RESOLVE PREP [Link].

com/sat-math-formulas

Reference Sheet

This reference sheet is given on the SAT, so you do not need to memorize these formulas. You just need to recognize them and use them
quickly.

Special Right Triangles

STRATEGY

Use these habits and Desmos shortcuts with the built-in reference sheet so you solve faster instead of over-memorizing.

Basic Strategy Desmos Skills

- Picking Numbers: replace the variables with easy values, solve the - Type 1: One-variable equations, graph both sides and click intersections
concrete version, then match that result to the choices.
- Type 2: Systems of two equations, graph both equations and click where
- Type 1: Variables in answer choices they cross
- Type 2: Geometry with no dimensions given - Type 3: Graph features, click maximums, minimums, intercepts, and
- Type 3: Systems with more variables than equations intersections

- Type 4: Percents with no numbers given - Type 4: Regressions from points, build linear, quadratic, or exponential
models
- Backsolving: Start with the answer choices and plug them into the
- Type 5: Sliders, test unknown constants until the graph fits the condition
problem to see which one works.
- Type 6: Equivalent expressions, compare graphs and find the overlap
- Measure diagrams when the figure looks drawn to scale and the prob-
lem does not say "not drawn to scale." - Type 7: Equivalent expressions with missing constants, use regression
with lists
- Type 8: Statistics, use lists for mean, median, standard deviation, and
box plots

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ALGEBRA

Linear Equations Systems of Linear Equations

- Slope-intercept form: ( = slope, = y-intercept) - One solution: lines intersect (different slopes)

- Standard form: - No solution: lines are parallel (same slope, different y-intercepts)

- Point-slope form: - Infinitely many solutions: lines are identical (same slope, same y-in-
tercept)
- Slope formula:
- Solving methods: Desmos, substitution, elimination, graphing
- Horizontal line: (slope = )

- Vertical line: (slope = undefined)

Linear Inequalities
- Flip the inequality sign when multiplying or dividing by a negative
Properties of Linear Equations
number
- Parallel lines have equal slopes:
- Graphing: use a dashed line for or , solid line for or
- Perpendicular lines have negative reciprocal slopes:
- Shading: shade above for or , below for or
- x-intercept: set and solve for

- y-intercept: set and solve for

Absolute Value
- means or

- means

- means or

ADVANCED MATH

Exponent Rules Polynomials

- - Degree of a polynomial: highest exponent

- - Leading coefficient: coefficient of the highest-degree term

- - End behavior: determined by degree (even/odd) and sign of leading

coefficient
-

- (nth root) Factoring Patterns

- - Difference of squares:

- Perfect square trinomial:

Radicals - Perfect square trinomial:

- Monomial factoring:
-

- Rationalizing:
multiply by to clear a radical from the denominator

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ADVANCED MATH (CONTINUED)

Quadratic Equations Exponential Functions and Interest

- Standard form: - Growth:
, where is the rate of growth (up , )
- If , the parabola opens upward
- Decay:
- If , the parabola opens downward
, where is the rate of decay (down , )
- Factored form:
- Doubling time: if , the quantity doubles every units
, where and are the roots/zeros/x-intercepts
-
- Vertex form: , where is the vertex
- Horizontal shift: (right if positive, left if negative)
- Quadratic formula:
- Horizontal asymptote:
- Discriminant:
- Vertical shift:
- If : two real solutions
- Vertical stretch/compression:
- If : one real solution (repeated root)
- Reflect across the -axis if
- If : no real solutions
- Horizontal stretch/compression:
- Sum of roots: - Reflect horizontally if
- Product of roots: - Base behavior:

- Axis of symmetry: - increasing

- Vertex x-coordinate: - decreasing

- Anchor point:

Functions - Geometric sequence:

- Function notation: means substitute for -

- = th term
- Domain: all valid input values (x)
- = first term
- Range: all output values (y), or the set of all possible values of f(x)
- = common ratio
- Transformations:
- = term number
- : shift up

- : shift down

- : shift left Polynomial & Rational Equations

- : shift right
- Remainder theorem:
- : reflect over the -axis when is divided by , the remainder is
- : reflect over the -axis - Factor theorem: is a factor of if and only if
- where : vertical stretch - Matching coefficients: if two polynomials are equal for all values of x,
- where : vertical compression then their corresponding coefficients must be equal, so set each term
equal to the corresponding term on the other side of the equation

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PROBLEM-SOLVING & DATA ANALYSIS

Ratios, Rates, and Proportions Statistics (Center and Spread)

- Ratio: or - Mean (average):

- Proportion: ; cross multiply to get -

- - Median: middle value when sorted (or average of two middle values)
- - Mode: most frequent value

- Range:

Percentages - Standard deviation: measures spread around the mean (higher = more
spread out)
- Percent:
- Adding/subtracting a constant to all values: mean changes, standard
- Percent change: deviation stays the same

- Percent increase: - Multiplying/dividing all values by a constant: both mean and standard
deviation change
- Percent decrease:
- Margin of error: applies only to random samples; smaller margin = more
- Successive percent changes:
confident estimate
multiply the factors, for example increase then
decrease gives - Tells about the possible range of the actual population, not the sam-
ple.

- Box plots:
Unit Conversion - first line: minimum
- Multiply by conversion factors so units cancel - second line: first quartile (25th percentile)
- Dimensional analysis: ensure units match on both sides - third line: median (50th percentile)

- fourth line: third quartile (75th percentile)

- fifth line: maximum

Data Interpretation
- Reading tables, bar charts, histograms, scatterplots, line graphs, dot
plots, box plots
Scatterplots and Lines of Best Fit
- Frequency and relative frequency
- Line of best fit (linear regression): use to estimate/predict values
- Two-way tables (joint, marginal, and conditional frequencies)

Sampling and Experimental Design

Probability
- Random sample: every member of the population has an equal chance
- Probability: of being selected
- Bias: systematic error in sampling (e.g., convenience sampling)

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GEOMETRY & TRIGONOMETRY

Lines and Angles Right Triangles and Trigonometry

- Supplementary angles: sum to - (SOH)
- Complementary angles: sum to - (CAH)
- Vertical angles: equal (formed by intersecting lines) - (TOA)
- Transversal cutting parallel lines: - , the complementary-angle relationship
- Corresponding angles are equal
-
- Alternate interior angles are equal
- If , then
- Alternate exterior angles are equal
- Special right triangles (given on reference sheet):
- Co-interior (same-side interior) angles are supplementary
- - - : , ,
- The angles that form a straight line add up to - - - : , ,
- The angles that form a right angle add up to
- ASTC (All Students Take Calculus) - determines the sign of trig func-
- The angles around a point add up to tions in each quadrant
- Quadrant I: All positive

- Quadrant II: Sine positive

Triangles
- Quadrant III: Tangent positive
- Sum of interior angles
- Quadrant IV: Cosine positive
- Exterior angle = sum of the two non-adjacent interior angles

- Isosceles triangle: two equal sides, two equal base angles

- Equilateral triangle: all sides equal, all angles Circles

- Similar triangles: corresponding angles equal, sides proportional, ar- - (given on reference sheet)
eas proportional to the square of corresponding side lengths
-
- (given on reference sheet)
-
- Pythagorean theorem: (given on reference sheet)
-
- Triangle congruence: SSS, SAS, ASA, AAS (not SSA)
- Central angle, arc angle, and inscribed angle:
arc angle = central angle, inscribed angle = × central angle

Coordinate Geometry - Equation of a circle:

, center , radius
- Distance formula:
- Radians and degrees:
- Midpoint formula:
- radians

- To convert degrees to radians, multiply by

Solid Geometry - To convert radians to degrees, multiply by

- All volume formulas are given on the reference sheet (box, cylinder,
sphere, cone, pyramid)
Polygons
- Surface area of a rectangular prism:
- Sum of interior angles of an -sided polygon:
- Surface area of a cylinder:
- Each interior angle of a regular polygon:
- Surface area of a sphere:
- Sum of exterior angles of any convex polygon:

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