smoke.
(iii) Smoke is emitted by chemical and paper factories, brick kilns, refineries
and smelting plants, and burning of fossil fuels in big and small factories
that ignore pollution norms.
(iv) Toxic gas leaks can be very hazardous with long-term effects.
(v) Any other relevant point.
(Any two points to be explained.)

Suggestions to control air pollution-

(i) Particulate matter in the air can be reduced by fitting smoke stacks to
factories with-
a. electrostatic precipitators,
b. fabric filters,
c. scrubbers
d. inertial separators.
(ii) Smoke can be reduced by using oil or gas instead of coal in factories.
(iii) Increasing the height of chimneys.
(iv) Shift to renewable energy sources.
(v) Any other relevant point.

Page 11 of 19
 (Any three points to be explained.)
OR

(b) How do industries increase thermal pollution? Suggest any three measures
to reduce thermal pollution.
(i) Thermal pollution of water occurs when hot water from factories and 66G 2+3=5
thermal plants is drained into rivers and ponds before cooling.
(ii) Wastes from nuclear power plants,
(iii) Any other relevant point.
(Any two points to be explained.)
Measures to reduce thermal pollution-
(i) Treating hot water and effluents before releasing them in rivers and ponds.
Treatment of industrial effluents can be done in three phases.
(ii) Primary treatment by mechanical means. This involves screening, grinding,
flocculation and sedimentation.
(iii) Secondary treatment by biological process
(iv) Tertiary treatment by biological, chemical and physical processes. This
involves recycling of wastewater.
(v) Any other relevant point.

(Any three points to be explained.)

32 (a) How is democracy better than other types of government? Analyse. 64 P 5X1=5

(i) It promotes equality among citizens;

(ii) It enhances the dignity of the individual;
(iii) It improves the quality of decision-making;
(iv) It provides a method to resolve conflicts;
(v) It allows room to correct mistakes.
(vi) It is accountable, responsive and legitimate form of government
(vii) It accommodates social diversity.
(viii) Any other relevant point.
(Any five points to be analysed.)

OR

Page 12 of 19
 (b) Analyse the role of democracy in reducing inequality and poverty. 69 P 5X1=5
(i) Democracy strengthens the claims of the disadvantaged and
discriminated groups for equal status and equal opportunity.
(ii) Democracies are based on political equality. All individuals have equal
weight in electing representatives.
(iii) Democracy discourages discrimination on the basis of economic status,
language, religion etc.
(iv) Democratic governments make special provisions like reservation in
educational institutions and government jobs for economical weaker
sections.
(v) Democratic government put forward schemes to eradicate poverty.
(vi) Democratic governments initiate employment generation programmes.
(vii) In spite of that economic inequalities are found in democratic countries.
(viii) Any other relevant point.

(Any five points to be analysed.)

33 (a) How is income an important factor in assessing the development of a 8 E 2+3=5
country? Mention the classification done by the World Bank.
(i) For comparing countries, their income is considered to be one of the most
important attributes.
(ii) Countries with higher income are more developed than others with less
income.
(iii) This is based on the understanding that more income means more of all
things that human beings need.
(iv) Whatever people like, and should have, they will be able to get with greater
income. So, greater income itself is considered to be one important goal.
(v) Any other relevant point.

(Any two points to be explained.)

Classification done by the World Bank-

According to the World Development Reports, brought out by the World
Bank (in 2019),
(i) Countries with per capita income of US$ 49,300 per annum and above, are
called high income or rich countries.

Page 13 of 19
 (ii) Countries with per capita income between US$ 2500 and US$ 49,300 are
called middle-income countries.
(iii) Countries with per capita income of US$ 2500 or less are called low-income
countries.
(iv) India comes in the category of middle-income countries because its per
capita income in 2019 was just US$ 6700 per annum.
(v) Any other relevant point.

(Any three points to be mentioned.)

OR

(b) How has the overuse of underground water created a serious crisis in many
14 E 2+3=5
parts of India? Explain with examples in the context of sustainable
development.
(i) Groundwater is an example of renewable resource. This resource is
replenished by nature.
(ii) Even this resource may be overused by excessive irrigation, industries etc.
(iii) In the case of groundwater, if we use more than what is being replenished
by rain then we would be overusing this resource.
(iv) Any other relevant point
(Any two points to be explained.)

Examples in the context of sustainability:

(i) Recent evidence suggests that the groundwater is under serious threat of
overuse in many parts of the country.
(ii) Many districts have reported steep decline in water level.
(iii) Nearly one-third of the country is overusing their groundwater reserves.
(iv) In the coming years, if the present way of using this resource continues,
most parts of the country will face a serious water crisis.
(v) Groundwater overuse is particularly found in the agriculturally prosperous
regions of Punjab and Western U.P., hard rock plateau areas of central and
south India, some coastal areas and the rapidly growing urban settlements.
(vi) Any other relevant point.

(Any three points to be explained.)

Page 14 of 19
 Section E 3X4= 12
CASE BASED/SOURCE BASED QUESTIONS
34 Read the given source and answer the questions that follow: 24 P 1+1+2=4
Decentralisation in India
The need for decentralisation was recognised in our Constitution. Since then, there
have been several attempts to decentralise power to the level of villages and towns.
Panchayats in villages and municipalities in urban areas were set up in all the
States. But these were directly under the control of state governments. Elections to
these local governments were not held regularly. Local governments did not have
any powers or resources of their own. Thus, there was very little decentralisation
in effective terms. A major step towards decentralisation was taken in 1992. The
Constitution was amended to make the third-tier of democracy more powerful and
effective.

34.1. At how many levels has decentralisation of power been done in the Indian
Constitution? (1)
- Central, State, Local Government (Urban and Rural)

34.2. Explain the role of local self-government in solving problems. (1)

(i) There are a large number of problems and issues which are best settled
at the local level.
(ii) People have better knowledge of problems in their localities.
(iii) They also have better ideas on where to spend money and how to
manage things more efficiently.
(iv) Any other relevant point
(Any one point to be explained.)

34.3. “Local government is the best way to realise one important principle of
democracy, namely local self-government.” Explain the statement. (2)
(i) Local government ensures representation of diverse groups.
(ii) It is possible for the people to directly participate in decision making.
(iii) It deepens the democracy through large participation of people.
(iv) Any other relevant point
(Any two points to be explained.)

Page 15 of 19
35 Read the given source and answer the questions that follow: 46 E 1+1+2=4
Arun’s Story
Arun supervises the work of one farm labourer. Arun has seven acres of land. He
is one of the few persons in Sonpur to receive bank loan for cultivation. The interest
rate on the loan is 8·5 per cent per annum, and can be repaid anytime in the next
three years. Arun plans to repay the loan after harvest by selling a part of the crop.
He then intends to store the rest of the potatoes in a cold storage and apply for a
fresh loan from the bank against the cold storage receipt. The bank offers this
facility to farmers who have taken crop loan from them.

35.1 Under which source does Arun’s loan come? (1)

- Bank/ Formal Source
35.2. Mention one important term of credit for taking a loan from the bank.
(1)
(i) Collateral
(ii) Interest rate
(iii) Documentation
(iv) Mode of payment
(v) Any other relevant point
(Any one point to be mentioned.)

35.3. How is Arun’s loan beneficial? Explain any two reasons. (2)
(i) Rate of interest is low.
(ii) loan can be repaid easily anytime in the next three years.
(iii) With the low interest he can save the capital and invest in other ventures or
can use next year for buying inputs.
(iv) Any other relevant point
(Any two points to be explained.)

36 Read the given source and answer the questions that follow: 115H 1+1+2=4
Print Culture and the French Revolution
Many historians have argued that print culture created the conditions within which
French Revolution occurred. Some arguments have been usually put forward in this
context.

Page 16 of 19
First: print popularised the ideas of the Enlightenment thinkers. Collectively, their
writings provided a critical commentary on tradition, superstition and despotism.
They argued for the rule of reason rather than custom, and demanded that
everything be judged through the application of reason and rationality. They
attacked the sacred authority of the Church and the despotic power of the state, thus
eroding the legitimacy of a social order based on tradition. The writings of Voltaire
and Rousseau were read widely; and those who read these books saw the world
through new eyes, eyes that were questioning, critical and rational.
Second: print created a new culture of dialogue and debate. All values, norms and
institutions were re-evaluated and discussed by a public that had become aware of
the power of reason, and recognised the need to question existing ideas and beliefs.
Within this public culture, new ideas of social revolution came into being.

36.1. What impact did the ideas of Enlightenment thinkers have on society?
(1)
(i) The writings of enlightened thinkers provided a critical commentary on
tradition, superstition and despotism.
(ii) They argued for the rule of reason rather than custom.
(iii) The writings of enlightened thinkers encouraged people to judge
everything through the application of reason and rationality.
(iv) Any other relevant point.
(Any one point to be explained.)
36.2. How did print culture affect religion in France? (1)
(i) The enlightened writers attacked the sacred authority of the Church.
(ii) They inspired the people to see the world through new eyes, eyes that were
questioning, critical and rational.
(iii) Any other relevant point.
(iv) (Any one point to be explained.)
36.3. How did print culture contribute to the social revolution in France? (2)
(i) Print created a new culture of dialogue and debate.
(ii) All values, norms and institutions were re-evaluated and discussed by a
public that had become aware of the power of reason.
(iii) People recognised the need to question existing ideas and beliefs and new
ideas of social revolution came into being.
(iv) Any other relevant point.
(Any two points to be explained.)

Page 17 of 19
 Section F (2+3=5)
(Map Skill-Based Question)
37 (a) Two places ‘A’ and ‘B’ have been marked on the given political outline 2X1=2
map of India (on page 27). Identify them with the help of the following
information and write their correct names on the lines drawn near them.
A. The place where the session of Indian National Congress was held in
December 1927.
Madras (Chennai)
B. The place where Jallianwala bagh incident took place.
Amritsar
(FOR ANSWER PLEASE SEE THE ATTACHED MAP)
Note: The following questions are for the Visually Impaired Candidates only, in
lieu of Q. No. 37 (a). 2X1=2
(a) (i) Name the place where the session of Indian National Congress was held
in December 1927.
- Madras (Chennai)
(ii) Name the place where Jallianwala bagh incident took place.
- Amritsar
(b) On the same political outline map of India, locate and label any three of
the following with suitable symbols: 3X1=3
(i) Eastern terminal station of the East-West corridor
(ii) Leading state in Coffee production
(iii) Nuclear power plant located in Uttar Pradesh.
(iv) Major seaport located in Odisha
(FOR ANSWER PLEASE SEE THE ATTACHED MAP)

Note: The following questions are for the Visually Impaired Candidates only, in
lieu of Q. No. 37 (b).
(i) Name the Eastern terminal station of the East-West corridor. 3X1=3

- Silchar (Assam)
(ii) Name the leading state in Coffee production.
- Karnataka
(i) Name the place where nuclear power plant is located in Uttar Pradesh.
- Naraura

Page 18 of 19
(ii) Name the place where a major seaport is located in Odisha.
- Paradwip

Page 19 of 19
16 (B) Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party- Goa 56 P 1

17 (C) Belgium 4P 1

18 (B) European Union 5P 1

19 (A) a-ii, b-i, c-iv, d-iii 53 G 1

20 (C) (A) is true but (R) is false 54 G 1

Section B (4X2=8)
Very Short Answer Type Questions
21 “Globalisation is the process of rapid integration and interconnection between 61 E 2X1=2
countries.” Explain the statement with examples.
(i) Foreign trade between countries has been rising rapidly.
(ii) Activities of most MNCs involve substantial trade in goods and also
services.
(iii) Greater foreign investment results in the greater integration of production.
(iv) Greater foreign trade led to greater integration of markets across countries.
(v) More and more goods and services, investments and technology are moving
between countries.
(vi) Most regions of the world are in closer contact with each other than a few
decades back.
(vii) Any other relevant point.

(Any two points to be explained.)

22 Explain the role of planning for judicious use of resources. 2G 2X1=2
(i) Planning is the widely accepted strategy for judicious use of resources.
(ii) It has importance in a country like India, which has enormous diversity in
the availability of resources.
(iii) There are regions which are rich in certain types of resources but are
deficient in some other resources.
(iv) There are some regions which can be considered self-sufficient in terms of
the availability of resources and there are some regions which have acute
shortage of some vital resources.
(v) For example, the states of Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh and Madhya Pradesh are
rich in minerals and coal deposits.

Page 4 of 20
 (vi) Arunachal Pradesh has abundance of water resources but lacks in
infrastructural development.
(vii) The state of Rajasthan is very well endowed with solar and wind energy but
lacks in water resources.
(viii) The cold desert of Ladakh is relatively isolated from the rest of the country.
It has very rich cultural heritage but it is deficient in water, infrastructure
and some vital minerals.
(ix) This calls for balanced resource planning at the national, state, regional and
local levels.
(x) Any other relevant point.
(Any two points to be explained.)

23 “The Constitution of India provides to all citizens the freedom to profess any 37 P 2X1=2
religion.” Support the statements by giving two arguments.
(i) There is no official religion for the Indian state.
(ii) Our Constitution does not give a special status to any religion.
(iii) The Constitution provides to all individuals and communities freedom to
profess, practice and propagate any religion, or not to follow any.
(iv) The Constitution prohibits discrimination on grounds of religion.
(v) At the same time, the Constitution allows the state to intervene in the
matters of religion in order to ensure equality within religious communities.
For example, it bans untouchability.
(vi) Any other relevant point.
(Any two points to be supported with relevant arguments.)

24 (a) How did reinterpretation of history become a means of creating a sense of 48 H 2X1=2
nationalism by the end of the nineteenth century in India? Explain.

(i) By the end of the nineteenth century many Indians began feeling that to
instill a sense of pride in the nation, Indian history had to be thought about
differently.
(ii) The British saw Indians as backward and primitive, incapable of governing
themselves. In response, Indians began looking into the past to discover
India’s great achievements.

Page 5 of 20
 (iii) They wrote about the glorious developments in ancient times when art and
architecture, science and mathematics, religion and culture, law and
philosophy, crafts and trade had flourished.
(iv) This glorious time, in their view, was followed by a history of decline,
when India was colonised.
(v) These nationalist histories urged the readers to take pride in India’s great
achievements in the past and struggle to change the miserable conditions of
life under British rule.
(vi) Any other relevant point.
(Any two points to be explained.)
OR

(b) How did symbols and icons contribute to create a feeling of nationalism
among the people in the national movement of India? Explain
47 H 2X1=2
(i) The identity of the nation is most often symbolised in a figure or image.
This helps create an image with which people can identify the nation.
(ii) In the twentieth century, with the growth of nationalism the identity of
India came to be visually associated with the image of Bharat Mata. This
image was first created by Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyaythrough his
song Vandematram
(iii) Moved by the Swadeshi movement, Abanindranath Tagore painted his
famous image of Bharat Mata.
(iv) During the Swadeshi movement in Bengal, a tricolour flag (red, green and
yellow) was designed. It had eight lotuses representing eight provinces of
British India, and a crescent moon, representing Hindus and Muslims.
(v) By 1921, Gandhiji had designed the Swaraj flag. It was again a tricolour
(red, green and white) and had a spinning wheel in the centre,
(vi) Carrying the flag, holding it aloft, during marches became a symbol of
defiance.
(vii) Any other relevant point.
(Any two points to be explained.)

Section C (5X3=15)
Short Answer Type Questions

Page 6 of 20
25 Analyse the role of women in the Civil Disobedience Movement. 42 H 3X1=3
(i) An important feature of the Civil Disobedience Movement was the large-
scale participation of women.
(ii) During Gandhiji’s salt march, thousands of women came out of their homes
to listen to him.
(iii) They participated in protest marches, manufactured salt, and picketed
foreign cloth and liquor shops.
(iv) Many went to jail. In urban areas these women were from high-caste
families; in rural areas they came from rich peasant households.
(v) Moved by Gandhiji’s call, they began to see service to the nation as a sacred
duty of women.
(vi) Any other relevant point.
(Any three points to be analysed.)

26 (a) Describe three main functions of political parties. 48 P 3X1=3

(i) Political parties select candidates to contest elections.
(ii) Parties put forward different policies and programmes and the voters
choose from them.
(iii) Parties play a decisive role in making laws for a country.
(iv) Parties form and run governments. Parties recruit leaders, train them and
then make them ministers to run the government in the way they want.
(v) Those parties that lose in the elections play the role of opposition to the
parties in power.
(vi) They voice different views and criticise government for its failures or
wrong policies.
(vii) Parties shape public opinion by raising and highlighting issues.
(viii) Parties sometimes also launch movements for the resolution of problems
faced by people.
(ix) Parties provide people access to government machinery and welfare
schemes implemented by governments.
(x) Any other relevant point.

(Any three points to be described.)

OR

Page 7 of 20
 (b) Describe three major challenges faced by the political parties in India. 57 P 3X1=3
(i) All over the world there is lack of internal democracy within parties- Parties
do not keep membership registers, do not hold organisational meetings, and
do not conduct internal elections regularly.
(ii) Most political parties do not practice open and transparent procedures for
their functioning. In many parties, the top positions are always controlled
by members of one family.
(iii) There is growing role of money and muscle power in parties, especially
during elections. Since parties are focused only on winning elections, they
tend to use short-cuts to win elections.
(iv) Very often parties do not seem to offer a meaningful choice to the voters.
(v) Any other relevant point.

(Any three points to be described.)

27 Explain the vertical distribution of power given in the Indian Constitution. 8P 3X1=3
(i) Constitution of India divides power among governments at different levels
– a general government for the entire country and governments at the
provincial or regional level.
(ii) In India general government for the entire country is usually referred as the
Central or Union Government.
(iii) In India, the government at provincial or regional level is called State
Government.
(iv) The Constitution clearly lays down the powers of different levels of
government.
(v) Through the Constitutional Amendment of 1992 the same principle has
been extended to levels of government lower than the State government,
such as the municipality and panchayat.
(vi) This division of powers involving higher and lower levels of government is
called vertical division of power.
(vii) Any other relevant point.

(Any three points to be explained.)

Page 8 of 20
28 Read the story and answer the questions that follows: 31 G 3X1=3
Story of Rinjha
Rinjha lived with her family in a small village at the outskirts of Diphu in
Assam. She enjoys watching her family members clearing, slashing and
burning a patch of land for cultivation. She often helps them in irrigating
the fields with water running through a bamboo canal from the nearby
spring. She loves the surroundings and wants to stay here as long as she can,
but this little girl has no idea about the declining fertility of the soil and her
families search for a fresh patch of land in the next season.

Suggest any three measures to Rinjha so that the fertility of the soil of her
fields remains intact for a long time.

(i) Use of crop rotation method.

(ii) Use of manure.
(iii) Growing leguminous crops
(iv) Managing pests and diseases.
(v) Any other relevant point.

(Any three points to be explained.)

29 Explain the role of primary sector in employment generation in India. 25 E 3X1=3
(i) There are many activities that are undertaken by directly using natural
resources commonly known as Primary Sector.
(ii) For example, the cultivation of cotton providing employment to farmers
and farm labourers.
(iii) In case of an activity like dairy which is dependent on the biological process
of animals and availability of resources provides employment to people
(iv) Similarly, minerals and ores are natural products. When we produce goods
by exploiting natural resources, it is an activity of primary sector, providing
employment to the miners.
(v) In the last four decades in India there has been a change in the share of the
three sectors in GDP, a similar shift has not taken place in employment.
(vi) The primary sector continues to be the largest employer even now.

Page 9 of 20
 (vii) Even though industrial output or the production of goods went up by more
than nine times during the period, employment in the industry went up by
around three times.
(viii) The same applies to the tertiary sector as well. While production in the
service sector rose by 14 times, employment in the service sector rose
around five times.
(ix) As a result, more than half of the workers in the country are working in the
primary sector, mainly in agriculture, producing only about one sixth of the
GDP.
(x) Any other relevant point.

(Any three points to be explained.)

Section D (4X5=20)
Long Answer Type Questions
30 (a) How did tension in the Balkan region lead to the First World War? 26H 5X1=5
Explain.
(i) The Balkans was a region of geographical and ethnic variation comprising
modern-day Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Greece, Macedonia, Croatia,
Bosnia-Herzegovina, Slovenia, Serbia and Montenegro whose inhabitants
were broadly known as the Slavs.
(ii) A large part of the Balkans was under the control of the Ottoman Empire.
(iii) The spread of the ideas of romantic nationalism in the Balkans together
with the disintegration of the Ottoman Empire made this region very
explosive.
(iv) All through the nineteenth century the Ottoman Empire had sought to
strengthen itself through modernisation and internal reforms but with very
little success.
(v) One by one, its European subject nationalities broke away from its control
and declared independence.
(vi) The Balkan peoples based their claims for independence or political rights
on nationality and used history to prove that they had once been
independent but had subsequently been subjugated by foreign powers.

Page 10 of 20
 (vii) The Balkan states were fiercely jealous of each other and each hoped to
gain more territory at the expense of the others.
(viii) Balkans also became the scene of big power rivalry among the European
powers over trade and colonies as well as naval and military might.
(ix) Each power – Russia, Germany, England, Austro-Hungary – was keen on
countering the hold of other powers over the Balkans, and extending its own
control over the area. This led to a series of wars in the region and finally
the First World War
(x) Any other relevant point.

(Any five points to be explained.)

OR

(b) How was the British nation created? Explain.

(i) Prior to the eighteenth century there was no British nation.
(ii) The primary identities of the people who inhabited the British Isles were 22H 5X1=5
ethnic ones – such as English, Welsh, Scot or Irish.
(iii) All of these ethnic groups had their own cultural and political traditions.
(iv) But as the English nation steadily grew in wealth, importance and power, it
was able to extend its influence over the other nations of the islands.
(v) The English parliament, which had seized power from the monarchy in
1688 at the end of a protracted conflict, was the instrument through which
a nation-state, with England at its centre, came to be forged.
(vi) The Act of Union (1707) between England and Scotland that resulted in the
formation of the ‘United Kingdom of Great Britain’ meant, in effect, that
England was able to impose its influence on Scotland.
(vii) The British parliament was dominated by its English members.
(viii) The growth of a British identity meant that Scotland’s distinctive culture
and political institutions were systematically suppressed.
(ix) The Catholic clans that inhabited the Scottish Highlands suffered terrible
repression whenever they attempted to assert their independence.
(x) The Scottish Highlanders were forbidden to speak their Gaelic language or
wear their national dress, and large numbers were forcibly driven out of
their homeland.

Page 11 of 20
 (xi) Ireland suffered a similar fate. It was a country deeply divided between
Catholics and Protestants.
(xii) The English helped the Protestants of Ireland to establish their dominance
over a largely Catholic country.
(xiii) Catholic revolts against British dominance were suppressed.
(xiv) After a failed revolt led by Wolfe Tone and his United Irishmen (1798),
Ireland was forcibly incorporated into the United Kingdom in 1801.
(xv) A new ‘British nation’ was forged through the propagation of a dominant
English culture.
(xvi) The symbols of the new Britain – the British flag (Union Jack), the national
anthem (God Save Our Noble King), the English language – were actively
promoted and the older nations survived only as subordinate partners in this
union.
(xvii) Any other relevant point
(To be assessed as a whole.)
31 (a) Explain the importance of manufacturing industry in the Indian economy. 58G 5X1=5
(i) Manufacturing sector is considered the backbone of development in general
and economic development in particular.
(ii) Manufacturing industries help in modernising agriculture,
(iii) They reduce the heavy dependence of people on agricultural income by
providing them jobs in secondary and tertiary sectors.
(iv) Industrial development is a precondition for eradication of unemployment
and poverty from our country. This was the main philosophy behind public
sector industries and joint sector ventures in India.
(v) Establishment of industries in tribal and backward areas aimed at bringing
down regional disparities.
(vi) Export of manufactured goods expands trade and commerce, and brings in
much needed foreign exchange.
(vii) Countries that transform their raw materials into a wide variety of finished
goods of higher value are prosperous.
(viii) India’s prosperity lies in increasing and diversifying its manufacturing
industries as quickly as possible.
(ix) Any other relevant point.
(Any five points to be explained.)

Page 12 of 20
 OR

(b) Explain the inter-relationship between agriculture and industry.

(i) Agriculture and industry are not exclusive of each other. They move hand
58G 5x1=5
in hand.
(ii) The produce of agriculture like sugarcane, tea, jute etc are used by
industries extensively as raw material.
(iii) The agro-industries in India have given a major boost to agriculture by
raising its productivity.
(iv) Similarly, the industrial sector depends on the agriculture for raw materials.
(v) Industries sell their products such as irrigation pumps, fertilisers,
insecticides, pesticides, plastic and PVC pipes, machines and tools, etc. to
the farmers.
(vi) Thus, development and competitiveness of manufacturing industry has not
only assisted agriculturists in increasing their production but also made the
production processes very efficient.
(vii) Any other relevant point.

(Any five points to be explained.)

32 (a) How is income an important factor in assessing the development of a 8 E 2+3=5
country? Mention the classification done by the World Bank.
(i) For comparing countries, their income is considered to be one of the most
important attributes.
(ii) Countries with higher income are more developed than others with less
income.
(iii) This is based on the understanding that more income means more of all
things that human beings need.
(iv) Whatever people like, and should have, they will be able to get with greater
income. So, greater income itself is considered to be one important goal.
(v) Any other relevant point.

(Any two points to be explained.)

Classification done by the World Bank-

According to the World Development Reports, brought out by the World
Bank (in 2019),

Page 13 of 20
 (i) Countries with per capita income of US$ 49,300 per annum and above, are
called high income or rich countries.
(ii) Countries with per capita income between US$ 2500 and US$ 49,300 are
called middle-income countries.
(iii) Countries with per capita income of US$ 2500 or less are called low-income
countries.
(iv) India comes in the category of middle-income countries because its per
capita income in 2019 was just US$ 6700 per annum.
(v) Any other relevant point.

(Any three points to be mentioned.)

OR

(b) How has the overuse of underground water created a serious crisis in many
parts of India? Explain with examples in the context of sustainable 14 E 2+3=5
development.
(i) Groundwater is an example of renewable resource. This resource is
replenished by nature.
(ii) Even this resource may be overused by excessive irrigation, industries etc.
(iii) In the case of groundwater, if we use more than what is being replenished
by rain then we would be overusing this resource.
(iv) Any other relevant point
(Any two points to be explained.)
Examples in the context of sustainability:
(i) Recent evidence suggests that the groundwater is under serious threat of
overuse in many parts of the country.
(ii) Many districts have reported steep decline in water level.
(iii) Nearly one-third of the country is overusing their groundwater reserves.
(iv) In the coming years, if the present way of using this resource continues,
most parts of the country will face a serious water crisis.
(v) Groundwater overuse is particularly found in the agriculturally prosperous
regions of Punjab and Western U.P., hard rock plateau areas of central and
south India, some coastal areas and the rapidly growing urban settlements.
(vi) Any other relevant point.

(Any three points to be explained.)

Page 14 of 20
33 (a) How is democracy better than other types of government? Analyse. 64 P 5X1=5
(i) Democratic government promotes equality among citizens;
(ii) It enhances the dignity of the individual;
(iii) It improves the quality of decision-making;
(iv) It provides a method to resolve conflicts;
(v) It allows room to correct mistakes.
(vi) It is accountable, responsive and legitimate form of government
(vii) It accommodates social diversity.
(viii) Any other relevant point.
(Any five points to be analysed.)

OR
(b) Analyse the role of democracy in reducing inequality and poverty.
(i) Democracy strengthens the claims of the disadvantaged and discriminated
groups for equal status and equal opportunity. 69 P 5X1=5

(ii) Democracies are based on political equality. All individuals have equal
weight in electing representatives.
(iii) Democracy discourages discrimination on the basis of economic status,
language, religion etc.
(iv) Democratic governments make special provisions like reservation in
educational institutions and government jobs for socially and economically
weaker sections.
(v) Democratic government put forward schemes to eradicate poverty.
(vi) Democratic governments initiate employment generation programmes.
(vii) Economic inequalities are found in democratic countries.
(viii) Any other relevant point.

(Any five points to be analysed.)

Section E 3X4= 12
CASE BASED/SOURCE BASED QUESTIONS
34 Read the given source and answer the questions that follow: 46 E 1+1+2=4
Arun’s Story
Arun supervises the work of one farm labourer. Arun has seven acres of land. He
is one of the few persons in Sonpur to receive bank loan for cultivation. The interest

Page 15 of 20
 rate on the loan is 8·5 per cent per annum, and can be repaid anytime in the next
three years. Arun plans to repay the loan after harvest by selling a part of the crop.
He then intends to store the rest of the potatoes in a cold storage and apply for a
fresh loan from the bank against the cold storage receipt. The bank offers this
facility to farmers who have taken crop loan from them.

34.1 Under which source does Arun’s loan come? (1)

- Bank/ Formal Source

34.2. Mention one important term of credit for taking a loan from the bank.
(1)
(i) Collateral
(ii) Interest rate
(iii) Documentation
(iv) Mode of payment
(v) Any other relevant point
(Any one point to be mentioned.)

34.3. How is Arun’s loan beneficial? Explain any two reasons. (2)
(i) Rate of interest is low.
(ii) loan can be repaid easily anytime in the next three years.
(iii) With the low interest he can save the capital and invest in other ventures or
can use next year for buying inputs.
(iv) Any other relevant point
(Any two points to be explained.)

35 Read the given source and answer the questions that follow: 115 H 1+1+2=4
Print Culture and the French Revolution
Many historians have argued that print culture created the conditions within which
French Revolution occurred. Some arguments have been usually put forward in this
context.
First: print popularised the ideas of the Enlightenment thinkers. Collectively, their
writings provided a critical commentary on tradition, superstition and despotism.
They argued for the rule of reason rather than custom, and demanded that
everything be judged through the application of reason and rationality. They

Page 16 of 20
attacked the sacred authority of the Church and the despotic power of the state, thus
eroding the legitimacy of a social order based on tradition. The writings of Voltaire
and Rousseau were read widely; and those who read these books saw the world
through new eyes, eyes that were questioning, critical and rational.
Second: print created a new culture of dialogue and debate. All values, norms and
institutions were re-evaluated and discussed by a public that had become aware of
the power of reason, and recognised the need to question existing ideas and beliefs.
Within this public culture, new ideas of social revolution came into being.

35.1. What impact did the ideas of Enlightenment thinkers have on society?
(1)
(i) The writings of enlightened thinkers provided a critical commentary on
tradition, superstition and despotism.
(ii) They argued for the rule of reason rather than custom.
(iii) The writings of enlightened thinkers encouraged people to judge
everything through the application of reason and rationality.
(iv) Any other relevant point.
(Any one point to be explained.)

35.2. How did print culture affect religion in France? (1)

(i) The enlightened writers attacked the sacred authority of the Church.
(ii) They inspired the people to see the world through new eyes, eyes that were
questioning, critical and rational.
(iii) Any other relevant point.
(Any one point to be explained.)

35.3. How did print culture contribute to the social revolution in France? (2)
(i) Print created a new culture of dialogue and debate.
(ii) All values, norms and institutions were re-evaluated and discussed by a
public that had become aware of the power of reason.
(iii) People recognised the need to question existing ideas and beliefs and new
ideas of social revolution came into being.
(iv) Any other relevant point.
(Any two points to be explained.)

Page 17 of 20
36 Read the given source and answer the questions that follow: 24 P 1+1+2=4
Decentralisation in India
The need for decentralisation was recognised in our Constitution. Since then, there
have been several attempts to decentralise power to the level of villages and towns.
Panchayats in villages and municipalities in urban areas were set up in all the
States. But these were directly under the control of state governments. Elections to
these local governments were not held regularly. Local governments did not have
any powers or resources of their own. Thus, there was very little decentralisation
in effective terms. A major step towards decentralisation was taken in 1992. The
Constitution was amended to make the third-tier of democracy more powerful and
effective.

36.1. At how many levels has decentralisation of power been done in the Indian
Constitution? (1)
- Central, State, Local Government (Urban and Rural)

36.2. Explain the role of local self-government in solving problems. (1)

(i) There are a large number of problems and issues which are best settled
at the local level.
(ii) People have better knowledge of problems in their localities.
(iii) They also have better ideas on where to spend money and how to
manage things more efficiently.
(iv) Any other relevant point
(Any one point to be explained.)

36.3.“Local government is the best way to realise one important principle of

democracy, namely local self-government.” Explain the statement. (2)
(i) Local government ensures representation of diverse groups.
(ii) It is possible for the people to directly participate in decision making.
(iii) It deepens the democracy through large participation of people.
(iv) Any other relevant point
(Any two points to be explained.)

Page 18 of 20
 Section F (2+3=5)
(Map Skill-Based Question)
37 (a) Two places ‘A’ and ‘B’ have been marked on the given political outline 2X1=2
map of India (on page 27). Identify them with the help of the following
information and write their correct names on the lines drawn near them.
A. The place where the session of Indian National Congress was held in
December 1927.
- Madras (Chennai)
B. The place where Jallianwala bagh incident took place.
- Amritsar
(FOR ANSWER PLEASE SEE THE ATTACHED MAP)

Note: The following questions are for the Visually Impaired Candidates only, in
lieu of Q. No. 37 (a). 2X1=2
(a) (i) Name the place where the session of Indian National Congress was held
in December 1927.
- Madras (Chennai)
(ii) Name the place where Jallianwala bagh incident took place.
- Amritsar

(b) On the same political outline map of India, locate and label any three of
the following with suitable symbols:
3X1=3
(i) Eastern terminal station of the East-West corridor
(ii) Leading state in Coffee production
(iii) Nuclear power plant located in Uttar Pradesh.
(iv) Major seaport located in Odisha
(FOR ANSWER PLEASE SEE THE ATTACHED MAP)

Note: The following questions are for the Visually Impaired Candidates only, in
lieu of Q. No. 37 (b).
(b) Attempt any three questions: 3X1=3
(i) Name the Eastern terminal station of the East-West corridor.
Silchar (Assam)
(ii) Name the leading state in Coffee production.
Karnataka

Page 19 of 20
(i) Name the place where nuclear power plant is located in Uttar Pradesh.
Naraura
(ii) Name the place where a major seaport is located in Odisha.
Paradwip

Page 20 of 20
 (C) Milk vending 20 E 1

18 (D) 210 31 E 1

19 (B) III, II, IV, I 48 E 1

20 (A) Both statements I and II are correct and statement II is correct explanation of 62 E 1
statement I.
Section B (4X2=8)
Very Short Answer Type Questions
21 (a) How did reinterpretation of history become a means of creating a sense of 48 H 2X1=2
nationalism by the end of the nineteenth century in India? Explain.

(i) By the end of the nineteenth century many Indians began feeling that to
instill a sense of pride in the nation, Indian history had to be thought about
differently.
(ii) The British saw Indians as backward and primitive, incapable of governing
themselves. In response, Indians began looking into the past to discover
India’s great achievements.
(iii) They wrote about the glorious developments in ancient times when art and
architecture, science and mathematics, religion and culture, law and
philosophy, crafts and trade had flourished.
(iv) This glorious time, in their view, was followed by a history of decline,
when India was colonised.
(v) These nationalist histories urged the readers to take pride in India’s great
achievements in the past and struggle to change the miserable conditions of
life under British rule.
(vi) Any other relevant point.
(Any two points to be explained.)

OR

(b) How did symbols and icons contribute to create a feeling of nationalism
among the people in the national movement of India? Explain
(i) The identity of the nation is most often symbolised in a figure or image. 47 H 2X1=2
This helps create an image with which people can identify the nation.

Page 4 of 20
 (ii) In the twentieth century, with the growth of nationalism the identity of
India came to be visually associated with the image of Bharat Mata. This
image was first created by Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay through his
song Vandematram.
(iii) Moved by the Swadeshi movement, Abanindranath Tagore painted his
famous image of Bharat Mata.
(iv) During the Swadeshi movement in Bengal, a tricolour flag (red, green and
yellow) was designed. It had eight lotuses representing eight provinces of
British India, and a crescent moon, representing Hindus and Muslims.
(v) By 1921, Gandhiji had designed the Swaraj flag. It was again a tricolour
(red, green and white) and had a spinning wheel in the centre,
(vi) Carrying the flag, holding it aloft, during marches became a symbol of
defiance.
(vii) Any other relevant point.
(Any two points to be explained.)

22 Why is planning necessary for judicious use of resources? Explain. 2G 2X1=2

(i) Planning is the widely accepted strategy for judicious use of resources.
(ii) It has importance in a country like India, which has enormous diversity in
the availability of resources.
(iii) There are regions which are rich in certain types of resources but are
deficient in some other resources.
(iv) There are some regions which can be considered self-sufficient in terms of
the availability of resources and there are some regions which have acute
shortage of some vital resources.
(v) For example, the states of Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh and Madhya Pradesh are
rich in minerals and coal deposits.
(vi) Arunachal Pradesh has abundance of water resources but lacks in
infrastructural development.
(vii) The state of Rajasthan is very well endowed with solar and wind energy but
lacks in water resources.
(viii) The cold desert of Ladakh is relatively isolated from the rest of the country.
It has very rich cultural heritage but it is deficient in water, infrastructure
and some vital minerals.

Page 5 of 20
 (ix) This calls for balanced resource planning at the national, state, regional and
local levels.
(x) Any other relevant point.

(Any two points to be explained.)

23 Describe any two provisions made in the constitution to establish the model of 37 P 2X1=2
‘secular governance’ in India.
(i) There is no official religion for the Indian state.
(ii) Our Constitution does not give a special status to any religion.
(iii) The Constitution provides to all individuals and communities, freedom to
profess, practice and propagate any religion, or not to follow any.
(iv) The Constitution prohibits discrimination on grounds of religion.
(v) At the same time, the Constitution allows the state to intervene in the
matters of religion in order to ensure equality within religious communities.
For example, it bans untouchability.
(vi) Any other relevant point.

(Any two points to be described.)

24 “Globalisation is the process of rapid integration and interconnection between 61 E 2X1=2

countries.” Explain the statement with examples.
(i) Foreign trade between countries has been rising rapidly.
(ii) Activities of most MNCs involve substantial trade in goods and also
services.
(iii) Greater foreign investment results in the greater integration of production.
(iv) Greater foreign trade led to greater integration of markets across countries.
(v) More and more goods and services, investments and technology are moving
between countries.
(vi) Most regions of the world are in closer contact with each other than a few
decades back.
(vii) Any other relevant point.

(Any two points to be explained.)

Section C (5X3=15)
Short Answer Type Questions

Page 6 of 20
25 Why did Mahatma Gandhi decide to withdraw the Non-Cooperation 38 H 3X1=3
Movement? Analyse any three reasons.
(i) In February 1922, Mahatma Gandhi decided to withdraw the Non-
Cooperation Movement.
(ii) He felt the movement was turning violent in many places (like Chauri-
Chaura) and satyagrahis needed to be properly trained before they would
be ready for mass struggles.
(iii) Within the Congress, some leaders were by now tired of mass struggles.
(iv) They wanted to participate in elections to the provincial councils that had
been set up by the Government of India Act of 1919.
(v) They felt that it was important to oppose British policies within the
councils, argue for reform and also demonstrate that these councils were
not truly democratic.
(vi) C. R. Das and Motilal Nehru formed the Swaraj Party within the Congress
to argue for a return to council politics.
(vii) But younger leaders like Jawaharlal Nehru and Subhas Chandra Bose
pressed for more radical mass agitation and for full independence.
(viii) Any other relevant point.

(Any three points to be analysed)

26 Read the story and answer the questions that follows: 31 G 3X1=3
Story of Rinjha
Rinjha lived with her family in a small village at the outskirts of Diphu in
Assam. She enjoys watching her family members clearing, slashing and
burning a patch of land for cultivation. She often helps them in irrigating
the fields with water running through a bamboo canal from the nearby
spring. She loves the surroundings and wants to stay here as long as she
can, but this little girl has no idea about the declining fertility of the soil and
her families search for a fresh patch of land in the next season.

Suggest any three measures to Rinjha so that the fertility of the soil of her
fields remains intact for a long time.
(i) Use of crop rotation method.
(ii) Use of manure.
(iii) Growing leguminous crops

Page 7 of 20
 (iv) Managing pests and plant diseases.
(v) Any other relevant point.

(Any three points to be explained.)

27 “The government measures gradually increased the feeling of alienation 3 P 3X1=3
among the Sri Lankan Tamils.” Explain the statement.
(i) In 1956, an Act was passed to recognise Sinhala as the only official
language, thus disregarding Tamil.
(ii) The governments followed preferential policies that favoured Sinhala
applicants for university positions and government jobs.
(iii) A new constitution stipulated that the state shall protect and foster
Buddhism.
(iv) These measures gradually increased the feeling of alienation among the Sri
Lankan Tamils.
(v) They felt that none of the major political parties led by the Buddhist Sinhala
leaders was sensitive to their language and culture.
(vi) They felt that the constitution and government policies denied them equal
political rights,
(vii) They are discriminated in getting jobs and other opportunities and their
interests are ignored.
(viii) Any other relevant point.
(Any three points to be explained.)
28 (a) Describe three main functions of political parties. 48 P 3X1=3
(i) Political parties select candidates to contest elections.
(ii) Parties put forward different policies and programmes and the voters
choose from them.
(iii) Parties play a decisive role in making laws for a country.
(iv) Parties form and run governments. Parties recruit leaders, train them and
then make them ministers to run the government in the way they want.
(v) Those parties that lose in the elections play the role of opposition to the
parties in power.
(vi) They voice different views and criticise government for its failures or
wrong policies.
(vii) Parties shape public opinion by raising and highlighting issues.

Page 8 of 20
 (viii) Parties sometimes also launch movements for the resolution of problems
faced by people.
(ix) Parties provide people access to government machinery and welfare
schemes implemented by governments.
(x) Any other relevant point.
(Any three points to be described.)

OR
(b) Describe three major challenges faced by the political parties in India.
(i) All over the world there is lack of internal democracy within parties- Parties
do not keep membership registers, do not hold organisational meetings, and 57 P 3X1=3
do not conduct internal elections regularly.
(ii) Most political parties do not practice open and transparent procedures for
their functioning. In many parties, the top positions are always controlled
by members of one family.
(iii) There is growing role of money and muscle power in parties, especially
during elections. Since parties are focused only on winning elections, they
tend to use short-cuts to win elections.
(iv) Very often parties do not seem to offer a meaningful choice to the voters.
(v) Any other relevant point.

(Any three points to be described.)

29 Analyse the problem of under employment in agriculture sector in India. 26 E 3X1=3

(i) In agriculture more than required people are employed. This means even if
a few people are moved out, production will not be affected. In other words,
workers in the agricultural sector are underemployed.
(ii) All the members of a family work in the plot throughout the year. They
have nowhere else to go for work. So, everyone is working, none remains
idle, but in actual fact, their labour effort gets divided.
(iii) Each one is doing some work but no one is fully employed. This is the
situation of underemployment, where people are apparently working but all
of them are made to work less than their potential.

Page 9 of 20
 (iv) This kind of underemployment is hidden in contrast to someone who does
not have a job and is clearly visible as unemployed. Hence it is also called
disguised unemployment.
(v) By providing additional opportunities like opening cold storage, honey
collection centers, vegetable processing industries etc. extra workers can be
gainfully employed.
(vi) Any other relevant point.

(Any three points to be analysed.)

Section D (4X5=
Long Answer Type Questions 20)
30 (a) How did French Revolution spread the spirit of nationalism in Europe? 5 H 5X1=5
Explain with suitable arguments.
(i) The first clear expression of nationalism came with the French Revolution
in 1789.
(ii) The French Revolution led to the transfer of sovereignty from the monarchy
to a body of French citizens.
(iii) The French revolutionaries introduced various measures and practices that
could create a sense of collective identity amongst the French people.
(iv) The revolutionaries declared that it was the mission and the destiny of the
French nation to liberate the peoples of Europe from despotism, in other
words to help other peoples of Europe to become nations.
(v) When the news of the events in France reached the different cities of
Europe, students and other members of educated middle classes began
setting up Jacobin clubs.
(vi) Their activities and campaigns prepared the way for the French armies
which moved into Holland, Belgium, Switzerland and much of Italy in the
1790s.
(vii) With the outbreak of the revolutionary wars, the French armies began to
carry the idea of nationalism abroad.
(viii) Any other relevant point.

(Any five points to be explained.)

Page 10 of 20
 OR

(b) How did the Greek freedom struggle arouse nationalist sentiments in
Europe? Explain with suitable arguments.
13 H 5X1=5
(i) An event that mobilised nationalist feelings among the educated elite across
Europe was the Greek war of independence.
(ii) Greece had been part of the Ottoman Empire since the fifteenth century.
(iii) The growth of revolutionary nationalism in Europe sparked off a struggle
for independence amongst the Greeks which began in 1821.
(iv) Nationalists in Greece got support from other Greeks living in exile and
also from many West Europeans who had sympathies for ancient Greek
culture.
(v) Poets and artists lauded Greece as the cradle of European civilisation and
mobilised public opinion to support its struggle against a Muslim empire.
(vi) The English poet Lord Byron organised funds and later went to fight in the
war, where he died of fever in 1824.
(vii) Finally, the Treaty of Constantinople of 1832 recognised Greece as an
independent nation.
(viii) Any other relevant point.

(Any five points to be explained.)

31 (a) Explain the role of industries in increasing air pollution and suggest 66 G 2+3=5
measures to control it.
Role of industries in increasing air pollution-
(i) Air pollution is caused by the presence of high proportion of undesirable
gases, such as sulphur dioxide and carbon monoxide.
(ii) Airborne particulate materials contain both solid and liquid particles like
dust, sprays mist and smoke.
(iii) Smoke is emitted by chemical and paper factories, brick kilns, refineries
and smelting plants, and burning of fossil fuels in big and small factories
that ignore pollution norms.
(iv) Toxic gas leaks can be very hazardous with long-term effects.
(v) Any other relevant point.

(Any two points to be explained.)

Page 11 of 20
 Suggestions to control air pollution-
(i) Particulate matter in the air can be reduced by increasing the height of
chimneys.
(ii) Fitting smoke stacks to factories with-
a. electrostatic precipitators,
b. fabric filters,
c. scrubbers and
d. inertial separators.
(iii) Smoke can be reduced by using oil or gas instead of coal in factories.
(iv) Shift to renewable energy sources.
(v) Any other relevant point.

(Any three points to be explained.)

OR

(b) Explain the measures taken by ‘National Thermal Power Corporation’ to

68 G 5X1=5
prevent environmental degradation.
(i) The corporation has a proactive approach for preserving the natural
environment and resources like water, oil and gas and fuels in places where
it is setting up power plants.
(ii) This has been possible through optimum utilisation of equipment adopting
latest techniques and upgrading existing equipment.
(iii) Minimising waste generation by maximising ash utilisation.
(iv) Providing green belts for nurturing ecological balance and addressing the
question of special purpose vehicles for afforestation.
(v) Reducing environmental pollution through ash pond management, ash
water recycling system and liquid waste management.
(vi) Ecological monitoring, reviews and on-line database management for all its
power stations.
(vii) Any other relevant point.

(Any five points to be explained.)

32 (a) How is democracy better than other types of government? Analyse. 64 P 5X1=5
(i) Democratic government promotes equality among citizens;
(ii) It enhances the dignity of the individual;
Page 12 of 20
 (iii) It improves the quality of decision-making;
(iv) It provides a method to resolve conflicts;
(v) It allows room to correct mistakes.
(vi) It is accountable, responsive and legitimate form of government
(vii) It accommodates social diversity.
(viii) Any other relevant point.
(Any five points to be analysed.)

OR
(b) Analyse the role of democracy in reducing inequality and poverty.
(i) Democracy strengthens the claims of the disadvantaged and discriminated
groups for equal status and equal opportunity. 69 P 5X1=5

(ii) Democracies are based on political equality. All individuals have equal
weight in electing representatives.
(iii) Democracy discourages discrimination on the basis of economic status,
language, religion etc.
(iv) Democratic governments make special provisions like reservation in
educational institutions and government jobs for socially and economically
weaker sections.
(v) Democratic government put forward schemes to eradicate poverty.
(vi) Democratic governments initiate employment generation programmes.
(vii) Economic inequalities are found in democratic countries.
(viii) Any other relevant point.

(Any five points to be analysed.)

33 (a) How is income an important factor in assessing the development of a 8 E 2+3=5

country? Mention the classification done by the World Bank.
(i) For comparing countries, their income is considered to be one of the most
important attributes.
(ii) Countries with higher income are more developed than others with less
income.
(iii) This is based on the understanding that more income means more of all
things that human beings need.

Page 13 of 20
 (iv) Whatever people like, and should have, they will be able to get with greater
income. So, greater income itself is considered to be one important goal.
(v) Any other relevant point.

(Any two points to be explained.)

Classification done by the World Bank-

According to the World Development Reports, brought out by the World
Bank (in 2019),
(i) Countries with per capita income of US$ 49,300 per annum and above, are
called high income or rich countries.
(ii) Countries with per capita income between US$ 2500 and US$ 49,300 are
called middle-income countries.
(iii) Countries with per capita income of US$ 2500 or less are called low-income
countries.
(iv) India comes in the category of middle-income countries because its per
capita income in 2019 was just US$ 6700 per annum.
(v) Any other relevant point.

(Any three points to be mentioned.)

OR

(b) How has the overuse of underground water created a serious crisis in many
parts of India? Explain with examples in the context of sustainable 14 E 2+3=5

development.
(i) Groundwater is an example of renewable resource. This resource is
replenished by nature.
(ii) Even this resource may be overused by excessive irrigation, industries etc.
(iii) In the case of groundwater, if we use more than what is being replenished
by rain then we would be overusing this resource.
(iv) Any other relevant point
(Any two points to be explained.)

Examples in the context of sustainability:

(i) Recent evidence suggests that the groundwater is under serious threat of
overuse in many parts of the country.
Page 14 of 20
 (ii) Many districts have reported steep decline in water level.
(iii) Nearly one-third of the country is overusing their groundwater reserves.
(iv) In the coming years, if the present way of using this resource continues,
most parts of the country will face a serious water crisis.
(v) Groundwater overuse is particularly found in the agriculturally prosperous
regions of Punjab and Western U.P., hard rock plateau areas of central and
south India, some coastal areas and the rapidly growing urban settlements.
(vi) Any other relevant point.

(Any three points to be explained.)

Section E 3X4= 12
CASE BASED/ SOURCE BASED QUESTIONS
34 Read the given source and answer the questions that follow: 115 H 1+1+2=4
Print Culture and the French Revolution
Many historians have argued that print culture created the conditions within which
French Revolution occurred. Some arguments have been usually put forward in this
context.
First: print popularised the ideas of the Enlightenment thinkers. Collectively, their
writings provided a critical commentary on tradition, superstition and despotism.
They argued for the rule of reason rather than custom, and demanded that
everything be judged through the application of reason and rationality. They
attacked the sacred authority of the Church and the despotic power of the state, thus
eroding the legitimacy of a social order based on tradition. The writings of Voltaire
and Rousseau were read widely; and those who read these books saw the world
through new eyes, eyes that were questioning, critical and rational.
Second: print created a new culture of dialogue and debate. All values, norms and
institutions were re-evaluated and discussed by a public that had become aware of
the power of reason, and recognised the need to question existing ideas and beliefs.
Within this public culture, new ideas of social revolution came into being.

34.1. What impact did the ideas of Enlightenment thinkers have on society?
(1)
(i) The writings of enlightened thinkers provided a critical commentary on
tradition, superstition and despotism.
(ii) They argued for the rule of reason rather than custom.

Page 15 of 20
 (iii) The writings of enlightened thinkers encouraged people to judge
everything through the application of reason and rationality.
(iv) Any other relevant point.
(Any one point to be mentioned.)

34.2. How did print culture affect religion in France? (1)

(i) The enlightened writers attacked the sacred authority of the Church.
(ii) They inspired the people to see the world through new eyes, eyes that were
questioning, critical and rational.
(iii) Any other relevant point.
(Any one point to be mentioned.)

34.3. How did print culture contribute to the social revolution in France? (2)
(i) Print created a new culture of dialogue and debate.
(ii) All values, norms and institutions were re-evaluated and discussed by a
public that had become aware of the power of reason.
(iii) People recognised the need to question existing ideas and beliefs and new
ideas of social revolution came into being.
(iv) Any other relevant point.
(Any two points to be explained.)
35 Read the given source and answer the questions that follow: 24 P 1+1+2=4
Decentralisation in India
The need for decentralisation was recognised in our Constitution. Since then, there
have been several attempts to decentralise power to the level of villages and towns.
Panchayats in villages and municipalities in urban areas were set up in all the
States. But these were directly under the control of state governments. Elections to
these local governments were not held regularly. Local governments did not have
any powers or resources of their own. Thus, there was very little decentralisation
in effective terms. A major step towards decentralisation was taken in 1992. The
Constitution was amended to make the third-tier of democracy more powerful and
effective.

35.1. At how many levels has decentralisation of power been done in the Indian
Constitution? (1)
- Central, State, Local Government (Urban and Rural)

Page 16 of 20
 35.2. Explain the role of local self-government in solving problems. (1)
(i) There are a large number of problems and issues which are best settled
at the local level.
(ii) People have better knowledge of problems in their localities.
(iii) They also have better ideas on where to spend money and how to
manage things more efficiently.
(iv) Any other relevant point
(Any one point to be explained.)
35.3.“Local government is the best way to realise one important principle of
democracy, namely local self-government.” Explain the statement. (2)
(i) Local government ensures representation of diverse groups.
(ii) It is possible for the people to directly participate in decision making.
(iii) It deepens the democracy through large participation of people.
(iv) Any other relevant point
(Any two points to be explained.)

36 Read the given source and answer the questions that follow: 46 E 1+1+2=4
Arun’s Story
Arun supervises the work of one farm labourer. Arun has seven acres of land. He
is one of the few persons in Sonpur to receive bank loan for cultivation. The interest
rate on the loan is 8·5 per cent per annum, and can be repaid anytime in the next
three years. Arun plans to repay the loan after harvest by selling a part of the crop.
He then intends to store the rest of the potatoes in a cold storage and apply for a
fresh loan from the bank against the cold storage receipt. The bank offers this
facility to farmers who have taken crop loan from them.

36.1 Under which source does Arun’s loan come? (1)

Bank/ Formal source

36.2. Mention one important term of credit for taking a loan from the bank.
(1)
(i) Collateral
(ii) Interest rate
(iii) Documentation
(iv) Mode of payment

Page 17 of 20
 (v) Any other relevant point
(Any one point to be mentioned.)

36.3. How is Arun’s loan beneficial? Explain any two reasons. (2)
(i) Rate of interest is low.
(ii) Loan can be repaid easily anytime in the next three years.
(iii) With the low interest he can save the capital and invest in other ventures or
can use next year for buying inputs.
(iv) Any other relevant point
(Any two points to be explained.)
Section F (2+3=5)
(Map Skill-Based Question)
37 (a) Two places ‘A’ and ‘B’ have been marked on the given political outline 2X1=2
map of India (on page 27). Identify them with the help of the following
information and write their correct names on the lines drawn near them.
A. The place where the session of Indian National Congress was held in
December 1927.
- Madras (Chennai)

B. The place where Jallianwala bagh incident took place.

- Amritsar
(FOR ANSWER PLEASE SEE THE ATTACHED MAP.)

Note: The following questions are for the Visually Impaired Candidates only, in
lieu of Q. No. 37 (a).
(a) (i) Name the place where the session of Indian National Congress was held 2X1=2
in December 1927.
- Madras (Chennai)

(ii) Name the place where Jallianwala bagh incident took place.
- Amritsar

(b) On the same political outline map of India, locate and label any three of
the following with suitable symbols:
3X1=3
(i) Eastern terminal station of the East-West corridor
(ii) Leading state in Coffee production

Page 18 of 20
 (iii) Nuclear power plant located in Uttar Pradesh.
(iv) Major seaport located in Odisha
(FOR ANSWER PLEASE SEE THE ATTACHED MAP.)

Note: The following questions are for the Visually Impaired Candidates only, in
lieu of Q. No. 37 (b).
(b) Attempt any three questions:
3X1=3
(i) Name the Eastern terminal station of the East-West corridor.
- Silchar (Assam)
(ii) Name the leading state in Coffee production.
- Karnataka
(i) Name the place where nuclear power plant is located in Uttar Pradesh.
- Naraura
(ii) Name the place where a major seaport is located in Odisha.
- Paradwip

Page 19 of 20
Page 20 of 20
 Section B (4X2=8)
(Very Short Answer Type Questions)
21 Suggest any two measures to remove gender inequality. 33 P 2X1=2
(i) By increasing the literacy rate among women
(ii) By increasing the political representation of women
(iii) By investing in education of girls.
(iv) Legal protection to women in the employment sector
(v) Any other relevant point.
Any two points to be suggested.
22 Explain two important characteristics of Black Soil. 7G 2X1=2
(i) It is black in colour and is also known as regur soil.
(ii) It is ideal for growing cotton and is also known as black cotton
soil.
(iii) It is believed that climatic conditions along with the parent rock
material are the important factors for the formation of black soil.
(iv) It is made up of extremely fine i.e. clayey material.
(v) It has the capacity to hold moisture.
(vi) It is rich in soil nutrients, such as calcium carbonate,
magnesium, potash and lime.
(vii) It is poor in phosphoric content.
(viii) Any other relevant point
Any two points to be explained.
23 (a) Explain the role of anti-colonial movement in the rise of ‘modern 29 H 2X1=2
nationalism’ in India.
(i) People began discovering their unity in the process of their
struggle with colonialism.
(ii) The sense of being oppressed under colonialism provided a shared
bond that tied many different groups together.
(iii) Each class and group felt the effects of colonialism differently,
their experiences were varied, and their notions of freedom were
not always the same.

4
 (iv) Anti-colonial movements like Non-Cooperation Movement, Civil
Disobedience Movement, Quit India Movement etc. played a big
role in the rise of the modern nationalism in India.
(v) Any other relevant point.
Any two points to be explained.
OR
(b) Why did Gandhiji say ‘Satyagraha is pure soul force’ ? Explain 31 H 2X1=2
by giving arguments.
(i) Satyagraha is pure soul force because truth is the very
substance of the soul. That is why this force is called
Satyagraha.
(ii) The soul is informed with knowledge. In it burns the flame
of love. Non-violence is the supreme dharma.
(iii) According to Mahatma Gandhi, Satyagraha is not physical
force.
(iv) A satyagrahi does not inflict pain on the adversity; he does
not seek his destruction. In the use of satyagraha, there is no
ill-will whatever.
(v) Any other relevant point.
Any two points to be explained.

24 How did improvement in transportation technology stimulate the 62E 2X1=2

globalization process?

(i) Faster delivery of goods across long distances possible at lower

costs.
(ii) With the improvement in transportation technology people can
travel long distances in a very short span of time.
(iii) It has facilitated trade (Domestic and International)
(iv) Any other relevant point.
(Any two points to be explained)

5
 Section C (5X3=15)
(Short Answer Type Questions)
25 “The idea of nationalism developed through a movement to revive 47H 3X1=3
Indian folklore.” Explain the statement in the context of the national
movement.
(i) In late-nineteenth-century India, nationalists began recording folk
tales sung by bards.
(ii) They toured villages to gather folk songs and legends.
(iii)These tales gave a true picture of traditional culture that had been
corrupted and damaged by outside forces.
(iv) It was essential to preserve this folk tradition in order to discover
one’s national identity and restore a sense of pride in one’s past.
(v) In Bengal, Rabindranath Tagore himself began collecting ballads,
nursery rhymes and myths, and led the movement for folk revival.
(vi) In Madras, Natesa Sastri published a massive four-volume
collection of Tamil folk tales, The Folklore of Southern India.
(vii) He believed that folklore was national literature; it was ‘the most
trustworthy manifestation of people’s real thoughts and
characteristics’
(viii) Any other relevant point
Any three points to be explained

26 Read the story of Rinjha and answer the question that follows: 30 G 1+2=3
Story of Rinjha
Rinjha lived with her family in a small village at the outskirts of Diphu
in Assam. She enjoys watching her family members clearing, slashing and
burning a patch of land for cultivation. She often helps them in irrigating the
fields with water running through a bamboo canal from the nearby spring.
She loves the surroundings and wants to stay here as long as she can, but this
little girl has no idea about the declining fertility of the soil and her family’s
search for a fresh patch of land in the next season.
What type of farming is Rinjha’s family doing ? Describe any two of its
characteristics.

6
 Type of farming-Primitive subsistence farming
Features of primitive subsistence farming:
(i) This farming is practiced on small patches of land.
(ii) It is done with the help of primitive tools like hoe, dao and
digging sticks.
(iii) It is done with the help of family or community labour.
(iv) This type of farming depends upon monsoon, natural fertility of
the soil and suitability of other environmental conditions to the
crops grown.
(v) Any other relevant point
Any two points to be described.
27 “Political power cannot be divided.” Analyse suitable arguments 8,9,65P 3X1=3
against the statement.
(i) Power sharing is the essence of democracy.
(ii) One basic principle of democracy is that people are the source of
all political power.
(iii) Undivided political power means dictatorship or totalitarianism
which is absolutely against the principles of democracy.
(iv) Division or decentralization of power brings accountability and
responsiveness.
(v) Divided power ensures checks and balances.
(vi) Division of power brings transparency in governance.
(vii) In a democracy, people rule themselves through the institutions of
self government.
(viii) Division and sharing of power is valuable and legitimate.
(ix) In a good democratic government , due respect is given to diverse
groups and views that exist in a society.
(x) Everone has a voice in the shaping of public policies.
(xi) Divided power improves the quality of decision making and
dignity of individuals.
(xii) Any other relevant point
Any three points to be analyzed.

7
28 (a) Explain the importance of political parties in democracy. 48,49 P 3X1=3
(i) Political parties are the most visible institution in a democracy.
(ii) They reflect fundamental political division in society.
(iii) Political parties contest elections.
(iv) Parties put forward different policies and programmes and the
voters chose them.
(v) Parties play a decisive role in making laws for the country.
(vi) Parties form and run government.
(vii) Parties play the role of opposition by voicing different views and
criticizing the government for its wrong policies.
(viii) Parties shape public opinion.
(ix) Parties provide people access to government machinery and welfare
schemes.
(x) Any other relevant point.
Any three points to be explained.
OR
(b) Why did India adopt the multiparty system? Explain with suitable 51 P 3X1=3
arguments.
(i) Party system is not something any country can choose. Each
country develops a party system that is conditioned by its special
circumstances.
(ii) India adopted mult-party system due to its social diversity.
(iii) India has vast geographical diversity. So in such a large country
diversity is not absorbed by two or even three parties.
(iv) Multiparty system allows a variety of interest and opinions to
enjoy political representation.
(v) Any other relevant point
Any three points to be explained.
29 Evaluate the contribution of Tertiary Sector in Gross Domestic 24 E 3X1=3
Product (GDP) in India.
(i) The tertiary sector has emerged as the largest sector in India.
(ii) This sector includes services like hospitals, post office, transport,
banking, insurance etc. thereby creating large scale emplyoment.

8
 (iii) This sector boosts the overall economy by providing varied
services and contributes significantly in the GDP.
(iv) With the development of primary and secondary sectors the
demand for services has increased.
(v) With the rise in income level demand for certain services like
restaurants, tourism, shopping etc. has also increased.
(vi) Certin new services based on information and technology have
become important and essential and is one of the most significant
contrubutor to India’s GDP.
(vii) Any other relevant point
Any three points to be evaluated.
Section D (4X5=20)
(Long Answer Type Questions)
30 (a) “Culture played an important role in creating the idea of the nation 13 H 5X1=5
in 19th century Europe.” Evaluate the statement in the context of
romanticism.
(i) Art and poetry, stories and music helped express and shape
nationalist feelings.
(ii) Romanticism, a cultural movement which sought to develop a
particular form of nationalist sentiment.
(iii) Romantic artists and poets generally criticised the glorification of
reason and science and focused instead on emotions, intuition and
mystical feelings.
(iv) Their effort was to create a sense of a shared collective heritage, a
common cultural past, as the basis of a nation.
(v) Romantics such as the German philosopher Johann Gottfried
Herder (1744-1803) claimed that true German culture was to be
discovered among the common people – das volk.
(vi) It was through folk songs, folk poetry and folk dances that the true
spirit of the nation was popularized.
(vii) So collecting and recording these forms of folk culture was
essential to the project of nation-building. The Grimm brothers saw
French domination as a threat to German culture and believed that

9
 the folktales they had collected were expressions of a pure and
authentic German spirit.
(viii) Language played an important role in developing nationalist
sentiments. Polish was used for Church gatherings and all religious
instruction as weapon of resistance against Russian domination.
(ix) Karol Kurpinski celebrated the national struggle through his operas
and music, turning folk dances like the polonaise and mazurka into
nationalist symbols.
(x) Any other relevant point.
Any five points to be evaluated.

OR
(b) “The most serious source of nationalist tension in Europe after
1871 was the area called the Balkans.” Evaluate the statement in the 26 H 5X1=5
context of Slavic Movement.
(i) The Balkans was a region of geographical and ethnic variation
comprising modern-day Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Greece,
Macedonia, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Slovenia, Serbia and
Montenegro whose inhabitants were broadly known as the Slavs.
(ii) A large part of the Balkans was under the control of the Ottoman
Empire.
(iii) The spread of the ideas of romantic nationalism in the Balkans
together with the disintegration of the Ottoman Empire made this
region very explosive.
(iv) One by one Ottoman Empire’s European subject nationalities
broke away from its control and declared independence.
(v) The Balkan peoples based their claims for independence or
political rights on nationality and used history to prove that they
had once been independent but had subsequently been subjugated
by foreign powers.
(vi) The rebellious nationalities in the Balkans thought of their
struggles as attempts to win back their long-lost independence

10
 (vii) .As the different Slavic nationalities struggled to define their
identity and independence, the Balkan area became an area of
intense conflict.
(viii) The Balkan states were fiercely jealous of each other and each
hoped to gain more territory at the expense of the others.
(ix) Any other relevant point.
Any five points to be evaluated.
31 (a) “Recent evidence suggests that the overuse of groundwater is 14 E 5X1=5
becoming a serious threat in many parts of the country.” Evaluate
the statement in the context of sustainability of development.
(i) Sustainability refers to that kind of economic development that
should take place without damaging the environment and
development in the present should not compromise with the need
of the future generations.
(ii) Ground water is an example of renewable resources. These
resources are replenished by nature.
(iii) The over use ground water is becoming a serious threat in many
parts of the country due to population growth and agricultural
practices.
(iv) Excessive use of ground water for irrigation can deplete ground
water level.
(v) A lack of effective policies and regulation can lead to
unsustainable ground water use.
(vi) About 300 districts have reported a water level decline of over 4
meters during the past 20 years.
(vii) Nearly one third of the country is over using their ground water
reserves.
(viii) In another 25 years, 60 percent of the country would be doing the
same if the present way of using this resource continues.
(ix) Ground water overuse is particularly found in the agriculturly
prosperous regions of Punjab and Western Uttar Pradesh etc.
(x) Judicious use of water resources.

11
 (xi) Control over dumping of excessive and toxic waste on land to
prevent pollution of ground water.
(xii) Any other relevant point.
Any five points to be evaluated.
OR
(b) “The development goals of different categories of people may 4,5E 5X1=5
differ.” Evaluate the statement.
(i) Each one of us seeks different things in our life.
(ii) People seek things that are most important for them, which can fulfill
their aspirations or desires.
(iii) At times, two persons or group of persons may seek things which are
conflicting.
(iv) For example, a girl expects as much freedom and opportunities as
her brother and that he also shares in the household work.
(v) What may be the development for one may not be the development
of others.
(vi) For example, an industrialist may want more dams for electricity but
for the people who are displaced might resent this.
(vii) Any other relevant point.
Any five points to be evaluated.
32 (a)“One distinct feature of democracy is that its scrutiny never ends.” 72 P 5X1=5
Explain the statement with appropriate arguments.
(i) As democracy passes one test, it produces another test.
(ii) As people get some benefits of democracy they ask for more and
want to make democracy better.
(iii) In a democratic setup people always come up with more
expectations.
(iv) It could be considered as a testimony to the success of
democracy.
(v) It shows that people have developed awareness and the ability to
expect and to look critically at power holders and the high and
the mighty.

12
 (vi) A public expression of dissatisfaction with democracy shows the
success of the democratic project.
(vii) It transforms people from the status of a subject into that of a
citizen.
(viii) Any other relevant point.
Any five points to be explained.
OR
(b) “Democratic system is better than other systems.” Explain the 64 P 5x1=5
statement with appropriate arguments.
(i) It promotes equality among citizens.
(ii) It enhances the dignity of the individual.
(iii) It improves the quality of decision-making.
(iv) It provides a method to resolve conflicts.
(v) It allows room to correct mistakes.
(vi) It is an accountable form of government.
(vii) It is based on the idea of deliberation and negotiations.
(viii) It is responsive form of government.
(ix) It is a legitimate government.
(x) It accommodates social diversity
(xi) Any other relevant point.
Any five points to be explained.

33 (a) “Manufacturing industries are considered the backbone of the 58 G 5X1=5

economic development of a country.” Justify the statement.
(i) The economic strength of a country is measured by the
development of manufacturing industries.
(ii) Manufacturing industries help in modernizing agriculture.
(iii) They provide jobs in the secondary and tertiary sectors.
(iv) Industrial development is a pre-condition for eradication of
unemployment and poverty.
(v) Export of manufactured goods expands trade and commerce and
brings much needed foreign exchange.

13
 (vi) Countries that transform their raw material into a wide variety of
finished goods of higher values are prosperous.
(vii) It also aimed at bringing down regional disparities by establishing
industries in tribal and backward areas.
(viii) Any other relevant point.
Any five points to be justified.
OR
(b) “Agriculture and industries complement each other.” Justify the 58,59 5X1=5
statement. G
(i) Agriculture and industries are not exclusive of each other. They
move hand in hand.
(ii) For instance, Agro-industries in India have given a major boost to
agriculture by raising its productivity.
(iii) Industries depend on agriculture for raw material and provide their
products, for example, irrigation pumps, fertilizers, insecticides,
pesticides, plastic and PVC pipes, machines and tools etc to the
agricultural sector.
(iv) The development and competitiveness of manufacturing industries
has not only assisted agriculturists in increasing their production but
also made production process very efficient.
(v) In the present day of globalization, our industries need to be more
efficient and competitive. This will increase the productivity of the
agriculture sector as well.
(vi) Any other relevant point.
Any five points to be justified.

Section E 3X4=12
CASE/SOURCE- BASED QUESTIONS
34 Read the given source and answer the questions that follow: 26 P
An Experiment in Brazil
A city called Porto Alegre in Brazil has carried out an extraordinary
experiment in combining decentralisation with participative democracy.
The city has set up a parallel organisation operating alongside the

14
municipal council, enabling local inhabitants to take real decisions for
their city. The nearly 13 lakh people in this city get to participate in
making the budget for their own city. The city is divided into many
sectors or what we call wards. Each sector has a meeting, like that of the
gram sabha, in which anyone living in that area can participate. There
are some meetings to discuss issues that affect the entire city. Any citizen
of the city can participate in those meetings. The budget of the city is
discussed in these meetings. The proposals are put to the municipality
that takes a final decision about it.

(34.1) Explain the meaning of 'participatory democracy'.

(i) Participatory democracy means participation or direct involvement in 1
decision making process.

(34.2) In the context of separation of powers, the given example defines

which type of government? 1
(i) Local Self Government.

(34.3) Describe the structure of the system in India which is almost

similar to the above example of Brazil. 2
(i) Local Self Government- Panchayati Raj, Municipality and Municipal
Corporation.
(ii) All bodies of Local Self Government are elected by the people.
(iii)Gram Sabha in the Gram Panchayat where people of that area
participate directly.
(iv) Any other relevant point.
Any two points to be described.

15
35 Read the source and answer the questions that follow: 47 E
Loans from Cooperatives
Besides banks, the other major source of cheap credit in rural areas are
the cooperative societies (or cooperatives). Members of a cooperative
pool their resources for cooperation in certain areas. There are several
types of cooperatives possible such as farmers cooperatives, weavers
cooperatives, industrial workers cooperatives, etc. Krishak Cooperative
functions in a village not very far away from Sonpur. It has 2300 farmers
as members. It accepts deposits from its members. With these deposits
as collateral, the Cooperative has obtained a large loan from the bank.
These funds are used to provide loans to members. Once these loans are
repaid, another round of lending can take place.
Krishak Cooperative provides loans for the purchase of agricultural
implements, loans for cultivation and agricultural trade, fishery loans,
loans for construction of houses and for a variety of other expenses.

(35.1) Cooperative societies come under which source of credit?

1
(i) Formal sources of credit

(35.2) Mention any two sources of capital of cooperative societies. ½+½= 1

(i) Deposits from the members of the cooperative
(ii) With the deposit as collateral the co-opearatives obtain large
loans from banks.
(iii) Interest earned on loans given by Cooperatives.
(iv) Any other relevant point.
Any two points to be mentioned.
(35.3) Explain the role of cooperative societies in increasing the income
2
of farmers.
(i) Co-operative societies provide loans on low interest rates which can
be further used for increasing crop production.
(ii) They also give interest on deposits. This promotes small saving
habits for the farmers.
(iii) Co-operatives provide loans for variety of expenses such as the
purchase of agricultural implements fisheries loans etc. which further
leads to increase the income of farmers.
(iv) Any other relevant point.
Any two points to be explained

16
36 Read the source and answer the questions that follow: 127 H
Print and Censorship
The power of the printed word is most often seen in the way governments
seek to regulate and suppress print. The colonial government kept
continuous track of all books and newspapers published in India and
passed numerous laws to control the press.
During the First World War, under the Defence of India Rules, 22
newspapers had to furnish securities. Of these, 18 shut down rather than
comply with government orders. The Sedition Committee Report under
Rowlatt in 1919 further strengthened controls that led to imposition of
penalties on various newspapers. At the outbreak of the Second World
War, the Defence of India Act was passed, allowing censoring of reports
of war-related topics. All reports about the Quit India movement came
under its purview. In August 1942, about 90 newspapers were
suppressed.
(36.1) Explain the meaning of 'censor'. 1
(i) Censor means tracking of all books and newspaper published.
(ii) It means controlling the publication of books and newspapers that
are critical of government policies.
(iii)Any other relevant point.
Any one point to be explained.
(36.2) Why did the colonial administration keep an eye on books and 1
newspapers?
(i) Several books and newspapers were critical of the Britishers misrule
and encouraged nationalist activities.
(ii) Vernacular press was assertively nationalist.
(iii)The colonial government kept an eye on books and newspapers
because the government wanted to supress print and passed numerous
laws to control the press.
(iv) These books and newspapers created a sense of unity amongst
Indians.
(v) Any other relevant point.
Any one point to be explained.

17
 (36.3) Why did Gandhiji start a nationwide Satyagraha against the 2
Rowlatt Act? Explain any two reasons.
(i) The Rowlatt Act gave the government enormous powers to repress
political activities.
(ii) The act allowed the detention of political prisoners without trial for
two years.
(iii)Any other relevant point.
Any two point to be explained.

Section F (2+3=5)
(Map Skill-Based Question)
37 (a) Two places ‘A’ and ‘B’ have been marked on the given political 2x1=2
outline map of India (on page 27). Identify them with the help of
the following information and write their correct names on the lines
drawn near them.
A. The place where the session of the Indian National Congress was
held in 1920. Nagpur
B. The place where Gandhiji started Dandi March. Sabarmati
Note: The following questions are for the Visually Impaired Candidates
only, in lieu of Q. No. 37 (a)
(a)(i) Name the place where the session of Indian National Congress 2x1=2
was held in 1920.
Nagpur/Kolkata (Calcutta)
(i) Name the place where Gandhiji started Dandi March.
Sabarmati

(b) On the same political outline map of India, locate and label any three
of the following with suitable symbols: 3x1=3
(i) Leading state in production of Jute- West Bengal
(ii) Atomic Power Plant located in Gujarat- Kakrapara
(iii) Iron and Steel Plant located in Jharkhand-Bokaro/Jamshedpur
(iv) Sri Guru Ram Das Jee International Airport-Amritsar

Note-For answers, see the attached map.

Note: The following questions are for the Visually Impaired Candidates
3x1=3
only, in lieu of Q. No. 37 (b)
(b)Attempt any three questions.
(i) Name the leading state in production of Jute.
West Bengal

18
(ii) Name the place where an Atomic Power Plant is located in
Gujarat.
Kakrapara
(iii)Name the place where an iron and Steel Plant is located in
Jharkhand.
Bokaro/ Jamshedpur
(iv) Name the place where Sri Guru Ram Das Jee International
Airport is located.
Amritsar

19
 SECTION B 4X2=8
(Very Short Answer Type Questions)
21 How did the process of liberalization initiated in India in the 1990s 64 E 2X1=2
promote globalization? Explain.
(i) The process of Liberalization i.e. removing barriers or restrictions set
by the government was started in the 1990s.
(ii) The government decided that the time had come for Indian producers
to compete with producers around the globe.
(iii) It has facilitated the MNCs to set up their factories in India. Thus,
Indian economy was integrated to the world economy and process of
globalization started in India.
(iv) Several steps were taken to attract foreign investment. Many SEZs
were established in the country.
(v) Several steps taken so that goods could be imported and exported
easily and also foreign companies could set up factories and offices
here. It has increased India’s foreign trade.
(vi) Any other relevant point.
Any two points to be explained.
22 Explain any two measures to solve the problem of land degradation. 6G 2X1=2
(i) Afforestation
(ii) Proper management of grazing
(iii) Planting shelter belts of plants
(iv) Stabilization of sand dunes by growing thorny bushes.
(v) Proper management of waste land
(vi) Control of mining activities
(vii) Proper discharge and disposal of industrial effluents and waste
(viii) Any other relevant point.
Any two points to be explained.

23 Suggest any two measures to increase the number of women in 34,35 P 2X1=2
legislatures of India.
(i) To ensure a fair proportion of women in the elected bodies.
(ii) To enhance political education and awareness amongst women.

4
 (iii) Increase education and skill development among women.
(iv) Laws like Nari Shakti Vandan Adhiniyam, 2023 should be
effectively implemented.
(v) Any other relevant point
Any two points to be suggested.
24 (a) Explain the role of anti-colonial movement in the rise of ‘modern 29 H 2X1=2
nationalism’ in India.
(i) People began discovering their unity in the process of their
struggle with colonialism.
(ii) The sense of being oppressed under colonialism provided a
shared bond that tied many different groups together.
(iii) Each class and group felt the effects of colonialism differently,
their experiences were varied and their notions of freedom
were not always the same.
(iv) Anti-colonial movements like Non-Cooperation Movement,
Civil Disobedience Movement, Quit India Movement etc.
played a big role in the rise of the modern nationalism in India.
(v) Any other relevant point.
Any two points to be explained.
OR
(b) Why did Gandhiji say ‘Satyagraha is pure soul force’? Explain by 31 H 2X1=2
giving arguments.
(i) Satyagraha is pure soul force because truth is the very substance
of the soul. That is why this force is called Satyagraha.
(ii) The soul is informed with knowledge. In it burns the flame of
love. Non-violence is the supreme dharma.
(iii) According to Mahatma Gandhi, Satyagraha is not a physical
force.
(iv) A satyagrahi does not inflict pain on the adversity; he does not
seek his destruction. In the use of satyagraha, there is no ill-will
whatever.
(v) Any other relevant point.
Any two points to be explained.
Section C (5X3=15)
(Short Answer Type Questions)
25 Workers too had their own understanding of Mahatma Gandhi and the 36 H 3X1=3
notion of Swaraj.” Support the statement in context of plantation
workers of Assam.
(i) Workers too had their own understanding of Mahatma Gandhi’s ideas
and the notion of swaraj.
(ii) For plantation workers in Assam, freedom meant the right to move
freely in and out of the confined space in which they were enclosed.

5
 (iii) It meant retaining a link with the village from which they had come.
(iv) Under the Inland Emigration Act of 1859, plantation workers were
not permitted to leave the tea gardens without permission, and in fact
they were rarely given such permission.
(v) When they heard of the Non-Cooperation Movement, thousands of
workers defied the authorities, left the plantations and headed home.
(vi) They believed that Gandhi Raj was coming, and everyone would be
given land in their own villages.
(vii) They, however, never reached their destination. Stranded on the way
by a railway and steamer strike, they were caught by the police and
brutally beaten up.
(viii) Any other relevant point.
Any three points to be explained.

26 (a) Explain the importance of political parties in democracy. 48,49 P 3x1=3

(i) Political parties are the most visible institution in a democracy.
(ii) They reflect fundamental political division in society.
(iii) Political parties contest elections.
(iv) Parties put forward different policies and programmes and the
voters chose them.
(v) Parties play a decisive role in making laws for the country.
(vi) Parties form and run government.
(vii) Parties play the role of opposition by voicing different views and
criticizing the government for its wrong policies.
(viii) Parties shape public opinion.
(ix) Parties provide people access to government machinery and
welfare schemes.
(x) Any other relevant point.
Any three examples to be explained.

51 P 3x1=3

6
 OR
(b) Why did India adopt the multiparty system? Explain with suitable
arguments.
(i) Party system is not something any country can choose. Each
country develops a party system that is conditioned by its special
circumstances.
(ii) India adopted multi-party system due to its social diversity.
(iii) India has vast geographical diversity. So, in such a large country
diversity is not absorbed by two or even three parties.
(iv) Multiparty system allows a variety of interest and opinions to
enjoy political representation.
(v) Any other relevant point
Any three examples to be explained.
27 “Power sharing is the very spirit of democracy.” Support the statement 6P 3X1=3
by giving suitable arguments.
(i) It helps to reduce the conflict between social groups.
(ii) Power sharing is a good way to ensure the stability of political
order.
(iii) It is good for the unity of the nation.
(iv) People are the source of political power.
(v) Respect is given to diverse groups and views.
(vi) Any other relevant point.
Any three points to be explained.
28 Read the story of Rinjha and answer the question that follows: 30 G
Story of Rinjha
Rinjha lived with her family in a small village at the outskirts of Diphu
in Assam. She enjoys watching her family members clearing, slashing and
burning a patch of land for cultivation. She often helps them in irrigating the
fields with water running through a bamboo canal from the nearby spring.
She loves the surroundings and wants to stay here as long as she can, but this
little girl has no idea about the declining fertility of the soil and her family’s
search for a fresh patch of land in the next season.

7
 What type of farming is Rinjha’s family doing ? Describe any two of its 1+2=3
characteristics.
Type of farming-Primitive subsistence farming
Features of primitive subsistence farming:
(i) This farming is practiced on small patches of land.
(ii) It is done with the help of primitive tools like hoe, dao and digging
sticks.
(iii) It is done with the help of family or community labour.
(iv) This type of farming depends upon monsoon, natural fertility of the
soil and suitability of other environmental conditions to the crops
grown.
(v) Any other relevant point
Any two points to be described.
29 Explain the difference between organized and unorganized sector of 30 E 3X1=3
economy with example.
(i) Organized sector covers those enterprises or places of work where
the terms of employment are regular and therefore, people have
assured work. Whereas unorganized sector is characterized by small
and scattered units which are largely outside the control of the
government.
(ii) Organized sectors are registered by the government and have to
follow its rules and regulations whereas in unorganized sector these
are not followed.
(iii) Workers in the organized sector enjoy security of employment
whereas employment is not secured in the unorganized sector.
(iv) Employees in the organized sector are expected to work only a fixed
number of hours. If they work more, they have to be paid overtime
by the employer whereas in unorganized sector jobs are low paid,
working hours are not fixed and there is no provision for overtime.
(v) Employees in the organized sector get paid leave, payment during
holidays, provident fund, gratuity etc. whereas there are no such
facilities for the employees of the unorganized sector.
(vi) Any other relevant point
Any three points to be explained.

8
 Section D (4X5=20)
(Long Answer Type Questions)
30 Analyse the role of Giuseppe Mazzini in the unification of Italy. 12,20H 5X1=5
(i) Giuseppe Mazzini was an Italian revolutionary, born in Genoa in
1807.
(ii) He became a member of the secret society of the Carbonari.
(iii) As a young man of 24, he was sent into exile in 1831 for
attempting a revolution in Liguria.
(iv) He founded two more underground societies, first, ‘Young Italy’ in
Marseilles, and then, ‘Young Europe’ in Berne.
(v) Mazzini believed that God had intended nations to be the natural
units of mankind. So, Italy could not continue to be a patchwork of
small states and kingdoms.
(vi) It had to be forged into a single unified republic within a wider
alliance of nations.
(vii) This unification alone could be the basis of Italian liberty.
(viii) Giuseppe Mazzini had sought to put together a coherent
programme for a unitary Italian Republic.
(ix) Any other relevant point
Any five points to be analyzed
OR
(b) “The 1830s were considered as beginning of great difficulties in 15 H 5X1=5
Europe.” Analyze the statement.
(i) The first half of the nineteenth century saw an enormous increase in
population all over Europe.
(ii) In most countries there were more seekers of jobs than employment.
(iii) Population from rural areas migrated to the cities to live in
overcrowded slums.
(iv) Small producers in towns were often faced with stiff competition
from imports of cheap machine-made goods from England, where
industrialization was more advanced than on the continent.

9
 (v) In those regions of Europe where the aristocracy still enjoyed
power, peasants struggled under the burden of feudal dues and
obligations.
(vi) The rise in food prices or a year of bad harvest led to widespread
pauperism in town and country.
(vii) Any other relevant point
Any five points to be analyzed.
31 (a) Explain the role of industries in increasing air pollution and suggest 66 G 2+3=5
any three measures to reduce air pollution.
Role of Industries in increasing air pollution: 2x1=2
(i) Air pollution is caused by the presence of a high proportion of
undesirable gases, such as sulphur dioxide and carbon monoxide.
(ii) Air borne particulate materials contain both solid and liquid
particles like dust, sprays mist and smoke.
(iii) Smoke is emitted by chemical and paper factories, brick kilns,
refineries and smelting plants, and burning of fossil fuels in big
and small factories that ignore pollution norms.
(iv) Toxic gas leaks can be very hazardous with long-term effects.
(v) Any other relevant point
Any two points to be explained.
Measures to reduce air pollution: 68 G 3x1=3
(i) Particulate matter in the air can be reduced by fitting smoke
stacks to factories.
(ii) Electrostatic precipitators, fabric filters, scrubbers and inertial
separators can also be fitted.
(iii) Smoke can be reduced by using oil or gas instead of coal in
factories.
(iv) Authorities should impose heavy fines on industries violating
emission laws.
(v) Any other relevant point
Any three points to be explained.

10
 OR 66 G 2+3=5
(b) Explain the role of industries in increasing water pollution and
suggest any three measures to reduce water pollution. 2x1=2
Role of industries in increasing water pollution:
(i) Water pollution is caused by organic and inorganic industrial waste
and affluents discharged into rivers.
(ii) Main culprits are paper, pulp, chemical, textile and dyeing,
petroleum refineries, tanneries and electroplating industries
(iii) They let out dyes, detergents, acids, salts and heavy metals like
lead and mercury pesticides, fertilizers, synthetic chemicals with
carbon, plastics and rubber, etc. into the water bodies.
(iv) Fly ash, phospho-gypsum and iron and steel slags are the major
solid wastes in India.
(v) Any other relevant point.
Any two points to be explained 68 G 3x1=3
Measures to reduce water pollution:
(i) Minimizing use of water for processing by reusing and recycling it
in two or more successive stages
(ii) Harvesting of rainwater to meet water requirements
(iii) Treating hot water and effluents before releasing them in rivers and
ponds.
(iv) Treatment of industrial effluents can be done in three phases
(a) Primary treatment by mechanical means. This involves screening,
grinding, flocculation and sedimentation.
(b) Secondary treatment by biological process
(c) Tertiary treatment by biological, chemical and physical processes.
This involves recycling wastewater.
(v) Any other relevant point
Any three points to be explained.

11
32 (a) “Recent evidence suggests that the overuse of groundwater is 14 E 5X1=5
becoming a serious threat in many parts of the country.” Evaluate
the statement in the context of sustainability of development.
(i) Sustainability refers to that kind of economic development that
should take place without damaging the environment and
development in the present should not compromise with the need
of the future generations.
(ii) Ground water is an example of renewable resources. These
resources are replenished by nature.
(iii) The overuse ground water is becoming a serious threat in many
parts of the country due to population growth and agricultural
practices.
(iv) Excessive use of ground water for irrigation can deplete ground
water level.
(v) A lack of effective policies and regulation can lead to
unsustainable ground water use.
(vi) About 300 districts have reported a water level decline of over 4
meters during the past 20 years.
(vii) Nearly one third of the country is overusing their ground water
reserves.
(viii) In another 25 years, 60 percent of the country would be doing the
same if the present way of using this resource continues.
(ix) Ground water overuse is particularly found in the agriculturally
prosperous regions of Punjab and Western Uttar Pradesh etc.
(x) Judicious use of water resources.
(xi) Control over dumping of excessive and toxic waste on land to
prevent pollution of ground water.
(xii) Any other relevant point.
Any five points to be evaluated.
4,5E 5X1=5

OR
(b) “The development goals of different categories of people may
differ.” Evaluate the statement.
(i) Each one of us seeks different things in our life.
(ii) People seek things that are most important for them, which can
fulfill their aspirations or desires.
(iii) At times, two persons or group of persons may seek things which
are conflicting.
(iv) For example, a girl expects as much freedom and opportunities as
her brother and that he also shares in the household work.
(v) What may be the development for one may not be the development
of others.

12
 (vi) For example, an industrialist may want more dams for electricity
but for the people who are displaced might resent this.
(vii) Any other relevant point.
Any five points to be evaluated.

33 (a) Explain any five bases for assessing the outcomes of democracy. 64,65 P 5x1=5
The outcomes of democracy can be assessed on the following basis:
(i) Promotes equality among citizens.
(ii) Enhances the dignity of the individual.
(iii) Improves the quality of decision making.
(iv) Provides methods to resolve conflicts.
(v) Allows room to correct mistakes.
(vi) Accommodates social diversity.
(vii) Produces a government that is accountable to the citizens.
(viii) Responsive to the needs and expectations of the citizens.
(ix) Based on ideas of deliberation and negotiations.
(x) Any other relevant point.
Any five points to be explained.
OR
(b) Explain any five values of democracy.

(i) Equal rights and opportunities. 64,65 P 5x1=5

(ii) Freedom to express oneself.
(iii) Choose their leaders and participate in the political process.
(iv) Based on respect, dignity and freedom.
(v) In a democracy, citizens have the right and means to examine the
process of decision making.
(vi) Accommodates social diversity.
(vii) Produces a government that is accountable to the citizens.
(viii) Responsive to the needs and expectations of the citizens.
(ix) Based on ideas of deliberation and negotiations.
(x) Any other relevant point.
Any five points to be explained.

Section E 3X4=12
(CASE/SOURCE- BASED QUESTIONS)
34 Read the given source and answer the questions that follow: 47 E
Loans from Cooperatives
Besides banks, the other major source of cheap credit in rural areas are
the cooperative societies (or cooperatives). Members of a cooperative
pool their resources for cooperation in certain areas. There are several

13
types of cooperatives possible such as farmers cooperatives, weavers
cooperatives, industrial workers cooperatives, etc. Krishak Cooperative
functions in a village not very far away from Sonpur. It has 2300 farmers
as members. It accepts deposits from its members. With these deposits
as collateral, the Cooperative has obtained a large loan from the bank.
These funds are used to provide loans to members. Once these loans are
repaid, another round of lending can take place.
Krishak Cooperative provides loans for the purchase of agricultural
implements, loans for cultivation and agricultural trade, fishery loans,
loans for construction of houses and for a variety of other expenses.

(34.1) Cooperative societies come under which source of credit?

(i) Formal sources of credit
1
(34.2) Mention any two sources of capital of cooperative societies.
(i) Deposits from the members of the cooperative ½+½= 1
(ii) With the deposit as collateral the co-operatives obtain large loans
from banks.
(iii) Interest earned on loans given by Cooperatives.
(iv) Any other relevant point.
Any two points to be mentioned.
(34.3) Explain the role of cooperative societies in increasing the income
of farmers. 2
(i) Co-operative societies provide loans on low interest rates which
can be further used for increasing crop production.
(ii) They also give interest on deposits. This promotes small saving
habits for the farmers.
(iii) Co-operatives provide loans for variety of expenses such as the
purchase of agricultural implements, fisheries loans etc. which
further leads to increase the income of farmers.
(iv) Any other relevant point.
Any two points to be explained.

14
35 Read the given source and answer the questions that follow: 127 H
Print and Censorship
The power of the printed word is most often seen in the way governments
seek to regulate and suppress print. The colonial government kept
continuous track of all books and newspapers published in India and
passed numerous laws to control the press.
During the First World War, under the Defence of India Rules, 22
newspapers had to furnish securities. Of these, 18 shut down rather than
comply with government orders. The Sedition Committee Report under
Rowlatt in 1919 further strengthened controls that led to imposition of
penalties on various newspapers. At the outbreak of the Second World
War, the Defence of India Act was passed, allowing censoring of reports
of war-related topics. All reports about the Quit India movement came
under its purview. In August 1942, about 90 newspapers were
suppressed.
(35.1) Explain the meaning of 'censor'.
(i) Censor means tracking of all books and newspaper published.
(ii) It means controlling the publication of books and newspapers that 1
are critical of government policies.
(iii) Any other relevant point.
Any one point to be explained.
(35.2) Why did the colonial administration keep an eye on books and
newspapers?
(i) Several books and newspapers were critical of the Britishers misrule 1
and encouraged nationalist activities.
(ii) Vernacular press was assertively nationalist.
(iii) The colonial government kept an eye on books and newspapers
because the government wanted to supress print and passed numerous
laws to control the press.
(iv) These books and newspapers created a sense of unity amongst Indians.
(v) Any other relevant point.
Any one point to be explained.

15
 (35.3) Why did Gandhiji start a nationwide Satyagraha against the
Rowlatt Act? Explain any two reasons.
(i) The Rowlatt Act gave the government enormous powers to repress 2
political activities.
(ii) The act allowed the detention of political prisoners without trial for
two years.
(iii) Any other relevant point.
Any two point to be explained.

36 Read the given source and answer the questions that follow: 26 P
An Experiment in Brazil
A city called Porto Alegre in Brazil has carried out an extraordinary
experiment in combining decentralisation with participative democracy.
The city has set up a parallel organisation operating alongside the
municipal council, enabling local inhabitants to take real decisions for
their city. The nearly 13 lakh people in this city get to participate in
making the budget for their own city. The city is divided into many
sectors or what we call wards. Each sector has a meeting, like that of the
gram sabha, in which anyone living in that area can participate. There
are some meetings to discuss issues that affect the entire city. Any citizen
of the city can participate in those meetings. The budget of the city is
discussed in these meetings. The proposals are put to the municipality
that takes a final decision about it.

(36.1) Explain the meaning of 'participatory democracy'. 1

(i) Participatory democracy means participation or direct involvement in
decision making process.
(36.2) In the context of separation of powers, the given example defines
which type of government? 1
(i) Local Self Government.
(36.3) Describe the structure of the system in India which is almost
similar to the above example of Brazil.

16
 (i) Local Self Government- Panchayati Raj, Municipality and 2
Municipal Corporation.
(ii) All bodies of Local Self Government are elected by the people.
(iii) Gram Sabha in the Gram Panchayat where people of that area
participate directly.
(iv) Any other relevant point.
Any two points to be described.

Section F (2+3=5)
(Map Skill-Based Question)
37 (a) Two places ‘A’ and ‘B’ have been marked on the given political 2x1=2
outline map of India (on page 27). Identify them with the help of
the following information and write their correct names on the lines
drawn near them.
A. The place where the session of the Indian National Congress was
held in 1920. Nagpur
B. The place where Gandhiji started Dandi March. Sabarmati
Note: The following questions are for the Visually Impaired Candidates
only, in lieu of Q. No. 37 (a)
(a)(i) Name the place where the session of Indian National Congress was
held in 1920.
2x1=2
Nagpur/Kolkata (Calcutta)
(i) Name the place where Gandhiji started Dandi March.
Sabarmati

(b) On the same political outline map of India, locate and label any three
of the following with suitable symbols:
(i) Leading state in production of Jute- West Bengal
(ii) Atomic Power Plant located in Gujarat- Kakrapara
(iii) Iron and Steel Plant located in Jharkhand-Bokaro/Jamshedpur 3x1=3
(iv) Sri Guru Ram Das Jee International Airport-Amritsar

Note-For answers, see the attached map.

Note: The following questions are for the Visually Impaired Candidates
only, in lieu of Q. No. 37 (b)
(b)Attempt any three questions.
(i) Name the leading state in production of Jute.
West Bengal
(ii) Name the place where an Atomic Power Plant is located in Gujarat.

17
 Kakrapara 3x1=3
(iii)Name the place where an iron and Steel Plant is located in
Jharkhand.
Bokaro/ Jamshedpur
(iv) Name the place where Sri Guru Ram Das Jee International Airport
is located.
Amritsar

18
 Section B (4X2=8)
(Very Short Answer Type Questions)

21 (a) Explain the role of anti-colonial movement in the rise of ‘modern 29 H 2X1=2
nationalism’ in India.
(i) People began discovering their unity in the process of their
struggle with colonialism.
(ii) The sense of being oppressed under colonialism provided a
shared bond that tied many different groups together.
(iii) Each class and group felt the effects of colonialism differently,
their experiences were varied and their notions of freedom were
not always the same.
(iv) Anti-colonial movements like Non-Cooperation Movement,
Civil Disobedience Movement, Quit India Movement etc.
played a big role in the rise of the modern nationalism in India.
(v) Any other relevant point.
Any two points to be explained.
OR
(b) Why did Gandhiji say ‘Satyagraha is pure soul force’? Explain 31 H 2X1=2
by giving two arguments.
(i) Satyagraha is pure soul force because truth is the very
substance of the soul. That is why this force is called
Satyagraha.
(ii) The soul is informed with knowledge. In it burns the flame of
love. Non-violence is the supreme dharma.
(iii) According to Mahatma Gandhi, Satyagraha is not a physical
force.
(iv) A satyagrahi does not inflict pain on the adversity; he does not
seek his destruction. In the use of satyagraha, there is no ill-will
whatever.
(v) Any other relevant point.
Any two points to be explained.

4
22 Explain any two problems of the ‘global ecology’ arising due to 2G 2X1=2
indiscriminate use of resources.
(i) Human beings use the resources indiscriminately and this has
led to major problems.
(ii) This has led to global ecological crisis such as global warming.
(iii) Ozone layer is being depleted.
(iv) It has increased environmental pollution.
(v) Land degradation is also increasing.
(vi) Any other relevant point
Any two points to be explained.
2X1=2
23 Suggest any two measures to remove gender inequality. 33 P 2X1=2
(i) By increasing the literacy rate among women
(ii) By increasing the political representation of women
(iii) By investing in education of girls.
(iv) Legal protection to women in the employment sector
(v) Any other relevant point.
Any two points to be suggested.
24 How did the process of liberalization initiated in India in the 1990s 64 E 2X1=2
promote globalization? Explain.
(i) The process of Liberalization i.e. removing barriers or restrictions
set by the government was started in the 1990s.
(ii) The government decided that the time had come for Indian
producers to compete with producers around the globe.
(iii) It has facilitated the MNCs to set up their factories in India. Thus,
Indian economy was integrated to the world economy and process
of globalization started in India.
(iv) Several steps were taken to attract foreign investment. Many SEZs
were established in the country.
(v) Several steps were taken so that goods could be imported and
exported easily and also foreign companies could set up factories
and offices here. It has increased India’s foreign trade.
(vi) Any other relevant point.
Any two points to be explained.

5
 Section C (5X3=15)
(Short Answer Type Questions)
25 “Tribal peasants interpreted the message of Mahatma Gandhi and 36 H 3X1=3
the idea of ‘Swaraj’ in yet another way.” Explain the statement in the
context of Non-Cooperation Movement.
(i) The Non-Cooperation Movement was initially started in cities,
spread to the villages and tribal areas rapidly. All of them responded
to the call of swaraj, but the term meant different to different people.
(ii) Tribal peasants interpreted the message of Mahatma Gandhi and the
idea of swaraj in yet another way.
(iii) In the Gudem Hills of Andhra Pradesh, for instance, a militant
guerrilla movement spread in the early 1920s – not a form of
struggle that the Congress could approve.
(iv) In other forest regions, the colonial government had closed large
forest areas, preventing people from entering the forests to graze
their cattle, or to collect fuelwood and fruits. This enraged the hill
people.
(v) Not only were their livelihoods affected but they felt that their
traditional rights were being denied.
(vi) When the government began forcing them to contribute begar for
road building, the hill people revolted.
(vii) Their leader, Alluri Sitaram Raju, claimed that he had a variety of
special powers:
(viii) He was inspired by the Non-Cooperation Movement, and persuaded
people to wear khadi and give up drinking.
(ix) He asserted that India could be liberated only by the use of force,
not non-violence.
(x) The Gudem rebels attacked police stations, attempted to kill British
officials and carried on guerrilla warfare for achieving swaraj. Raju
was captured and executed in 1924, and over time became a folk
hero
(xi) Any other relevant point.
Any three points to be explained.

6
26 Read the story of Rinjha and answer the question that follows: 30 G
Story of Rinjha
Rinjha lived with her family in a small village at the outskirts of Diphu
in Assam. She enjoys watching her family members clearing, slashing and
burning a patch of land for cultivation. She often helps them in irrigating
the fields with water running through a bamboo canal from the nearby
spring. She loves the surroundings and wants to stay here as long as she can,
but this little girl has no idea about the declining fertility of the soil and her
family’s search for a fresh patch of land in the next season.
What type of farming is Rinjha’s family doing? Describe any two of its
characteristics. 1+2=3
Type of farming- Primitive subsistence farming
Features of primitive subsistence farming:
(i) This farming is practiced on small patches of land.
(ii) It is done with the help of primitive tools like hoe, dao and
digging sticks.
(iii) It is done with the help of family or community labour.
(iv) This type of farming depends upon monsoon, natural fertility of
the soil and suitability of other environmental conditions to the
crops grown.
(v) Any other relevant point
Any two points to be described.
27 “That democratic system of government is considered good in which 64-72P 3X1=3
maximum number of citizens are made stakeholders in political
power.” Explain the statement with suitable arguments.
(i) The democratic system of government is considered good
because people are the source of all political power.
(ii) In a democracy people rule themselves through institutions of
self-government.
(iii) Democracy ensures active participation, representation and
decision-making opportunities for the people.
(iv) Democracy encourages public debates and opinions. These
public opinions are used in policy making.
(v) In democracy, people can make the government accountable as
the system gives enough scope for ensuring transparency.

7
 (vi) It helps to reduce the possibility of conflicts between social
groups.
(vii) Democratic governments are elected by the people. It gives
legitimacy to the government. Thus, it is a good way to ensure the
stability of political order.
(viii) Any other relevant point.
Any three points to be explained.

28 (a) Explain the importance of political parties in democracy. 48,49 P 3X1=3

(i) Political parties are the most visible institution in a democracy.
(ii) They reflect fundamental political division in society.
(iii) Political parties contest elections.
(iv) Parties put forward different policies and programmes and the
voters chose them.
(v) Parties play a decisive role in making laws for the country.
(vi) Parties form and run government.
(vii) Parties play the role of opposition by voicing different views and
criticizing the government for its wrong policies.
(viii) Parties shape public opinion.
(ix) Parties provide people access to government machinery and
welfare schemes.
(x) Any other relevant point.
Any three examples to be explained.

OR
(b) Why did India adopt the multiparty system? Explain with 51 P 3X1=3
suitable arguments.
(i) Party system is not something any country can choose. Each
country develops a party system that is conditioned by its
special circumstances.
(ii) India adopted multi-party system due to its social diversity.
(iii) India has vast geographical diversity. So, in such a large
country diversity is not absorbed by two or even three
parties.

8
 (iv) Multiparty system allows a variety of interest and opinions
to enjoy political representation.
(v) Any other relevant point.
Any three examples to be explained.

29 Explain the difference between public and private sector of Indian 33, 34E 3X1=3
economy with example.
(i) In the public sector the government owns most of the assets and
provides all the services while in the private sector the ownership
of assets and delivery of services is in the hands of private
individuals and companies.
(ii) Railways, Post office are examples of public sector whereas
companies like Tata Iron and Steel Company Limited (TISCO) or
Reliance Industries Limited are examples of private sector.
(iii) The motive of the public sector is not just to earn profits whereas
activities in the private sector are guided by the motive to earn
profit.
(iv) Government raises money through taxes to meet expenses
whereas private sector organizes its own funds.
(v) Public sector charges less for their services whereas private sector
charges much more.
(vi) Any other relevant point.
Any three points to be explained.

Section D (4X5=20)
(Long Answer Type Questions)
30 (a) Analyze the significance of the ‘Napoleonic Code’ in making the 20 H 5X1=5
administrative system rational and efficient.

The Civil Code of 1804 – usually known as the Napoleonic Code –

(i) It did away with all privileges based on birth,
(ii) It established equality before the law.
(iii) It secured the right to property.
(iv) Napoleonic Code simplified administrative divisions,

9
 (v) It abolished the feudal system and freed peasants from serfdom
and manorial dues.
(vi) In the towns too, guild restrictions were removed.
(vii) Transport and communication systems were improved.
(viii) Peasants, artisans, workers and new businessmen enjoyed a
newfound freedom.
(ix) Businessmen and small-scale producers began to realize that
uniform laws, standardized weights and measures and a
common national currency facilitated the movement and
exchange of goods and capital from one region to another.
(x) Any other relevant point.
Any Five points to be analyzed.

OR
(b)How was liberalism allied to national unity in Europe in the early 9H 5X1=5
decades of the 19th century? Analyze
(i) For the new middle classes in the 19th century Europe, liberalism
stood for freedom for the individual.
(ii) It also stood for equality of all before the law.
(iii) Politically, it emphasized the concept of government by consent.
(iv) Since the French Revolution, liberalism had stood for the end of
autocracy and clerical privileges, a constitution and
representative government through parliament.
(v) In the economic sphere, liberalism stood for the freedom of
markets and the abolition of state-imposed restrictions on the
movement of goods and capital.
(vi) Formation of Zollverein to promote economic growth
(vii) Any other relevant point.
Any Five points to be analyzed.

31 (a) “Manufacturing industries are considered the backbone of the 58 G 5X1=5

economic development of a country.” Justify the statement.
(i) The economic strength of a country is measured by the
development of manufacturing industries.
(ii) Manufacturing industries help in modernizing agriculture.

10
 (iii) They provide jobs in the secondary and tertiary sectors.
(iv) Industrial development is a pre-condition for eradication of
unemployment and poverty.
(v) Export of manufactured goods expands trade and commerce
and brings much needed foreign exchange.
(vi) Countries that transform their raw material into a wide
variety of finished goods of higher values are prosperous.
(vii) It is also aimed at bringing down regional disparities by
establishing industries in tribal and backward areas.
(viii) Any other relevant point.
Any five points to be justified.
OR
(b) “Agriculture and industries complement each other.” Justify the 58,59G 5X1=5
statement.
(i) Agriculture and industries are not exclusive of each other. They
move hand in hand.
(ii) For instance, Agro-industries in India have given a major boost to
agriculture by raising its productivity.
(iii) Industries depend on agriculture for raw material and provide their
products for example, irrigation pumps, fertilizers, insecticides,
pesticides, plastic and PVC pipes, machines and tools etc to the
agricultural sector.
(iv) The development and competitiveness of manufacturing industries
has not only assisted agriculturists in increasing their productions
but also made production process very efficient.
(v) In the present day of globalization, our industries need to be more
efficient and competitive. This will increase the productivity of
agriculture sector as well.
(vi) Any other relevant point.

Any five points to be justified.

32 (a) Explain any five bases for assessing the outcomes of democracy. 64,65 P 5x1=5
The outcomes of democracy can be assessed on the following basis:
(i) Promotes equality among citizens.
(ii) Enhances the dignity of the individual.

11
 (iii) Improves the quality of decision making.
(iv) Provides methods to resolve conflicts.
(v) Allows room to correct mistakes.
(vi) Accommodates social diversity.
(vii) Produces a government that is accountable to the citizens.
(viii) Responsive to the needs and expectations of the citizens.
(ix) Based on ideas of deliberation and negotiations.
(x) Any other relevant point.
Any five points to be explained.
OR
(b) Explain any five values of democracy. 64,65 P 5x1=5
(i) Equal rights and opportunities.
(ii) Freedom to express oneself.
(iii) Choose their leaders and participate in the political process.
(iv) Based on respect, dignity and freedom.
(v) In a democracy, citizens have the right and means to
examine the process of decision making.
(vi) Accommodates social diversity.
(vii) Produces a government that is accountable to the citizens.
(viii) Responsive to the needs and expectations of the citizens.
(ix) Based on ideas of deliberation and negotiations.
(x) Any other relevant point.
Any five points to be explained.
33 (a) “Recent evidence suggests that the overuse of groundwater is 14E 5X1=5
becoming a serious threat in many parts of the country.” Evaluate
the statement in the context of sustainability of development.
(i) Sustainability refers to that kind of economic development that
should take place without damaging the environment and
development in the present should not compromise with the need
of the future generations.
(ii) Ground water is an example of renewable resources. These
resources are replenished by nature.
(iii) The over use ground water is becoming a serious threat in many
parts of the country due to population growth and agricultural
practices.

12
 (iv) Excessive use of ground water for irrigation can deplete ground
water level.
(v) A lack of effective policies and regulation can lead to unsustainable
ground water use.
(vi) About 300 districts have reported a water level decline of over 4
meters during the past 20 years.
(vii) Nearly one third of the country is over using their ground water
reserves.
(viii) In another 25 years, 60 percent of the country would be doing the
same if the present way of using this resource continues.
(ix) Ground water overuse is particularly found in the agriculturally
prosperous regions of Punjab and Western Uttar Pradesh etc.
(x) Judicious use of water resources.
(xi) Control over dumping of excessive and toxic waste on land to
prevent pollution of ground water.
(xii) Any other relevant point.
Any five points to be evaluated.
OR
(b) “The development goals of different categories of people may 4,5E 5X1=5
differ.” Evaluate the statement.
(i) Each one of us seeks different things in our life.
(ii) People seek things that are most important for them, which can
fulfill their aspirations or desires.
(iii) At times, two persons or group of persons may seek things which
are conflicting.
(iv) For example, a girl expects as much freedom and opportunities as
her brother and that he also shares in the household work.
(v) What may be the development for one may not be the
development of others.
(vi) For example, an industrialist may want more dams for electricity
but for the people who are displaced might resent this.
(vii) Any other relevant point.
Any five points to be evaluated.

13
 Section E 3X4=12
(CASE /SOURCE- BASED QUESTIONS)
34 Read the given source and answer the questions that follow: 127 H
Print and Censorship
The power of the printed word is most often seen in the way
governments seek to regulate and suppress print. The colonial
government kept continuous track of all books and newspapers
published in India and passed numerous laws to control the press.
During the First World War, under the Defence of India Rules, 22
newspapers had to furnish securities. Of these, 18 shut down rather
than comply with government orders. The Sedition Committee Report
under Rowlatt in 1919 further strengthened controls that led to
imposition of penalties on various newspapers. At the outbreak of the
Second World War, the Defence of India Act was passed, allowing
censoring of reports of war-related topics. All reports about the Quit
India movement came under its purview. In August 1942, about 90
newspapers were suppressed.
(34.1) Explain the meaning of 'censor'. 1
(i) Censor means tracking of all books and newspaper published.
(ii) It means controlling the publication of books and newspapers that
are critical of government policies.
(iii)Any other relevant point.
Any one point to be explained.
(34.2) Why did the colonial administration keep an eye on books and 1
newspapers?
(i) Several books and newspapers were critical of the Britishers
misrule and encouraged nationalist activities.
(ii) Vernacular press was assertively nationalist.
(iii) The colonial government kept an eye on books and newspapers
because the government wanted to supress print and passed
numerous laws to control the press.
(iv) These books and newspapers created a sense of unity amongst
Indians.
(v) Any other relevant point.
Any one point to be explained.

14
 (34.3) Why did Gandhiji start a nationwide Satyagraha against the 2
Rowlatt Act? Explain any two reasons.
(i) The Rowlatt Act gave the government enormous powers to
repress political activities.
(ii) The act allowed the detention of political prisoners without trial
for two years.
(iii) Any other relevant point.
Any two point to be explained.

35 Read the given source and answer the questions that follow: 26 P
An Experiment in Brazil
A city called Porto Alegre in Brazil has carried out an extraordinary
experiment in combining decentralisation with participative
democracy. The city has set up a parallel organisation operating
alongside the municipal council, enabling local inhabitants to take real
decisions for their city. The nearly 13 lakh people in this city get to
participate in making the budget for their own city. The city is divided
into many sectors or what we call wards. Each sector has a meeting,
like that of the gram sabha, in which anyone living in that area can
participate. There are some meetings to discuss issues that affect the
entire city. Any citizen of the city can participate in those meetings. The
budget of the city is discussed in these meetings. The proposals are put
to the municipality that takes a final decision about it.
(35.1) Explain the meaning of 'participatory democracy'. 1
(i) Participatory democracy means participation or direct involvement
in decision making process.

(35.2) In the context of separation of powers, the given example 1

defines which type of government?
(i) Local Self Government.

(35.3) Describe the structure of the system in India which is almost 2

similar to the above example of Brazil.
(i) Local Self Government- Panchayati Raj, Municipality and
Municipal Corporation.

15
 (ii) All bodies of Local Self Government are elected by the people.
(iii) Gram Sabha in the Gram Panchayat where people of that area
participate directly.
(iv) Any other relevant point.
Any two points to be described.
36 Read the given source and answer the questions that follow: 47 E
Loans from Cooperatives
Besides banks, the other major source of cheap credit in rural areas are
the cooperative societies (or cooperatives). Members of a cooperative
pool their resources for cooperation in certain areas. There are several
types of cooperatives possible such as farmers cooperatives, weavers
cooperatives, industrial workers cooperatives, etc. Krishak
Cooperative functions in a village not very far away from Sonpur. It
has 2300 farmers as members. It accepts deposits from its members.
With these deposits as collateral, the Cooperative has obtained a large
loan from the bank. These funds are used to provide loans to members.
Once these loans are repaid, another round of lending can take place.
Krishak Cooperative provides loans for the purchase of agricultural
implements, loans for cultivation and agricultural trade, fishery loans,
loans for construction of houses and for a variety of other expenses.
(36.1) Cooperative societies come under which source of credit? 1
(i) Formal sources of credit
(36.2) Mention any two sources of capital of cooperative societies. ½+½= 1
(i) Deposits from the members of the cooperative
(ii) With the deposit as collateral the co-opearatives obtain large loans
from banks.
(iii) Interest earned on loans given by Cooperatives.
(iv) Any other relevant point.
Any two points to be mentioned.
(36.3) Explain the role of cooperative societies in increasing the 2
income of farmers.
(i) Co-operative societies provide loans on low interest rates which
can be further used for increasing crop production.
(ii) They also give interest on deposits. This promotes small saving
habits for the farmers.

16
 (iii) Co-operatives provide loans for variety of expenses such as the
purchase of agricultural implements fisheries loans etc. which
further leads to increase the income of farmers.
(iv) Any other relevant point.
Any two points to be explained.

Section F (2+3=5)
(Map Skill-Based Question)
37 (a) Two places ‘A’ and ‘B’ have been marked on the given political 2x1=2
outline map of India (on page 27). Identify them with the help of
the following information and write their correct names on the
lines drawn near them.
A. The place where the session of the Indian National Congress was
held in 1920. Nagpur
B. The place where Gandhiji started Dandi March. Sabarmati
Note: The following questions are for the Visually Impaired Candidates
only, in lieu of Q. No. 37 (a)
(a)(i) Name the place where the session of Indian National Congress
was held in 1920.
2x1=2
Nagpur/Kolkata (Calcutta)
(ii) Name the place where Gandhiji started Dandi March.
Sabarmati
(b) On the same political outline map of India, locate and label any three
of the following with suitable symbols:
(i) Leading state in production of Jute- West Bengal
(ii) Atomic Power Plant located in Gujarat- Kakrapara
(iii) Iron and Steel Plant located in Jharkhand-Bokaro/Jamshedpur
(iv) Sri Guru Ram Das Jee International Airport-Amritsar
3x1=3
Note-For answers, see the attached map.
Note: The following questions are for the Visually Impaired Candidates
only, in lieu of Q. No. 37 (b)
(b)Attempt any three questions.
(i) Name the leading state in production of Jute.
West Bengal
(ii) Name the place where an Atomic Power Plant is located in
Gujarat.
Kakrapara
(iii)Name the place where an iron and Steel Plant is located in 3x1=3
Jharkhand.
Bokaro/ Jamshedpur
(iv) Name the place where Sri Guru Ram Das Jee International Airport
is located.
Amritsar
17
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