ICC SUMIT
FORCE
A force is a push or a pull exerted on an object resulting from its interaction with another
object.
SI Unit: The standard unit of force is the Newton{N}.
Nature: It is a vector quantity, meaning it has both magnitude (value) and direction.
EFFECT OF FORCE ON OBJECT:
● It can change the state[rest or motion] of an object.
● It can change the direction moving of the object.
● It can change the speed of moving object.
● It can change the shape and size of the object.
Balanced force:The net force is equal to [Link] not change the state of
rest or motion. Example:Equal pull in a tug-of-war match.
Unbalanced force:The net force is not equal to [Link] the state of
[Link]:Pushing a box harder from one side than the other.
TYPES OF FORCES
Forces are broadly divided into two major categories:
CONTACT FORCES
Require physical touch between interacting objects to act.
NON-CONTACT FORCES
Act over a distance without physical contact.
CONTACT FORCES
Muscular (Biological) Force:The force exerted by the action of muscles in living organisms
(humans or animals).
Lifting a school bag.
A bullock pulling a heavy cart.
Mechanical Force: The force produced by a machine, motor, or tool to perform a specific
mechanical action.
A car engine moving the vehicle forward.
A crane lifting heavy metal pipes.
Frictional Force (Friction)
Friction: The natural phenomenon where two surfaces interact and resist movement relative to
each other.
Frictional Force: The actual opposing force that acts parallel to the contact surfaces in the
direction opposite to motion.
Types of Frictional Forces:
Static Frictional Force:The self-adjusting opposing force that acts to keep the object is at rest.
Limiting Frictional Force:
The maximum value of friction that exists just before an object starts sliding over a surface.
Kinetic / Sliding Frictional Force:
The frictional force experienced when one object slides over the surface of another object.
Rolling Frictional Force (Extra):
The frictional force acting when an object rolls (like a wheel or sphere) over a surface (always
significantly lower than sliding friction).
DISADVANTAGES OF FRICTION :
[Link] wears out the rubbing surfaces.
[Link] require more force to move it results in wastage of energy.
[Link] the mechanical parts of machines.
Friction a necessary Evil (advantage)
We can't write , walk , use screw , run motorcycle , apply break,...
REDUCING FRICTION
1} By polishing the surface.
2} By lubricating the surface with oil, Greece etc.
3} using wheels and ball bearings to roll any object easily.
4} shaping the object in a streamline. Boat, ships, aeroplane.
NON CONTACT FORCES
Magnetic force: the force exerted by a magnet on magnetic materials like Iron,Nickel,Cobalt or
other magnet.
Electrostatic force: the force exerted by a charged body on another charged or uncharged body.
Example: plastic comb rubbed on dry hair attracts tiny bits of paper.
Gravitational force: the attractive force exerted between any two objects in the universe that
have mass.
What is gravity ❓
Gravity is the specific gravitational pull exerted by Earth pulling objects towards its centre.
Difference between mass and weight
Mass Weight
Amount of matter contained in an object The force of gravitation acting on object
Remains constant everywhere in the Changes depending on the gravitational
universe strength of location
Unit is kilogram (kg) Unit is Newton(N)
— W= m × g
MEASUREMENT OF WEIGHT ON EARTH
Weight(W)=Mass(m) × Gravity(g)
On Earth g= 9.8m/s2 or 10 ms-2
On Mars g= 3.7m/s2
On Moon g= ⅙ of g on earth = 10/6= 1.6 ms-2
So the weight of a 10 kg object on Earth is 100 N and on Mars it is 37 N and on the moon it is 16 N.
SPRING BALANCE is a device used to measure the weight(gravitational force)acting on an
object.
BUOYANCY:
The upward force exerted by a fluid (liquid or gas) on an object immersed in it. Also known as
buoyant force or upthrust force.
It is always vertically upward opposing Gravity.
Why Object Floats?: If the density of the object is less than or equal to the liquid's density
(Upthrust>gravitational).
Example: A wooden block or a plastic bottle floats on water.
Why Object Sinks? : If the density of the object is greater than the liquid's density
(gravitational> Upthrust).
Example: An iron nail sinks in water.
ARCHIMEDES' PRINCIPLE STATES:
When a body is immersed fully or partially in a fluid, it experiences an upward buoyant force
equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by it.
Buoyant force (Fb) = weight of fluid displaced