b. Add 4 to the difference.
The result is the
ASSESSMENT OF STUDENT LEARNING 1 number of horizontal lines.
(ASL 1) c. Draw the required horizontal lines and 13
MODULE 8 – UTILIZATION OF vertical lines.
ASSESSMENT DATA d. Place “total” in the lowest cell of the first
COMPREHENSIVE REVIEWER column.
e. Write the tens digits consecutively from the
I. UTILIZATION OF ASSESSMENT DATA lowest score to the highest score.
f. Write the units digits 0–9 across the top row
Examinations and tests are given for specific and place “total” in the last column.
purposes. Classroom measuring instruments are g. Tally every score in the cell where the tens
intended either to measure student achievement digit and units digit intersect.
and performance or to evaluate growth and h. Write every fifth tally across the first four tally
development. After giving a test, teachers must marks.
study and analyze the results based on the i. Add the tallies horizontally and vertically.
purpose for which the test is intended. j. Horizontal and vertical totals must be equal.
Teachers deal with large amounts of test-score Importance:
data. As scores accumulate, it becomes difficult • Organizes large amounts of data.
to answer questions such as: • Prevents omission and duplication.
• How many students are above average? • Simplifies interpretation.
• How many scored above the cut-off passing
score? IV. RANKING OF SCORES
• Did most of the class do well on the test?
• What is the highest or lowest score? Definition:
Ranking arranges scores from highest to lowest
Statistical measures help teachers classify and assigns ranks.
students, group scores, determine results, and
interpret test outcomes. Procedure:
1. Arrange scores from highest to lowest.
II. METHODS OF TABULATING DATA 2. Assign serial numbers beginning with 1.
3. Assign ranks.
Five methods of tabulating data: 4. Scores appearing once use their serial numbers
1. Classification of Scores in a Master Sheet as ranks.
2. Ranking 5. Scores appearing more than once use the
3. Simple Frequency Distribution average of their serial numbers.
4. Grouped Frequency Distribution 6. Identical scores receive identical ranks.
5. Graphing
Sample Ranking:
III. CLASSIFICATION OF SCORES IN A 41 = Rank 1.5
MASTER SHEET 41 = Rank 1.5
40 = Rank 3
Definition: 39 = Rank 4.5
A master sheet is used to organize scores 39 = Rank 4.5
according to their tens and units digits. 37 = Rank 6.5
37 = Rank 6.5
Procedure: 35 = Rank 9
a. Subtract the ten’s digit of the lowest score 35 = Rank 9
from the ten’s digit of the highest score. 35 = Rank 9
32 = Rank 11.5 VI. GROUPED FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION
32 = Rank 11.5
30 = Rank 13 Definition:
29 = Rank 15 A method of organizing scores into intervals or
29 = Rank 15 categories.
29 = Rank 15
28 = Rank 17.5 STEP 1: Determine the Range
28 = Rank 17.5
27 = Rank 19 Formula:
26 = Rank 20 R=H–L
Uses: Where:
• Determine relative standing. R = Range
• Compare student performance. H = Highest Score
• Identify top and bottom performers. L = Lowest Score
V. SIMPLE FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION Example:
R = 41 – 26 = 15
Definition:
A table showing each score and the number of STEP 2: Determine the Number of Intervals
times it occurs.
The number of intervals is flexible depending on
Components: the data.
X = Score
f = Frequency STEP 3: Determine Interval Width
Characteristics: Formula:
• Easy to construct. i = Range / Number of Intervals
• Not practical when scores have a wide spread.
• Can become lengthy and difficult to interpret. Example:
• Rarely useful in large classroom datasets. i = 15 / 5 = 3
Sample Distribution: STEP 4: Construct the Interval Column
41=2
40=1 Rules:
39=1 • Lower limit must be a multiple of interval
38=0 width.
37=2 • Upper limit is one point less than the lower
36=0 limit of the next interval.
35=3
34=0 Sample Intervals:
33=0 42–44
32=2 39–41
31=0 36–38
30=1 33–35
29=3 30–32
28=2 27–29
27=1 24–26
21–23
18–20 36–38 = 37
15–17 33–35 = 34
12–14 30–32 = 31
9–11 27–29 = 28
6–8 24–26 = 25
3–5
C. SMOOTH CURVE
STEP 5: Construct the Frequency Column
Definition:
Sample: A curved representation of grouped frequency
39–41 = 5 distributions.
36–38 = 2
33–35 = 3 Characteristics:
30–32 = 3 • Requires advanced mathematical calculations.
27–29 = 6 • Used as a general representation of scores.
24–26 = 1
VIII. TYPES OF DISTRIBUTIONS
Advantages:
• Summarizes large datasets. A. SYMMETRICAL DISTRIBUTIONS
• Easier to interpret.
• Makes graphing simpler. Definition:
Scores are evenly distributed around the center.
VII. GRAPHING
Variations:
Graphs visually represent grouped frequency • Peaked
distributions. • Flattened
• Somewhere in between
A. HISTOGRAM OR BAR GRAPH
B. ASYMMETRICAL DISTRIBUTIONS
Definition:
Uses columns or bars of varying heights to Definition:
represent frequencies. One side extends farther than the other.
Interpretation: Types:
• Higher column = greater frequency. • Positively Skewed Distribution
• Lower column = fewer scores. • Negatively Skewed Distribution
B. FREQUENCY POLYGON IX. MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY
Definition: Definition:
Uses straight lines to connect interval midpoints. Values located near the center of a distribution
when scores are arranged in order.
Characteristics:
• Best for continuous data. Uses:
• Useful for achievement tests and GPA data. • Compare group achievement.
• Uses midpoints instead of bars. • Interpret individual scores.
• Determine where an individual belongs within
Sample Midpoints: a group.
39–41 = 40
Three Measures: XII. THE MODE
1. Mean
2. Median Definition:
3. Mode The score with the greatest frequency.
X. THE MEAN Characteristics:
• Most frequently occurring score.
Definition: • Considered the poorest measure of central
The arithmetic average of a set of scores. tendency.
Characteristics: A. Rough Mode
1. Stability – every score contributes to the The most frequent score in an ordered score
mean. distribution.
2. Most widely understood measure.
3. Most widely used measure. B. Crude Mode
4. Commonly used in advanced statistical Uses Pearson Formula:
analysis.
Mo = 3Md – 2X̄
Formula:
X̄ = ΣX / N Where:
Mo = Mode
Where: Md = Median
ΣX = Sum of all scores X̄ = Mean
N = Total number of scores
QUICK COMPARISON TABLE
Methods:
A. Long Method MEAN
B. Class Deviation Method • Average of all scores
• Uses every score
XI. THE MEDIAN
MEDIAN
Definition: • Middle score
The midpoint score in an ordered distribution. • Based on position
Also Known As: MODE
50th Percentile • Most frequent score
• Based on frequency
Characteristics:
1. Divides a scale into two equal parts. IMPORTANT FORMULAS
2. Divides a group into two subgroups.
3. Used with quartile deviation. Range:
4. Considered the most exact measure of central R=H–L
tendency.
5. Depends more on the number of cases than on Interval Width:
score magnitude. i = Range / Number of Intervals
Key Point: Mean:
Median = Middle Score X̄ = ΣX / N
Crude Mode:
Mo = 3Md – 2X̄
EXAM REVIEWER (HIGH-YIELD)
Know:
• Purpose of assessment data
• Five methods of tabulating data
• Steps in constructing a master sheet
• Ranking procedures
• Simple frequency distribution
• Grouped frequency distribution
• Range formula
• Interval width formula
• Histogram, Frequency Polygon, and Smooth
Curve
• Symmetrical and Asymmetrical Distributions
• Mean, Median, and Mode definitions
• Characteristics of Mean, Median, and Mode
• Pearson Formula for Crude Mode
• Uses of Measures of Central Tendency
LEARNING EXERCISES
Exercise 1:
Construct the appropriate step distribution using
the scores provided in the module.
Exercise 2:
Compute the Mean, Median, and Mode of the
given step distribution.