2 Marks Questions

1. What is a Statistics? Mention it types.

Statistics is a branch of mathematics that involves the

collection, analysis, interpretation, presentation, and
organization of data. It can be categorized into two main
types:
 Descriptive Statistics: Descriptive statistics involve

methods for summarizing and presenting data. It includes

measures such as mean, median, mode, range, and
standard deviation.
 Inferential Statistics: Inferential statistics involve

making inferences or predictions about a population

based on a sample of data. It includes techniques like
hypothesis testing, confidence intervals, and regression
analysis.

2. Compare Descriptive Statistics and Inferential statistics.

 Descriptive Statistics: Descriptive statistics summarize

and present data in a meaningful way. It includes

measures of central tendency (mean, median, mode) and
measures of variability (range, standard deviation).
 Inferential Statistics: Inferential statistics involve

making predictions or inferences about a population

based on a sample of data. It includes hypothesis testing,
estimating parameters, and making predictions using
regression analysis.

3. What are the four Types of Data & Measurement

Scales?
The four types of data are based on measurement scales:
 Nominal Data: Categorical data without any inherent

order or ranking.
  Ordinal Data: Categorical data with a meaningful order
or ranking.
 Interval Data: Numeric data with a consistent interval
between values but no true zero point.
 Ratio Data: Numeric data with a consistent interval
between values and a true zero point.

4. What are nominal data and ordinal data? Give an

example.
 Nominal Data: Nominal data are categories without any

inherent order. Example: Colors (Red, Blue, Green).

 Ordinal Data: Ordinal data are categories with a

meaningful order. Example: Education levels (High

School, Bachelor's, Master's).

5. What are interval data and ratio data? Give an

example.
 Interval Data: Interval data have a consistent interval

between values but no true zero point. Example:

Temperature in Celsius.
 Ratio Data: Ratio data have a consistent interval

between values and a true zero point. Example: Height in

centimeters.

6. Define Measure of Central Tendency. List its types.

Measure of Central Tendency: A measure that describes the
center of a data set. Types include:
 Mean: The arithmetic average of a set of values.

 Median: The middle value when data is ordered.

 Mode: The most frequently occurring value.

7. Define Mode. Determine the mode for the following

numbers.
 2,4,8,4,6,2,7,8,
Mode: The mode is the value that appears most frequently in a
dataset.
Example: For the numbers 2, 4, 8, 4, 6, 2, 7, 8, the mode is 4.

8. Define [Link] the steps to calculate Median.

Median: The median is the middle value when data is
ordered. Steps to calculate the median:
1. Arrange the data in ascending order.
2. If the number of observations (n) is odd, the median is
the middle value.
3. If n is even, the median is the average of the two middle
values.

9. Define Median. Determine the median for the numbers

2,4,8,4,6,2,7,8,4,3,8,9,4,3,5
Median Calculation:
1. Arrange the data: 2, 2, 3, 4, 4, 4, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 8, 8, 9.
2. Since there are 14 observations (even), the median is the
average of the 7th and 8th values.
3. Median = (4 + 4) / 2 = 4.

[Link] the mode and median for the following

numbers.
213,345,609,073,167,243,444,524,199,682
Determine the mode and median for the following numbers:
213, 345, 609, 073, 167, 243, 444, 524, 199, 682:
Mode: There is no mode as no value repeats.
Median Calculation:
1. Arrange the data: 167, 199, 213, 243, 345, 444, 524, 609,
682, 073.
2. Since there are 10 observations (even), the median is the
average of the 5th and 6th values.
 3. Median = (345 + 444) / 2 = 394.5.

[Link] the mean for the following numbers.

17.3,44.5,31.6,40.0,52.8,38.8,30.1,78.5
Mean Calculation:
Mean=17.3+44.5+31.6+40.0+52.8+38.8+30.1+78.58/8
Mean=41.825
[Link] Percentiles. Write the steps to calculate location
of Percentiles.

1. order the data from smallest to largest.

2. Calculate the rank of the percentile using the formula:
Rank=Percentile×(n+1)/100 where n is the number of
observations.
3. If the rank is an integer, the percentile is the value at that
rank.
4. If the rank is not an integer, interpolate between the two
nearest values.

[Link] is Quartiles? Determine Q3 for 14, 12, 19, 23, 5,

13, 28, 17.
Quartiles: Quartiles divide a dataset into four equal parts. Q3
is the third quartile, representing the 75th percentile.
Steps to Determine Q3:
Order the data: 5, 12, 13, 14, 17, 19, 23, 28.
Calculate the rank of Q3: Rank=3×(8+1)/4=6.75
Q3 is between the 6th and 7th values. Interpolate:
Q3=19+0.75×(23−19)=19+3=22

[Link] the 30th percentile of the following eight

numbers: 14, 12, 19, 23, 5, 13, 28, 17.

Order the data: 5, 12, 13, 14, 17, 19, 23, 28.
Calculate the rank of the 30th percentile:
Rank=30×(8+1)/100=2.7
The 30th percentile is between the 2nd and 3rd values.
Interpolate: 30th percentile=12+0.7×(13−12)=12.7

[Link] Range. Write the range of following numbers.

16,28,29,13,17,20,11,34,32,27,25,30,19,18,33

Range: The range is the difference between the maximum and

minimum values in a dataset.
Range Calculation: Range=Max−Min=34−11=23

[Link] Interquartile Range. Write its formula.

Interquartile Range (IQR): The IQR is the range of the middle

50% of a dataset, calculated as Q3 - Q1.
IQR=Q3−Q1

[Link] Mean Absolute Deviation. Write its formula.

Mean Absolute Deviation (MAD): MAD measures the

average absolute deviation of each data point from the mean.
MAD=∑∣Xi−Mean∣/n

[Link] Variance. Write its formula.

Variance: Variance measures the average squared deviation of
each data point from the mean.
Variance=sqrt(∑(Xi−Mean)/N)
[Link] Standard Deviation. Write its formula
Standard Deviation: The standard deviation is the square root
of the variance.
Standard Deviation=sqrt(Variance)

[Link] the formulae for sample Variance and sample

Standard Deviation..

Sample Variance:
Sample Variance=∑(Xi−Xˉ)2/n-1
Sample Standard Deviation=Sqrt(SV)

[Link] Z score. Write itsformula

Z Score: The Z score (or standard score) measures how many
standard deviations a data point is from the mean.
Formula:
Z= X−Mean/ Standard Deviation

[Link] Empirical [Link] the condition.

Empirical Rule: Also known as the 68-95-99.7 rule, it states
that for a normal distribution:
 About 68% of the data falls within one standard

deviation of the mean.

 About 95% falls within two standard deviations.

 About 99.7% falls within three standard deviations.

Condition: The Empirical Rule applies to approximately

symmetric, bell-shaped distributions.

[Link] Coefficient of Variation. Write itsformuala.

Coefficient of Variation (CV): CV measures the relative
variability of a dataset.

Formula: CV=(Standard Deviation)/Mean×100%

[Link] Measures of [Link] its types.
Measures of Shape: These describe the distribution's form.
Types include:
 Skewness: Measures asymmetry.
  Kurtosis: Measures the tail's thickness or thinness.

[Link] is Skewness? Draw its types.

Skewness: Skewness measures the asymmetry of a
distribution.
 Positive Skewness (Right-skewed): Tail is on the right.

 Negative Skewness (Left-skewed): Tail is on the left.

 Zero Skewness: Perfectly symmetrical.

[Link] the formulae to calculate Coefficient of Skewness

using Karl Pearson.
Skewness=3(Mean−Median)/ Standard Deviation

[Link] the formulae to calculate Coefficient of

Skewness using Bowel’s.
Skewness= (Q3 + Q1 - 2×Median)/( Q3 - Q1)

[Link] the relationship between mean, median and

mode in various skewness.
 Negatively Skewed (Left): Mean < Median < Mode
 Positively Skewed (Right): Mode < Median < Mean

 Symmetrical: Mean = Median = Mode

[Link] is Kurtosis? Mention its types.

Kurtosis: Kurtosis measures the tail's thickness or thinness.
 Leptokurtic: Tails are heavier (more data in the tails).

 Mesokurtic: Normal distribution.

 Platykurtic: Tails are lighter (less data in the tails).

[Link] are the components of Box-and-Whisker Plots?

 Minimum: The smallest data point within the lower

fence.
 Maximum: The largest data point within the upper fence.
  Q1 (First Quartile): Median of the lower half of the data.
 Q3 (Third Quartile): Median of the upper half of the
data.
 Median (Q2): The middle value of the dataset.
 Outliers: Data points beyond the fences (1.5 times the
interquartile range).

[Link] are Histogram, Pie charts, frequency polygons

and Bar charts?
 Histogram: A histogram is a graphical representation of

the distribution of a dataset. It consists of bars where the

length of each bar corresponds to the frequency of data
within a certain range.
 Pie Chart: A pie chart is a circular statistical graphic

divided into slices to illustrate numerical proportions.

The size of each slice represents the proportion of data it
represents.
 Frequency Polygon: A frequency polygon is a line graph

that represents the frequencies of different values in a

dataset. It is created by connecting the midpoints of the
tops of the bars in a histogram.
 Bar Chart: A bar chart is a graphical representation of

data where individual bars represent different categories.

The length of each bar corresponds to the quantity it
represents.

[Link] are Stem and Leaf plot?

Stem and Leaf Plot: A stem and leaf plot is a way of
organizing and displaying data. The "stem" consists of the
leading digits, and the "leaves" are the trailing digits. It
provides a quick way to see the distribution of a dataset.
[Link] is a Probability? Mention it types.
  Probability: Probability is a measure of the likelihood
that a given event will occur. It is expressed as a number
between 0 and 1.
 Types of Probability:
 Classical Probability: Based on the assumption of

equally likely outcomes.

 Empirical (Relative Frequency) Probability: Based

on observed frequencies.
 Subjective Probability: Based on personal judgment

or intuition.

[Link] is an Experiment and Event? Give Example.

 Experiment: An experiment is a process that produces an

outcome with uncertainty. For example, rolling a die is

an experiment.
 Event: An event is an outcome or a set of outcomes of an

experiment. For example, getting a 3 when rolling a die

is an event.

[Link] is the classical method of assigning of a

Probability? Give Example.
 Classical Probability: Probability is determined by the

number of favorable outcomes divided by the total

number of possible outcomes, assuming all outcomes are
equally likely.
 Example: The probability of rolling a 3 on a fair six-

sided die is 1/6.

[Link] is the relative frequency of occurrence method

assigning of a Probability? Give Example.
 Relative Frequency Probability: Probability is estimated

based on the observed frequency of an event in a large

number of trials.
  Example: If a coin is flipped 100 times and it lands on
heads 60 times, the relative frequency of getting heads is
60/100=0.6

[Link] are the subjective probabilities? Give Example.

 Subjective Probability: Probability assigned based on

personal judgment or experience.

 Example: A weather forecaster predicting a 70% chance

of rain based on their knowledge of weather patterns.

[Link] Elementary Events. Give an example.

 Elementary Events: The most basic outcomes of an

experiment.
 Example: In rolling a six-sided die, the elementary

events are getting a 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6.

[Link] Sample Space. Give an example.

 Sample Space: The set of all possible outcomes of an

experiment.
 Example: In flipping a coin, the sample space is {Heads,

Tails}.

[Link] an example for Unions and Intersections.

 Unions and Intersections: In probability, unions (∪) and

intersections (∩) of events are important concepts.

 Example: Let A be the event of rolling an even number

(A = {2, 4, 6}) and B be the event of rolling a number

greater than 4 (B = {5, 6}). The union of A and B (A ∪
B) is {2, 4, 5, 6}, and the intersection of A and B (A ∩
B) is {6}.

[Link] Mutually Exclusive Events and Independent

Events. Give an example.
  Mutually Exclusive Events: Mutually exclusive events
cannot occur at the same time. If one event happens, the
other cannot. Example: Rolling a die and getting a 1 or 2
are mutually exclusive events.
 Independent Events: Independent events are events
where the occurrence of one event does not affect the
occurrence of the other. Example: Flipping a coin twice,
where the outcomes are independent.

[Link] Collectively Exhaustive Events. Give an

example.
Collectively Exhaustive Events: A set of events is collectively
exhaustive if at least one of them must occur. Example: When
rolling a six-sided die, the events of getting a 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6
are collectively exhaustive.
[Link] Complementary Events. Give an example.
Complementary Events: The complement of an event A
(denoted as A') is the set of all outcomes not in A. Example: If
event A is getting a head when flipping a coin, then A' is
getting a tail.
[Link] a population consists of the positive even numbers
through 30 and if A = {2, 6, 12, 24}, what is A’ ?

A′ (the complement of A) would be the set of positive even

numbers through 30 that are not in A. Therefore,
A′={4,8,10,14,16,18,20,22,26,28,30}.
[Link] are the three types of Counting the Possibilities
The three types are:
1. Permutation: Arrangements of objects in a specific order.
2. Combination: Selections of objects without considering
the order.
 3. Multiplication Rule: Counting possibilities for multiple
events.

[Link] the general Addition and Special Addition Laws.

General Addition Law: P(A∪B)=P(A)+P(B)−P(A∩B)
Special Addition Law (for mutually exclusive events):
P(A∪B)=P(A)+P(B)
[Link] the General Law of Multiplication and Special
Law of Multiplication.
 General Multiplication Law: P(A∩B)=P(A)×P(B∣A)

 Special Multiplication Law (for independent events):

P(A∩B)=P(A)×P(B)

[Link] the Conditional Probability

Conditional Probability: The probability of an event B
occurring given that event A has occurred is denoted as
P(B∣A) and is given by P(B∣A)=P(A∩B)/P(A)

[Link] are discrete random variables? Give an example.

Discrete Random Variables: These are random variables that
can take on a countable number of distinct values. Example:
The number of heads obtained when flipping a coin multiple
times.
[Link] are Continuous random variables? Give an
example.
Continuous Random Variables: These are random variables
that can take on any value within a given range. Example: The
height of a person can be considered a continuous random
variable.
[Link] the formulae for Mean, Variance, and Standard
Deviation of Discrete Distributions.
[Link] the assumptions of Binomial Distribution.
 The experiment consists of a fixed number of trials.

 Each trial results in a success or failure.

 The probability of success (p) is constant for each trial.

 The trials are independent.

[Link] the formulae of binomial distribution.

54.A company places a seven-digit serial number on each

part that is made. Each digit of the serial number can be
any number from 0 through 9. Digits can be repeated in
the serial number. How many different serial numbers are
possible?
There are 10 options (0 through 9) for each of the seven
digits. Therefore, the total number of possible serial numbers
is 107

55.A small company has 20 employees. Six of these

employees will be selected randomly to be interviewed as
part of an employee satisfaction program. How many
different groups of six can be selected?

[Link] are Poisson distribution? Give an example.

 Poisson Distribution: A discrete probability distribution

that describes the number of events occurring in a fixed

interval of time or space.
 Example: The number of phone calls received at a call

center in one hour.

[Link] the characteristics ofPoisson distribution.
 Deals with the number of events occurring in a fixed

interval.
 Events are rare and random.

 Events are independent.

 The probability of more than one event occurring in an

infinitesimally small time interval is negligible.

[Link] the formulae of Poisson distribution.

[Link] are uniform distributions? Write the probability

density function of uniform distribution.

[Link] the formulae of mean and standard deviation of

a uniform distribution.

[Link] the formulae of Probabilities in a Uniform

Distribution.

[Link] the characteristics ofnormal distribution.

 Symmetric and bell-shaped.
  Mean, median, and mode are equal and located at the
center.
 The Empirical Rule applies (68-95-99.7 rule).
 Completely described by mean and standard deviation.
 Standard normal distribution has a mean of 0 and
standard deviation of 1.

[Link] the probability density function Normal

Distribution

[Link] are t Distribution? Write the formula for the t

statistic.
t Distribution: Used for small sample sizes when the
population standard deviation is unknown.

[Link] the Confidence Intervals formulae in t statistic.

[Link] the Z formulae for sample mean.

Long Answer Questions (THREE, FOUR OR FIVE AND SIX Marks
Questions)
1. Explain four Types of Data & Measurement Scales with example.
1. Nominal Data:
 Description: Categories with no inherent order or ranking.
 Example: Colors (Red, Blue, Green).
2. Ordinal Data:
 Description: Categories with a meaningful order, but the intervals
between them are not uniform.
 Example: Education Levels (High School, Bachelor's, Master's).
3. Interval Data:
 Description: Ordered categories with uniform intervals between
them, but no true zero point.
 Example: Temperature in Celsius (0°C does not mean the absence
of temperature).
4. Ratio Data:
 Description: Ordered categories with uniform intervals, and a true
zero point.
 Example: Height in centimeters (0 cm indicates no height).

2. Explain Kurtosis types with diagram.

Diagram should be included for this.
1. Leptokurtic:
 Description: Tails are heavier, indicating more data in the tails.
 Diagram: Peaks are higher and tails are fatter compared to a normal
distribution.
2. Mesokurtic:
 Description: Similar to a normal distribution, neither heavy-tailed
nor light-tailed.
 Diagram: Looks like a standard normal distribution.
 3. Platykurtic:
 Description: Tails are lighter, indicating less data in the tails.
 Diagram: Peaks are lower, and tails are thinner compared to a
normal distribution.

3. Explain Measure of Skewness with its types.

Skewness: Skewness measures the asymmetry of a distribution. There are three
types:
1. Negative Skewness (Left-skewed):
 Description: The distribution's tail is extended to the left.
 Diagram: Tail on the left side is longer.
2. Positive Skewness (Right-skewed):
 Description: The distribution's tail is extended to the right.
 Diagram: Tail on the right side is longer.
3. Zero Skewness:
 Description: The distribution is perfectly symmetrical.
 Diagram: Left and right sides are mirror images.

4. The number of U.S. cars in service by top car rental companies in a

recent year according to Auto Rental News follows. Compute the mode, the
median, and the mean.
5. Compute the 35th percentile, the 55th percentile,Q1, Q2, and Q3 for the
following data

6. The following shows the top 16 global marketing categories for

advertising spending for a recent year according to Advertising Age.
Spending is given in millions of U.S. dollars. Determine the first, the
second, and the third quartiles for these data
8.

9. Shown here is a sample of six of the largest accoun ng firms in the United States

and the number of partners associated with each firm as reported by the Public

Accoun ng Report. Calculate sample variance and sample standard devia on.

11.

12.
13.

14.

15.

16
17.

18.

19.
20

[Link] general Methods of assigning probabili es with example.

22.A supplier shipped a lot of six parts to a company. The lot contained three defec ve parts.
Suppose the customer decided to randomly select two parts and test them for defects. How large a
sample space is the customer poten ally working with? List the sample space. Using the sample
space list, determine the probability that the customer will select a sample with exactly one
defect.

24.A company’s customer service 800 telephone system is set up so that the caller has six op ons.
Each of these six op ons leads to a menu with four op ons. For each of these four op ons, three
more op ons are available. For each of these three op ons, another three op ons are presented.
If a person calls the 800 number for assistance, how many total op ons are possible?
25.A bin contains six parts. Two of the parts are defec ve and four are acceptable. If three of the
six parts are selected from the bin, how large is the sample space?

Which coun ng rule did you use, and why? For this sample space, what is the probability that
exactly one of the three sampled parts is defec ve?

[Link] Marginal, Union, Joint and Condi onal Probabili es with example.

29.

30.A company has 140 employees, of which 30 are supervisors. Eighty of the employees are
married, and 20% of the married employees are supervisors. If a company employee is randomly
selected, what is the probability that the employee is married and is a supervisor?
[Link] the mean, the variance and the standard deviation of the following
discrete distribution.

35.A Gallup survey found that 65% of all financial consumers were very sa sfied with their primary
financial ins tu on. Suppose that 25 financial consumers are sampled and if the Gallup survey
result s ll holds true today, what is the probability that exactly 19 are very sa sfied with their
primary financial ins tu on?(Using Binomial Distribu on formulae)

[Link] to the U.S. Census Bureau, approximately 6% of all workers in Jackson, Mississippi,
are unemployed. In conduc ng a random telephone survey in Jackson, what is the probability of
ge ng two or fewer unemployed workers in a sample of 20? (Using Binomial Distribu on
formulae)

[Link] bank customers arrive randomly on weekday a ernoons at an average of 3.2

customers every 4 minutes. What is the probability of exactly 5 customers arriving in a 4-minute
interval on a weekday a ernoon? The lambda for this problem is 3.2 customers per 4 minutes. The
value of x is 5 customers per 4 minutes. (Using Poisson Formula)

[Link] customers arrive randomly on weekday a ernoons at an average of 3.2 customers every 4
minutes. What is the probability of having more than 7 customers in a 4-minute interval on a
weekday a ernoon? (Using Poisson Formula)

39.A bank has an average random arrival rate of 3.2 customers every 4 minutes. What is the
probability of ge ng exactly 10 customers during an 8-minute interval? (Using Poisson Formula)

[Link] the amount of me it takes to assemble a plas c module ranges from 27 to 39 seconds
and that assembly mes are uniformly distributed. Describe the distribu on. What is the
probability that a given assembly will take between 30 and 35 seconds? Fewer than 30 seconds?

[Link] to the Na onal Associa on of Insurance Commissioners, the average annual cost for
automobile insurance in the United States in a recent year was $691. Suppose automobile
insurance costs are uniformly distributed in the United States with a range of from $200 to $1,182.
What is the standard devia on of this uniform distribu on? What is the height of the distribu on?
What is the probability that a person’s annual cost for automobile insurance in the United States is
between $410 and $825?