Electromagnetics – Tutorial IV (Solved) Uniform Plane Waves
Electromagnetics Tutorial IV – Full Solutions
Chapter 4: Time-Varying Fields & Chapter 5: Uniform Plane Waves
Useful constants: ε0 = 8.854×10−12 F/m, µ0 = 4π ×10−7 = 1.2566×10−6 H/m,
p
η0 = µ0 /ε0 =
377 Ω, c = 3 × 108 m/s.
Q1. Value of k from Maxwell’s equations
Select k so that each pair of fields satisfies Maxwell’s equations in the region where σ = 0, ρv = 0.
⃗ = (kx − 175t)ây V/m, H
(a) E ⃗ = (x + 35t)âz A/m, µ = 0.35 H/m, ε = 0.01 F/m
⃗ is Faraday’s law:
Solution: Since σ = 0, Maxwell’s curl equation for E
⃗
∇×E ⃗ = −µ ∂ H
∂t
With Ey = kx − 175t (only component, function of x, t):
⃗ = ∂Ey âz = k âz
∇×E
∂x
⃗
⃗ = (x + 35t)âz ⇒ ∂ H = 35 âz , so
Also H
∂t
k âz = −µ(35)âz = −(0.35)(35) âz = −12.25 âz
k = −12.25 V/m2
⃗ = 6x âx − 4y ây + kz âz µC/m2 , B
(b) D ⃗ = 2 ây mT, µ = µ0 , ε = ε0
⃗ = 0:
Solution: Since ρv = 0, Gauss’s law requires ∇ · D
∂ ∂ ∂
(6x) + (−4y) + (kz) = 6 − 4 + k = 0
∂x ∂y ∂z
k = −2 µC/m3 (magnitude 2)
⃗ = 60 sin(106 t) sin(0.01z) âx V/m, H
(c) E ⃗ = 0.6 cos(106 t) cos(0.01z) ây A/m, µ = k
⃗ = −µ ∂ H/∂t.
Solution: Apply ∇ × E ⃗ With Ex a function of z, t only:
∇×E ⃗ = ∂Ex ây = 60(0.01) sin(106 t) cos(0.01z)ây = 0.6 sin(106 t) cos(0.01z) ây
∂z
∂H⃗
= −µ − 0.6 × 106 sin(106 t) cos(0.01z) ây = 0.6 × 106 µ sin(106 t) cos(0.01z) ây
−µ
∂t
Equating coefficients:
0.6 = 0.6 × 106 µ ⇒ µ = k = 1 × 10−6 H/m
k = µ = 10−6 H/m
1
Electromagnetics – Tutorial IV (Solved) Uniform Plane Waves
Q2. Displacement current problem
Given: Jd = 5 cos(2 × 108 t − kz) âx µA/m2 , σ = 0, ε = 5ε0 , µ = 4µ0 .
Solution:
⃗
(a) D
Since J⃗d = ∂ D/∂t,
⃗ integrate with respect to t:
Z
5
⃗ = J⃗d dt =
D sin(2 × 108 t − kz) âx µC/m2 = 0.025 sin(2 × 108 t − kz) âx pC/m2
2 × 108
⃗
(b) E
⃗ −12
⃗ = D = 0.025 × 10
E sin(· · · ) âx = 564.71 sin(2 × 108 t − kz) âx µV/m
ε 5(8.854 × 10−12 )
(e) Phase constant k
√
For a lossless medium, k = β = ω µε, with ω = 2 × 108 rad/s:
1 1 c ω 2 × 108
v=√ =p = √ = 6.708 × 107 m/s, k= = = 2.98 rad/m
µε (4µ0 )(5ε0 ) 20 v 6.708 × 107
k = ±2.98 rad/m
⃗ and (d) H
(c) B ⃗
⃗ = −µ ∂ H/∂t
Using Faraday’s law ∇ × E ⃗ with Ex = 564.71 sin(2 × 108 t − kz) µV/m:
⃗ = ∂Ex ây = −564.71k cos(2 × 108 t − kz) ây (µV/m2 )
∇×E
∂z
⃗
Integrating −µ ∂ H/∂t ⃗ with respect to t, and using µ = 4µ0 = 5.027 × 10−6 H/m:
=∇×E
⃗ = 564.71k sin(2 × 108 t − kz) ây = 0.561 k sin(2 × 108 t − kz) ây µA/m
H
µ(2 × 108 )
⃗ = µH:
and B ⃗
⃗ = 2.823 k sin(2 × 108 t − kz) ây pWb/m2
B
⃗ = 0.025 sin(2 × 108 t − kz)âx pC/m2 E
D ⃗ = 564.71 sin(2 × 108 t − kz)âx µV/m
⃗ = 2.823k sin(2 × 10 t − kz)ây pWb/m
B 8 2 H⃗ = 0.561k sin(2 × 108 t − kz)ây µA/m k = ±2.98
rad/m
2
Electromagnetics – Tutorial IV (Solved) Uniform Plane Waves
Q3. Displacement current density in a conductor
Given: f = 1 kHz, σ = 5 × 107 mho/m, µr = 1, J⃗ = 107 sin(6283t − 444z) ây A/m2 .
Solution:For a conductor carrying a time-harmonic conduction current, the ratio of displacement to
conduction current density amplitudes is
|Jd | ωε
=
|Jc | σ
with ω = 6283 rad/s (= 2π × 1000) and ε = ε0 (ordinary dielectric constant of the conductor):
ωε0 (6283)(8.854 × 10−12 )
|Jd | = |Jc | = 7
× 107 = 1.113 × 10−8 A/m2
σ 5 × 10
|Jd | = 11.12 nA/m2
Q4. Uniform plane wave in polyethylene
Given: f = 9.4 GHz, εr = 2.25, µr = 1 (lossless), |H| = 7 mA/m.
Solution:
c 3 × 108
vp = √ = √ = 2 × 108 m/s
εr 2.25
vp 2 × 108
λ= = = 21.28 × 10−3 m
f 9.4 × 109
2π η0 377
β= = 295.3 rad/m η=√ = = 251.33 Ω
λ εr 1.5
E = ηH = (251.33)(7 × 10−3 ) = 1.759 V/m
vp = 2 × 108 m/s λ = 21.27 mm β = 295.3 rad/m η = 251.33 Ω E = 1.759 V/m
Q5. Plane wave field in free space
⃗ = 400 cos(106 t − βy) âz V/m in free space.
Given: E
Solution:
(a),(b) β and λ
ω 106 2π
β= = = 3.33 × 10−3 rad/m, λ= = 1884 m
c 3 × 108 β
⃗ at P (0.3, 1.7, 0.5), t = 5 ns
(c) H
⃗ = −µ0 ∂ H/∂t
The wave travels in +ây . Applying ∇ × E ⃗ with Ez = 400 cos(106 t − βy):
⃗ = ∂Ez
∇×E âx = 400β sin(106 t − βy) âx
∂y
⃗
Integrating −µ0 ∂ H/∂t ⃗
= ∇ × E:
⃗ = 400β cos(106 t − βy) âx = 1.061 cos(106 t − βy) âx A/m
H
µ0 (106 )
3
Electromagnetics – Tutorial IV (Solved) Uniform Plane Waves
(check: |H| = E/η0 = 400/377 = 1.061 A/m – consistent). At P : y = 1.7 m, t = 5 ns:
106 t − βy = (106 )(5 × 10−9 ) − (0.00333)(1.7) = 5 × 10−3 − 5.67 × 10−3 = −6.67 × 10−4 rad (≈ 0)
⃗
H(P, t) ≈ 1.061 cos(−6.67 × 10−4 ) âx ≈ 1.061 âx A/m
β = 3.33 × 10−3 rad/m λ = 1884 m ⃗ = 1.061 cos(106 t − βy) âx A/m,
H ⃗
H(P, t) ≈ 1.061 âx
A/m
Q6. 150 MHz wave travelling in −y direction
Given: f = 150 MHz, polarization âz , propagating in −ây , free space, Emax = 2 V/m.
Solution:
ω = 2πf = 2π(150 × 106 ) = 942.48 × 106 rad/s
ω 942.48 × 106
β= = = 3.14 rad/m
c 3 × 108
For a wave travelling in −ây , the phase is (ωt + βy):
⃗
E(x, y, z, t) = 2 cos(9.42 × 108 t + 3.14y) âz V/m
⃗ ×H
Direction of propagation = E ⃗ ⇒ âz × Ĥ = −ây ⇒ Ĥ = −âx . Magnitude H0 = E0 /η0 = 2/377 =
−3
5.30 × 10 A/m:
⃗
H(x, y, z, t) = −5.30 × 10−3 cos(9.42 × 108 t + 3.14y) âx A/m
ω = 942.48 × 106 rad/s β = 3.14 rad/m
⃗ = 2 cos(9.42 × 108 t + 3.14y) âz V/m H
E ⃗ = −5.30 × 10−3 cos(9.42 × 108 t + 3.14y) âx A/m
Q7. Phasor magnetic field, 300 MHz
⃗ S = (4 + j10)(2âx + jây )e−jβz A/m, f = 300 MHz, free space.
Given: H
Solution:In free space β = ω/c = 2πf /c = 2π rad/m = 6.283 rad/m. Expanding:
⃗ S = (8 + j20) e−jβz âx + (−10 + j4) e−jβz ây
H
Writing each phasor coefficient in polar form: 8 + j20 = 21.54∠68.2◦ , −10 + j4 = 10.77∠158.2◦ .
⃗
(a) H(z, t) at t = 1.5 ns, z = 0.2 m
θ = ωt − βz = (2π × 3 × 108 )(1.5 × 10−9 ) − (6.283)(0.2) = 2.827 − 1.257 = 1.571 rad = 90◦
Hx = 21.54 cos(90◦ + 68.2◦ ) = 21.54 cos(158.2◦ ) = −20.0 A/m
Hy = 10.77 cos(90◦ + 158.2◦ ) = 10.77 cos(248.2◦ ) = −4.00 A/m
⃗
H(z, t) = −20.0 âx − 4.00 ây A/m
(b) |Hmax | and |Emax |
p √ √
|Hmax | = 21.542 + 10.772 = 464 + 116 = 580 = 24.08 A/m
|Emax | = η0 |Hmax | = (377)(24.08) ≈ 9.08 × 103 V/m = 9.08 kV/m
|Hmax | = 24.08 A/m |Emax | ≈ 9.08 kV/m
4
Electromagnetics – Tutorial IV (Solved) Uniform Plane Waves
Q8. Phasor electric field, 300 MHz
⃗ S = (20 + j50)(âx + 2ây )e−jβz V/m, f = 300 MHz, free space.
Given: E
Solution:
(a) ω, λ, v, β
v 2π
ω = 2πf = 1.885 × 109 rad/s, v = c = 3 × 108 m/s, λ= = 1 m, β= = 6.29 rad/m
f λ
⃗ at t = 1 ns, z = 0.1 m
(b) E
Expanding: E ⃗ S = (20+j50)e−jβz âx +(40+j100)e−jβz ây , with 20+j50 = 53.85∠68.2◦ and 40+j100 =
107.7∠68.2◦ .
θ = ωt − βz = (1.885 × 109 )(10−9 ) − (6.283)(0.1) = 1.885 − 0.628 = 1.257 rad = 72◦
Ex = 53.85 cos(72◦ + 68.2◦ ) = 53.85 cos(140.2◦ ) = −41.4 V/m
Ey = 107.7 cos(140.2◦ ) = −82.8 V/m
⃗ t) = −41.4 âx − 82.8 ây V/m
E(z,
(c) |Hmax |
p √ √
|Emax | = 53.852 + 107.72 = 2900 + 11600 = 14500 = 120.4 V/m
|Emax | 120.4
|Hmax | = = = 0.319 A/m
η0 377
ω = 18.85 × 108 rad/s λ = 1 m v = 3 × 108 m/s β = 6.29 rad/m
⃗ z) = −41.4âx − 82.8ây V/m
E(t, |Hmax | ≈ 0.32 A/m
Q9. Wave in a lossless dielectric
Given: E⃗ = 500 cos(107 t − βz) âx V/m, H
⃗ = 1.1 cos(107 t − βz) ây A/m, v = 0.5c.
Solution:
E0 500
η= = = 454.5 Ω
H0 1.1
√ √ p
Since v = 1/ µε = c/ µr εr and η = η0 µr /εr :
2
454.5 2
√ c η µr
µr εr = = 2 ⇒ µr εr = 4, = = = 1.456
v η0 εr 376.99
Solving the two equations simultaneously:
4
µ2r = 4(1.456) = 5.82 ⇒ µr ≈ 2.41 (≈ 2.42), εr = ≈ 1.66 (≈ 1.65)
µr
ω 107 2π
β= = = 0.067 rad/m, λ= = 94.3 m
v 1.5 × 108 β
µr ≈ 2.42 εr ≈ 1.65 β = 0.067 rad/m λ = 94.29 m η = 454.54 Ω
5
Electromagnetics – Tutorial IV (Solved) Uniform Plane Waves
Q10. Wave with oblique field components
⃗ = (10ây + 5âz ) cos(ωt + 2y − 4z) V/m in free space.
Given: E
Solution:
(a) ω and λ
The phase term ωt + 2y − 4z = ωt − ⃗k · ⃗r gives the propagation vector ⃗k = −2ây + 4âz , so
p √
β = |⃗k| = 22 + 42 = 20 = 4.472 rad/m
⃗ · ⃗k = (10)(−2) + (5)(4) = 0, so E
(check: E ⃗ ⊥ ⃗k, confirming a valid TEM wave). In free space, ω = βc:
2π
ω = (4.472)(3 × 108 ) = 1.342 × 109 rad/s, λ= = 1.404 m
β
⃗
(b) H
−2ây + 4âz ⃗ = 1 k̂ × (10ây + 5âz ) cos(ωt + 2y − 4z)
k̂ = √ , H
20 η0
1 −50
k̂ × (10ây + 5âz ) = √ (−2)(5) − (4)(10) âx = √ âx = −11.18 âx
20 20
⃗ = −11.18 cos(ωt + 2y − 4z) âx = −0.0297 cos(ωt + 2y − 4z) âx A/m
H
377
(c) Time-average power
p √ |E0 |2 125
⃗ 0| =
|E 102 + 52 = 125 = 11.18 V/m, Pavg = = = 0.1657 W/m2
2η0 2(377)
ω = 1.342 × 109 rad/s λ = 1.404 m
⃗ = −0.0297 cos(ωt + 2y − 4z) âx A/m
H Pavg = 0.1657 W/m2
Q11. Lossy dielectric at 2.5 MHz
Given: Non-magnetic material, εr = 2.25, σ = 10−4 Ω−1 m−1 , f = 2.5 MHz.
Solution:
ω = 2πf = 1.571 × 107 rad/s, ε = εr ε0 = 1.992 × 10−11 F/m
(a) Loss tangent
σ 10−4 10−4
tan δ = = = = 0.32
ωε (1.571 × 107 )(1.992 × 10−11 ) 3.13 × 10−4
6
Electromagnetics – Tutorial IV (Solved) Uniform Plane Waves
(b),(c) α and β
Using the general lossy-medium formulas:
r hp r hp
µε 2
i1/2 µε i1/2
α=ω 1 + tan δ − 1 , β=ω 1 + tan2 δ + 1
2 2
√ p √ √
With ω µε = 1.5 ω/c = 0.0785, so ω µε/2 = 0.0555, and 1 + tan2 δ = 1.102 = 1.050:
√
α = 0.0555 1.050 − 1 = 0.0555(0.223) = 0.0124 Np/m
√
β = 0.0555 1.050 + 1 = 0.0555(1.432) = 0.0795 rad/m
(d) Intrinsic impedance
√
η 0 / εr 1
η= ∠ tan−1 (tan δ)
[1 + (tan δ)2 ]1/4 2
377/1.5 251.3
|η| = 1/4
= = 245.3 Ω, θη = 1
2 tan−1 (0.32) = 12 (17.7◦ ) = 8.86◦
(1.102) 1.024
tan δ = 0.32 α = 0.0124 Np/m β = 0.0795 rad/m η = 245.3∠8.86◦ Ω
Q12. Normal incidence on a dielectric boundary
Given: E ⃗ i = 2 cos(9.9 × 108 t + 3.3y) âz V/m in free space, normally incident at y = 0 on medium 2:
ε = 2ε0 , µ = 8µ0 , σ = 0.
Solution:The incident wave travels in −ây (medium 1 = free space occupies y > 0, medium 2 occupies
y < 0).
Intrinsic impedances
r r
µ2 8µ0
η1 = η0 = 377 Ω, η2 = = = 2η0 = 754 Ω
ε2 2ε0
η2 − η1 754 − 377 1 4
Γ= = = = 0.333, τ =1+Γ= = 1.333
η2 + η1 754 + 377 3 3
⃗i
Incident H
⃗i × H
Direction: E ⃗ i ∥ −ây ⇒ Ĥi = −âx . Magnitude Hi0 = Ei0 /η1 = 2/377 = 5.31 mA/m:
⃗ i = −5.31 cos(9.9 × 108 t + 3.3y) âx mA/m
H
⃗ r, H
Reflected E ⃗ r (travels in +ây )
Er0 = ΓEi0 = 0.333(2) = 0.667 V/m ⇒E⃗ r = 0.667 cos(9.9 × 108 t − 3.3y) âz V/m
⃗ r = 1.77 cos(9.9 × 108 t − 3.3y) âx mA/m Er0
H Hr0 =
η1
7
Electromagnetics – Tutorial IV (Solved) Uniform Plane Waves
⃗ t, H
Transmitted E ⃗ t (travels in −ây into medium 2)
√ p
β2 = ω µ2 ε2 = ω 16µ0 ε0 = 4β1 = 4(3.3) = 13.2 rad/m
Et0 = τ Ei0 = 1.333(2) = 2.667 V/m ⇒ ⃗ t = 2.667 cos(9.9 × 108 t + 13.2y) âz V/m
E
⃗ 8 Et0
Ht = −3.54 cos(9.9 × 10 t + 13.2y) âx mA/m Ht0 =
η2
⃗ i = −5.31 cos(9.9 × 108 t + 3.3y)âx mA/m
H
⃗
Er = 0.667 cos(9.9 × 108 t − 3.3y)âz V/m, H⃗ r = 1.77 cos(9.9 × 108 t − 3.3y)âx mA/m
⃗ t = 2.667 cos(9.9 × 10 t + 13.2y)âz V/m, H
E 8 ⃗ t = −3.54 cos(9.9 × 108 t + 13.2y)âx mA/m