Solution
UNIT TEST-I
Class 12 - Physics
Section A
1.
(d) proportional to 1
r
and is directed outward
Explanation:
proportional to 1
r
and is directed outward
2.
(c) ε0
1
Explanation:
According to gauss law, total electric flux coming out from the surface is given by total charge
enclosed divided by permittivity.
The electric flux emerging out from one-coulomb charge is ϵ1 .
0
3. (a) becomes greater than C
Explanation:
becomes greater than C
4. (a) current
Explanation:
Capacitor is a device to store charge. It is used in appliances where more current is needed.
Section B
5.
(c) A is true but R is false.
Explanation:
A is true but R is false.
Section C
6. Electric flux: The total electric flux linked with a surface is equal to the total number of electric lines of
force passing through the surface when the surface is held normal to the direction of the electric field.
The SI unit of electric flux is Nm2C-1.
According to Gauss theorem, if charge q is enclosed by closed surface, therefore total electric flux linked
with the closed surface is given by,
q
ϕ = ∮ E ⋅ dS =
S ε0
Flux only depend on charge and permittivity, so flux will not change by reducing the radius.
Section D
7. C = 100 μF = 100 × 10-6 F, V = 12V
a. Electrostatic energy U = CV2
1
= 1
2
× 100 × 10-6 × (12)2
= 1
2
× 10-4 × 144
= 72 × 10-4 × 144
= 72 × 10-4 J = 7.2 mJ
b. Equivalent capacitance Ceq = C1 + C2
= 200 μF
Q = CV
= 100 × 10-6 × 12
1/5
= 12 × 10-4 C
−4 2
2
Q (12×10 )
U = = −6
2Ceq 2×200×10
=
144
4
× 10-4
= 36 × 10-4 J = 3.6 mJ
8. p = q × 2a = 10-6 × 0.02 = 2 × 10-8 cm
i. tmax = pE sin 90° = 2 × 10-8 × 105 × 1
= 2 × 10-3 Nm.
ii. W = pE(cos θ1 - cos θ2 )
= 2 × 10-8 × 105 (cos 0 - cos 180 )
∘ ∘
= 2 × 10-3( 1 + 1) = 4 × 10-3 J.
OR
a. Here q1 = q2 = 6.5 × 10-7 C,
r = 50 cm = 0.50 m
Using Coulomb's law,
q q
Fair = k ⋅ r 1
2
2
= 9 × 109 ⋅ 6.5×10
−7 −7
×6.5×10
2
N
(0.50)
= 1.5 × 10-2 N
The mutual gravitational attraction,
FG = G
m m 1 2
2
R
= 6.67 × 10-11 N
− 11
6.67×10 ×0.5×0.5
=
2
(0.5)
Clearly, FG << Fair
b. i. When the charge on each sphere is doubled, and the distance between them is halved, the force
of repulsion becomes
2q ⋅2q q q
= 16 k ⋅
′ 1 2 1 2
F = k⋅
air
2 2
(r/2) r
= 16 × 1.5 × 10-2 = 0.24 N
ii. The force between two charges placed in a medium of dielectric constant k is given by
q q
F = 4πε
1
⋅
1
κ
⋅
1
2
2
0 r
For water, k = 80
F
air −2
Fwater =
1.5×10
∴ =
κ 80
= 1.875 × 10-4 N ≃ 1.9 × 10-4 N
Section E
9. Consider an electric dipole of charges +q and - q separated by 2x distance being placed in free space. Let
P be the point at which the electric field is to be determined due to the electric dipole.
Let the potential at point P due to positive charge be V+ and the potential at point P due to negative
charge V-
1 q
V+ = ⋅
4πε0 (d−x)
−q
1
V− = ⋅
4πε0 (d+x)
∴ The total potential at point P is given by
V = V+ + V-
2/5
1 q q
V = ( − )
4πε0 d−x d+x
1 2xq
V = ⋅ 2
4πε0 2
(d −x )
∴ 2qx = p
1 p
V = ⋅ 2
4πε0 (d −x )
2
Now, if x <<< d
p
V =
4πε0
1
⋅ 2
(potential V is inversely proportional to the square of the distance)
d
10. Gauss' law states that the total flux through a closed surface is 1
ε0
times to the net charge enclosed by
q
the closed surface. Mathematically, ϕE = ∮
s
E ⋅ dS =
ε0
.
Here, ε0 is the absolute permittivity of the free spaced, q is the total charge enclosed and E is the electric
field at the area element dS.
Consider a thin cylindrical Gaussian surface S with charged wire on its axis and point P on its surface.
Then net electric flux through surface S is
∘ ∘ ∘
ϕ = ∮ E ⋅ ds = ∫ EdS cos 90 + ∫ EdS cos 0 + ∫ EdS cos 90
s
Upper plane f ace Curved surf ace Lower plane f ace
ϕ = 0 + EA + 0 or ϕ = E ⋅ 2πl
But by Gauss's theorem, ϕ = q/ε0 = λl/ε0 where, q is the charge on length l of wire enclosed by
cylindrical surface S and λ is uniform linear charge density of wire.
λl
∴ E × 2πl =
ε0
λ
⇒ E =
2π ε0 r
Thus, electric field of a line charge is inversely proportional to distance directed normal to the surface of
charged wire.
OR
In the figure, if a is uniform surface charge density of an infinite plane sheet with x-axis to be normal to
the plane, then by symmetry, the electric field will not depend on y and z coordinates and their
directions. Considering the Gaussian rectangular parallelepiped surface with cross-sectional area A, two
faces 1 and 2 will contribute to flux where electric field lines result as parallel to other faces which do not
contribute to total flux.
It is analyzed that the unit vector which is normal to the first surface will be in the negative x-direction
while the unit vector which is normal to the second surface will be in positive +x direction, so flux
E. ΔS by the surfaces will results equal and will add up. Consider an infinite sheet of positive charge
having a density σ on sheet. Let P be the point on which
net flux through Gaussian surface = 2EA
charge enclosed by closed surface = σ A
As per Gauss's law,
→
q
⃗
∮ E ⋅ ds =
ε0
σA
∴ 2EA =
ε0
or E =
σ
2ε0
This shows that the electric field around an infinite plane of charge does not vary with distance from the
3/5
plane.
In terms of vector,
⃗ σ
E = ^
n
2ε0
where,
^ = unit vector normal to plane and going away from it
n
E = directed away from the plate if σ is (+) positive and toward the plate if σ is (-) negative.
⃗
Since the two charged infinite plates have identical charges, so the electric field between two
identical charged sheets will be as shown in the figure:
Now the electric field due to surface 1
⃗ σ
E1 =
2ε0
Now the electric field due to surface 2
⃗ σ
E2 = −
2ε0
Now the resultant electric field between the uniformly charged infinite plates
⃗ ⃗ ∘
= E 1 + E 2 , θ = 180
−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
So, E = √E12 +E
2
2
+ 2E1 E2 cos θ v
= E1 - E2
σ σ
= − = 0
2ε0 2ε0
11. a.
b.
The magnitude of the electric fields due to the two charges +q and -q are
1 q
E+q =
4πϵ0 2 2
( r +a )
4/5
1 q
E−q = 2 2
4πϵ0 ( r +a )
The components normal to the dipole axis cancel away and the components along the dipole axis
add up
Hence total Electric field = − ( E+q + E−q ) cos θ p ⃗
2qa
E = − p⃗
3
2 2
4πε0 ( r +a ) 2
OR
a. Si unit of the capacitor is farad. When a charge of one coulomb, produces a potential difference of
one volt between the plates of a capacitor, the capacitance is one farad.
Q = CV ⇒
Q
C =
V
When Q = 1 coulomb, V = 1 volt
1 coulomb
1 farad =
1 volt
b.
Electric field on the inside of the parallel plate capacitor due to one of the plates is given by:-E1=
σ/2ϵ0 . Total Electric field between the plates of the capacitor is given by E = 2E1 = Q/A∈ 0
Qd
∴ V = Ed =
Aε0
Q ε0 A
Capacitance, C =
V
=
d
c.
In series combination, charge on each capacitor is same
Let it be Q,
Q
V1 =
C1
Q
V2 =
C2
Q
Vn =
Cn
V = V1 + V2 + V3 + ... + Vn
Q Q Q Q
V = + + +…+
C1 C2 C3 Cn
V 1 1 1 1
= + + +…+
Q C1 C2 C3 Cn
1 1 1 1 1
⇒ = + + +…+
C C1 C2 C3 Cn
5/5