LESSON 1: COMMUNICATION punctuation, parts of

a sentence)
Communication
● Planned – Execution entails
- Two-way process that involves
preparation
sharing, receiving, and discerning
verbal and non-verbal cues
IMPROVING VERBAL
between and among people
COMMUNICATION
- Derived from the Latin word
communicare which means “to
a. Appropriateness
share” or “to make common”
- Use words at the right time
- Old French: comunicacion
and the right context
Interaction between two entities:
b. Brevity
● Sender → Receiver
- What you say must be short,
● Speaker → Listener
direct to the point, and
● Writer → Reader
note-worthy; simple yet
meaningful
IMPORTANCE OF
COMMUNICATION c. Clarity
- Words should be easily
● Allows you to gather information understandable to avoid
about other people misunderstandings.
● Helps fulfill interpersonal needs
● Establishes personal identities 5 Ws - What, who, why, when, where
● Influences others
d. Ethics
- Be mindful of gender,
BASIC FORMS OF
role, ethnicity, preference,
COMMUNICATION and status to avoid
compromising the other
1. Verbal person’s background
- Use of words whether written
or spoken e. Vividness
- Wide vocabulary to not run
CHARACTERISTICS OF VERBAL out of words
COMMUNICATION - Know how to play with
words
● Rule-Specific
- Following certain 2. Non-Verbal
norms (e.g. Grammar, - Other ways to express ideas
that do not use words
 CHARACTERISTICS OF e. Body Language
NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION - Involves other parts of the
body aside from the hands
● Unstructured
- No strict rules to be e.g. Upright and open posture
followed indicates friendliness
- Not confined to one
interpretation f. Eye Gaze

● Spontaneous – Not planned e.g. Staring, blinking, winking

beforehand
g. Proxemics
BRANCHES OF NON-VERBAL - Distance between the
COMMUNICATION sender and the receiver

a. Appearance - Clothing & hairstyle ○ Intimate Zone - 1 to 1.5 ft

○ Personal Zone - 1.5 to 4 ft
e.g. Wearing appropriate attire on a ○ Social Zone - 4 to 12 ft
job interview ○ Public Zone - 12+ ft

b. Facial Expressions h. Paralinguistics

- Using the eyebrows, eyes, - Tone of voice, inflection,
mouth, and facial muscles to loudness, and pitch
convey feelings
e.g. Lowering the tone and volume
e.g. Raising your eyebrows and of your voice when speaking to an
opening your eyes widely when authority
you’re surprised
i. Chronemics
c. Gestures - Hand movements - How you use time
- Always early, always late, just
e.g. Giving a thumbs up to show in time
approval
j. Silence - can mean many things
d. Haptics
- Communicating via sense of WAYS TO IMPROVE NON-VERBAL
touch SKILLS
- Has different meanings
depending on the place, ● Maintain eye contact
speed, and intensity ● Use posture to show interest
e.g. Handshake, pat on the back ● Probe for more information
● Avoid out-of-context NV
● Study cultural diversities
● Improve your decoding skills
● Observe yourself in the
mirror
● Do not forget how
appearance says something
● Enlist family and friends
LESSON 2: TENETS & PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNICATION

Communication Tenets
- Generally accepted beliefs that are practiced in the field of communication
- Guidelines that help interlocutors make the exchange of messages effective and
successful

BASIC CHARACTERISTICS OF COMMUNICATION

1. Two-way process
- Involves a sender and a receiver
- Both have a responsibility to make their exchange successful and productive

2. Occurs between two or more people

- Participants may range from two to more people (e.g. Group communication, public
communication)

3. Expressed using words, actions, or both

TENETS OF COMMUNICATION

1. Two levels of meaning

a. Content - depends on the subject/topic of communication

b. Relationship - affects the understanding and effectiveness of communication

2. Dynamic
- Words change and language evolves over time depending on the users and
their generation.

3. Irreversible
- What one has said, written, or posted in social media cannot be taken back.

4. Contextualized
- Communication depends on the setting, occasion, and reason for exchanging
messages.

5. Continuous
- The process is repeated and the role of communicators as either sender or
receiver often reciprocates as they continue to communicate.
 6. Transaction
- Simultaneously performing the role of both sender and receiver (transactional
model)

7. Learned
- Anyone can learn, practice, and master the art of communicating well.

8. Sharing of meanings
- Participants should be on the same page for communication to be successful.

9 C’S IN COMMUNICATION

1. Congruency
- Verbal and non-verbal communication complementing each other
- What you’re saying should match what you’re doing.

2. Conciseness
- Avoid including words or actions that add no value to the message.
- Use words and execute actions that will help the receiver understand the
message.

3. Clarity
- Words should always be understandable.
- Do not be vague or unclear to avoid misunderstanding or miscommunication.

4. Consistency
- Persistence to ensure that the receiver understands you and your message
- Say what you mean and mean what you say.
5. Considering the audience
- Know who the receiver is in order to prepare a message that will be acceptable
and understandable from their perspective.

Audience analysis
- Gathering information about the recipient of your message

6. Content
- One of the key elements of communication
- The message itself

7. Checking for understanding

- Test your receiver to verify or confirm that the message was indeed received.
8. Choosing the right medium
- Determine which medium is the most effective way to make your message reach
your intended audience.

9. Common Language
- Communicate using a language that is common and understandable for you and
your audience.
LESSON 3: COMMUNICATION PROCESS

SENDER

1. Idea Formulation (I think)

- Sender thinks about what message to communicate and decides to share it.
2. Encoding (I deliberate)
- Sender converts the message using verbal and non-verbal communication.

3. Transmission (I throw)
- Sender gives the message.

CHANNEL VS MEDIUM

Channel Medium

verbal or non-verbal tool/device used to convey the message

(e.g. microphone, cellphone, letter)

RECEIVER

4. Receiving (I obtain)
- Receiver gets the message.

5. Decoding (I interpret)
- Receiver processes the information.

6. Feedback (I react)
- Receiver responds to the message.

SIX STAGES

Speaker generates an idea.

Speaker converts the idea into words and actions.

Speaker transmits or sends out the message.

Receiver gets the message.

 Receiver interprets the message based on the context.

Receiver responds and provides feedback.

ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION

1. Sender
- source, writer, speaker, presenter

2. Receiver
- reader, listener, audience

3. Message
- words and thoughts/ideas adapted to the receiver

4. Channel & Medium

- means of distributing the message

5. Feedback
- response from the receiver

6. Context
- situation in which the communication occurs
7. Barrier
- factors that affect the flow of communication and interfere with the message

e.g. Noise, distance, time, language, culture, emotion

OTHER TERMS

Intrapersonal - within and with oneself

Interpersonal - between and among people

PRACTICE QUESTIONS

1. How many stages are there in the given communication process?

Answer: 6
2. Which stage relates to how a sender contemplates on what to say/tell the receiver?
Answer: idea formulation (I think)
3. Which stage refers to the part where the sender deliberates on whether to send a
verbal or nonverbal message?
Answer: encoding (I deliberate)

4. In which stage can you tell that the receiver has either seen, read, or heard the
message with understanding/comprehension?
Answer: decoding (I interpret)

5. In which stage does the receiver decide to reply to the message?

Answer: feedback (I react)

6. What I-phrase relates to sending a text message to one’s friend?

Answer: transmission (I throw)

7. What I-phrase tells you that your friend has received the text message but probably has
not seen or read it yet?
Answer: receiving (I obtain)

8. What other elements are introduced in the communication process aside from sender
and receiver?
Answer: message, feedback,
channel & medium, context, noise
LESSON 4: MODELS OF COMMUNICATION

Communication Models
- Representations of the communication process proposed by various scholars and
experts in communication
- Provide an overview of the different elements of communication at work during the
process of communication

➢ Each model varies depending on the specific context/setting of communication and

the variables (elements) involved.

CHARACTERISTICS OF COMMUNICATION IN EXISTING MODELS

● Linear - one-way process

● Interactive
- Participants take turns in acting as senders and receivers

● Transactional - ongoing or simultaneous

● Recursive
- Sender or receiver go back to the previous stage to correct something

● Cyclical - never ending process

1. Aristotle’s Model (Before 300 BC)

- One of the first and simplest models

➢ Speaker delivers a speech on a specific occasion to an audience and there is an

expected effect of the message to the audience
 2. Lasswell’s Model (1948)

Harold Dwight Lasswell states that a convenient way to describe an act of communication is to
answer:
Who: Person who formulates the message

What: Content of the message

Channel: Medium by which the message is being communicated

Whom: Person/s who receive the message

Effect: Outcome of the message

3. Shannon-Weaver Model (1949)

- Mother of communication models

6 CONCEPTS
● Sender
● Encoder
● Channel
● Decoder
● Receiver
● Noise

4. Schramm’s Model (1954)

- Uses a plain venn diagram to illustrate the communication process
- Field of experience and common experience of the sender and the receiver

5. Berlo’s Model (1960)

4 COMPONENTS
● Sender
● Message
● Channel
● Receiver

6. Dean Barnlund’s Model (1970)

- Sending and receiving of messages happens simultaneously between people

● Public cues (Cpu)

- Physical, environmental, or artificial and natural or man-made

● Private cues (Cpr)

- Private objects of orientation
- Senses of a person

● Behavioral cues
a. Verbal (Cbehv)
b. Non-verbal (Cbehnv)

● Arrows
- Show that the message is intentionally sent and actively taken where the
receiver plays a key role of giving feedback
- Show the process of production of technical encoding, interpretation, and
decoding
 ● Jagged lines
- Show that the availability of cues can be unlimited and are denoted as VVVV

● Valence signs
- +, 0, –
- Illustrate the amount/degree/strength of attractiveness of the cues in the
message

● Speech act
- Particular instance of communication in the model

● Filters
- Realities of people engaged in communication
- The senders’ and receivers’ personal filters might differ according to cultures,
traditions, content of the message, etc.

● Noise
- Problem that arises in communication flow and disturbs the message flow
7. Julia Wood’s Model (2009)
- Similar to that of Schramm’s but with the addition of time
- As communication progresses over time (T1, T2, T3…), the shared world
between communicators is enlarged.
- As people communicate, they learn each other's values, attitudes,
predispositions to situations, moods, and interests.

8. E-mediated Communication Model (2016)

- Term was first coined by William Gibson (1982)
- Brought by digital technology and mass media

ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION
● Sender
● Context
● Cyberspace
● Receiver
● Feedback
LESSON 5: BARRIERS TO EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION

Barriers
- Hindrances, limitations, and issues that impede the effective flow of
information/communication
- Cause communication breakdown, misunderstandings, and relationship issues

1. Perception and Language

Perception - related to one’s reality frame

Language
- use of codes
- form of communication
- field of specialization

Andrew, a graduating psychology student, had a hard time defending his research
paper to one of the panelists who is from a different field.

2. Information Overload

When listening to the lecture of a professor for more than an hour without any breaks,
students have the tendency to just rely on the hand-outs that will be given at the end of
the meeting.

3. Incorrect Filtering

The message of the president assumed different versions after it had been passed on
from one executive to the other.

4. Poor Listening

During the meeting, after the operations manager had addressed the problems of the
majority, the employees started discussing among themselves other unrelated matters
even when the floor had already been given to another speaker.

The teacher asked Donato a question about the new lesson, but the latter failed to
answer correctly because he was playing ML in his phone during the lecture.

5. Emotional Interference
 Mr. Cruz did not want to give the decision of the management to Mrs. Reyes because
of his fear of hurting her feelings.

Wil did not tell his parents that he failed in two subjects for fear that they will reduce his
daily allowance.

6. Closed Communication Climate

- Related to business set-ups or openness of communication in the workplace
(employee and management interactions)

7. Cultural Differences

In a business meeting, the Filipino and Japanese businessmen did not arrive at the
best solution to attract prospective customers

8. Physical Distractions

The participants in the seminar found it hard to listen to the speaker because the
microphone is constantly turned on and off.

Trin cannot understand and focus on the teacher’s lesson because her seatmate is
watching netflix.
LESSON 6: INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATIONS

Communication is a complex process.

➢ Communication barriers may impede its success.
➢ People may come from different cultures.

Intercultural Communication
- Happens when individuals interact, negotiate, and create meanings while bringing in
their varied cultural backgrounds

➢ Knowledge on cultural differences promotes tolerance.

➢ Lack of knowledge on cultural differences promotes ethnocentrism and stereotyping.

FACTORS CONSIDERED IN INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION

● Culture
- Set of human-made objective and subjective elements that people
who share a common language, place of residence, and
generation use for survival

● Gender
● Age
● Social Status
● Religion

Examples:
● Shaking of head
- “No” to most but “yes” in India

● Thumbs up
- “Okay” in many countries particularly Latin America
- Rude sexual sign in Sardinia and Greece

● Enduring silence
- Insecurity and embarrassment in Europe and America
- Comfortable in Japan

● Leaving right after dinner

- Normal in Asia and Central America
 - Guest simply wants to eat, but does not enjoy the company of the hosts
(Europe, North America, and Indian Sub-continent)

● Telling one has put on weight after a long time

- Healthier in Africa
- Insult in Europe, North America, and Australia

CULTURAL DIFFERENCES

1. Social Values
- A group’s expectations from its people

2. Roles & Status

- Differences in how people contribute to the society

3. Decision-Making Customs
- Differences in the length of time spent to come up with a decision

4. Concepts of Time
- Differences in the value of time

5. Personal Space
- Differences in proximity when communicating

6. Cultural Context
- Differences in how meaning is conveyed
- Use of verbal & nonverbal communication

FACTOR HIGH-CONTEXT CULTURE LOW-CONTEXT CULTURE

Expression of reaction Reserved, inward Visible, external, outward

Cohesion & separation of Strong distinction between Flexible and open grouping
groups in-group and out-group patterns

Strong sense of family Changing as needed

People bonds Strong bond with family and Fragile bond among people
community
Little sense of loyalty

Level of commitment to High commitment to Low commitment to

relationships long-term relationships relationships

Relationship is more
important than task

Flexibility of time Time is open and flexible Time is highly organized

Process is more important Product is more important

than product than process

7. Behavior & Manners

- Differences in the concept of what is rude and polite
- Dining etiquette

8. Gestures & Body Language

- Differences in non-verbal meanings

9. Legal & Ethical

- Differences in the laws of the land and society

10. Corporate Cultural Differences

- Cultural differences between companies
- Relaxed vs. stiff office setups

DEVELOPMENTAL MODEL OF INTERCULTURAL SENSITIVITY (DMIS)

STAGE 1
 Denial
Individual does not recognize differences

STAGE 2
Defense
Recognition of differences result to either high or low regard of one’s own culture

STAGE 3
Minimization
Differences are considered universal

STAGE 4
Acceptance
Individual begins to appreciate cultural differences in behavior and value

STAGE 5
Adaptation
Individual sees world view and accepts new perspectives

STAGE 6
Integration
Individual begins to go beyond their own culture and see themselves and their action based
on multifarious cultural viewpoints
LESSON 7: COMMUNICATION FUNCTIONS

1. Regulation & Control

- To manage the behavior of the people we interact with
- To make them do things as we please

Examples:
● Parents telling their children to do household chores
● School policies and guidelines
● Philippine Constitution
● IATF guidelines
● Bashing of netizens
● Movies about karma and death
● Influencers and media’s opinion about celebrities and politicians

2. Social Interaction
- To form bonds with other people
- Way of forging friendships with them
Examples:
● Opening a conversation with strangers to break the ice
● Reunions
● SHS Week
● Organization/club parties
● Group chats

3. Motivation
- To persuade, convince, or inspire others

Examples:
● Convincing your parents to buy you something that you want
● Product ads/commercials
● Political campaigns
● Friends giving motivation/ encouragement

4. Emotional Expression
- To appeal to the emotions of other people

Examples:
● Informal settlers begging their LGUs to speed up the process of distributing financial
assistance
 5. Information
- To share ideas based on facts, statistics, and other reliable sources

OTHER FUNCTIONS

1. Primary - Ultimate reason for communicating

2. Secondary - Other reason for communicating

3. Instructive
- To give directions, training, or instructions to the listener

4. Persuasive
- Moves the listener to do a certain action (similar to motivation)

5. Therapeutic
- To comfort or console the listener
6. Discussion & Argumentation
- For teams or organizations
- Helps in decision-making
- Creates a harmonious relationship

7. Cultural Promotion
- To achieve peace, understanding, and harmony among nations/people from
different cultures
LESSON 8: SPEECH CONTEXTS & COMMUNICATION STYLES

1. Circumstances
- Depend on the number of participants involved in the communication process

2. Intrapersonal Communication
- The same person acts as both the sender and receiver of the message
3. Interpersonal Communication
- The sender and the receiver are two different persons

a. Intimate & Personal

b. Formal & Impersonal

4. Group Communication
- More than one sender and receiver interacting with one another
- 3 to 20 people

5. Public Communication
- One sender giving a message to a large group of receivers

6. Mass Communication
- Media tool/device is used to deliver message to a large number of people at
the same time
- Receivers are not in the same place as the sender

TYPES OF PEOPLE IN GROUP COMMUNICATION

1. Controlling
- Dominating discussion
- “This is the best way, listen to me.”

2. Structuring
- The planner
- Tries to promote order by identifying needs and scheduling activities
3. Relinquishing
- Passes work to others
- “I think he/she can do this better than I can.”
 4. Withdrawing
- Do not have interest in participating nor in committing to the group
- “I have better things to do than talk with you.”
- Bahala kayo diyan attitude

5. Egalitarian
- Advocates/practices equality
- Equal rights, equal workload
- “Let’s hear from each of the members.”
- “Everyone should exert equal effort.”

6. Dynamic
- The democratic member
- Listens to other ideas/opinions
- Advocates harmony and open communication
- Encourages and motivates others to do their best

WAYS TO AVOID CONFLICT IN GROUP COMMUNICATION

CONFLICT MANAGEMENT STYLES

1. Collaborating
2. Accommodating
3. Compromising
4. Avoiding
5. Competing

COMMUNICATION STYLES
LESSON 9: COMMUNICATION STRATEGIES

1. Message Abandonment
- Speaker just stops talking to express himself/herself

2. Topic Avoidance
- Changing the topic or talking about something else instead of the issue that
needs to be discussed

3. Use of All-Purpose Words

- Using a general expression to refer to an idea you think the other person
already knows about in order to save you from using the actual word

4. Word Coinage
- Inventing a term based on your knowledge of rules in forming words in a
particular language

5. Literal Translation
- Translating a word/expression from one language to another word-per-word
even when its essence is compromised

6. Foreignizing
- Pronouncing a word in your native language as if it is a word in the target
language

7. Code-Switching
- Combining words in your native language and target language in one sentence

8. Use of Gap Fillers

- Using unnecessary words/expressions in order to stall your message or to avoid
dull moments or dead air

9. Circumlocution
- Working your way around an idea by describing it vividly instead of calling it by
its real name

10. Approximation
- Looking for a closely related word in order to refer to something

11. Use of Non-Verbal Cues

 - Looking for a non-verbal cue that would best say what you want to say

12. Appeal for Help

- Asking someone else to explain what it is that you want to say
LESSON 10: SPEECH STYLES

Speech Styles
- Levels of language formality in communicating
- Depends on communicators’ relationship, words used, and physical distance

1. Intimate Style
- Used when the relationship with the receiver is very private
- Ex. Friends who call each other names that only they can understand

2. Casual Style
- Used when interacting with friends and acquaintances
- Ex. Neighbors greeting each other when they see each other outside

3. Consultative Style
- Used in a professional transaction or exchange between the sender and the receiver
- Ex. A doctor speaking with a patient who is exhibiting COVID-19 symptoms

4. Formal Style
- Used when we have to follow conventions as we deliver a message to the receiver
- Ex. News anchor delivering a news flash report

5. Frozen Style
- Used when the pattern and features of the message is non-negotiable
- Ex. Reciting prayers

HISTORICAL LINGUISTICS

LANGUAGE CHANGE
● Language is a living organism
● Inventions
● Practicality
● Social Prestige
● Imperfect learning

COMMUNICATION STYLES
TYPES OF SPEECH

A. Purpose (Speeches according to intention)

1. Expository
- To inform

2. Inspirational
- To uplift one’s emotion

3. Persuasive
- To call for action

4. Special Occasions
- To honor an important event

B. Delivery (Speeches according to execution)

1. Manuscript
- Speaker has a copy of the script during speech delivery
- Reading from a prepared speech

2. Memorized
- Speaker knows the speech by heart
- Delivered word by word from memory
 3. Impromptu
- Speaker comes up with a speech on the spot
- Off the cuff / spur of the moment / without prior preparation
4. Extemporaneous
- Speaker is given a few minutes to prepare before delivery
- Not a completely written speech; may use notecards

TYPES OF EXPOSITORY SPEECH

1. Speech of Definition
- What is 3D printing?

2. Speech of Description
- Exploring Santorini, Greece

3. Speech of Demonstration/ Process

- How to apply for a scholarship in UST?

4. Speech of Explanation
- Why is the sky blue?
- Why do women live longer?

PARTS OF EXPOSITORY SPEECH

1. Introduction
- Attention getter; hook

2. Body
- Build interest
- State main points
- Elaborate each main point by giving examples, evidence, illustrations

3. Conclusion
- Summarize main points
- Use a clincher
- Make predictions
Persuasive Speech
- A symbolic process where communicators convince others to change their
attitude/behavior on an issue through a transmitted message in an atmosphere of free
choice

1. Proposition of Fact
- Intense internet exposure gravely affects teenagers’ mental health

2. Proposition of Value
- The end justifies the means

3. Proposition of Policy
- Parents of minors who are still out beyond curfew hours should be apprehended

Ethos
- Appeal to the speaker's status or authority, making the audience more likely to trust
them

Pathos
- Appeal to the emotions, trying to evoke certain emotions to make the audience feel
what the speaker wants them to feel

Logos
- Appeal to the audience’s sense of reason or logic, building up logical arguments
_____________________________

Fallacy
- A statement that appears correct but wrong if analyzed
1. Argumentum Ad Hominem
- Attack on the person rather than on the argument/issue

Ex. The person running for mayor in our town should not be voted because he is not tall.

2. Argumentum Ad Vericundiam
- Use of a person’s authority, expertise, or popularity to make an assertion more
credible

Ex. It is okay to buy Brand Y because Kathryn Bernardo uses this product.
 3. Argumentum Ad Misericordiam
- Use of pity or sympathy to appeal to emotion

Ex. Students should not fail in any course because their parents are working hard to
send them to school.

4. Argumentum Ad Populum
- Believing that majority is always right

Ex. You have to have a TikTok account since almost everyone has theirs.

5. Argumentum Ad Ignorantiam
- Absence of knowledge on an issue is used against the person to make a
statement correct

Ex. University of San Carlos is the oldest university in Asia because a Thomasian who
was interviewed could not give a proof of that.

6. Fallacy of post hoc, ergo propter hoc

- Connecting one event to another when there may be no connection at all

Ex. An earthquake occurred because Donald Trump won the election.

7. Fallacy of Complex Question

- Something that appears to only have one question when there could be two or
more

Ex. A parent asking his child who came late asked, "How long did you stay in your
friend's house?"
8. Fallacy of Petitio Principii
- The thing to be proved is the one asserted as true

Ex. Business administration is concerned mainly with concepts related to business.

Special Occasion Speeches

- Speeches delivered during important events

a. Inspirational Speech
b. Commencement Speech
c. Keynote Speech
d. Entertainment Speech
 e. Speech of Introduction

SPEECH ACT THEORY

Speech Act Theory

- First introduced by John Austin in 1962 in his book “How to do things with words”
- Later extended by John Rogers Searle
- Helps us understand how people accomplish things with words
- Act that the speaker performs every time he makes an utterance

1. Locutionary Act
- Act of saying a relevant assertion
- The actual words spoken

Ex. You’re my favorite section.

It is on my table.

a. Representatives
- Commit the hearer to the truth of the proposition
- Asserting, stating, denying, confessing, admitting, notifying

Ex. It is raining.

b. Directives
- Attempt to get the hearer to do something
- Requesting, ordering, warning, forbidding, advising, suggesting

Ex. Please make coffee.

c. Commissives
- Commit the speaker to doing something
- Promising, volunteering, pledging

Ex. I promise to bring toys tomorrow.

d. Expressives
- Express a mental/emotional state
- Apologizing, thanking, condoling, objecting
 Ex. Thank you!
I’m sorry!

e. Declarations
- Changes the status of some entity

Ex. You’re out!

I now pronounce you, husband
and wife.
2. Illocutionary Act
- Connected with the speaker's intention
- How the word should be taken in a conversation
- Communicative force of a word/utterance
- Stating, questioning, warning, promising, requesting

3. Perlocutionary Act
- Effect produced by the locutionary act on the feelings, thoughts or actions of
the listener/reader

- Performed with the intention of producing further effect on the hearer

- What the listeners will do or how they will respond depends on the effect
produced by such utterance

When examining perlocutionary acts, the effect on the hearer or reader is emphasized.

"I have an original CD of Chopin; would you like to borrow it?"

➢ Its illocutionary function is an offer, while its intended perlocutionary force/effect might
be to impress the listener, or to show a friendly attitude, or to encourage an interest in a
particular type of music.

➢ The perlocutionary act is what the listener would actually do.

DIRECT & INDIRECT SPEECH ACTS

Direct
- Uses performative verbs
- States directly the action
- Literal meaning of utterances

Ex. I order you to close the aircon.

Indirect
- What the speaker says is different from what he/she means
- A request or command that may take the form of a question

Ex. It’s very cold in here.

I don’t have money.

Felicity Conditions
- Suitability of a remark
- The condition that must be satisfied if a speech act is to be correctly & honestly
performed
- The expected or appropriate circumstances for the performance of a speech to be
recognized as intended

Ex. “I sentence you to six months in prison.”

(infelicitous if the speaker is not an
authority to say the words)
_______________________________

AUDIO-VISUAL PRESENTATION AIDS

Presentation Aids
- Used by speakers to enhance their discussion of topics or to call the attention of the
audience to their speech
- Supplement the speech with audiovisual stimulators to encourage recall and
understanding of important points

Ex. Graphs, PowerPoint presentations, pictures, tangible objects, videos, films

1. Visual

a. Charts and graphs

- Used to present figures, outcomes, and percentages; and compare data

b. Slides (PowerPoint, Prezi)

- Used to create audio-visual presentations with audio and animations

c. Flipcharts
- A large pad of paper on a stand used to present information to an audience by
turning over one piece of paper at a time
 d. Handouts
- Used when detailed information cannot fit in the given slides, and when
speakers want the audience to have a complete copy of their speech

e. Props
- Used for informative and demonstrative speaking

f. Posters
- Used when speaking to a small audience
2. Audio
- Music, sound effects, recordings, audio tapes

3. Audio-Visual
- Videos, film clips, CDs, DVDs
- Show stimulating visual presentations
- Reinforce the message of the speaker and directly relevant to the speech

CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD AUDIO-VISUAL PRESENTATION AID

● Relevant
- Directly related to the subject of one's speech

● Appropriate
- Fit to the occasion and subject of one's speech
- A map is more appropriate when discussing how to get to a particular place, not
a graph or a chart

● Appealing
- Stimulate visual nerves and make audiences interested in the speech

● Readable
- Presentation aids must be appropriately sized and text must be legible

● Varied
- Enhances retention of information and increases the interest of the audiences
ADVANTAGES

● Serves as memory aid

- Information can be stored much easily

● Guides one’s speech delivery

 - Keywords from the presentation guides
- Begin your speech by involving your audience through a variety of visuals and
sounds

● Aids learning
- Addresses varied learning styles and preferences

● Sustains interest
- Speaker should keep the audience interested for the whole duration of the
speech presentation

● Uses appropriate color and images

- Do not use cartoons or cute additions to your presentation
- Do not overuse colors as this will distract your audience

DO’s
Use appropriate color and images
Label charts and graphs
Keep the text short and simple
Rehearse
Talk to your audience; avoid staring too long at the presentation aid
Have a back up plan
Use appropriate colors and images
DON’Ts
Experiment with fonts and colors
Use flashing and distracting elements
Fill a slide with too much information
Simply recite your slides
Cartoons and other childish images
Overuse colors that distract audience
LESSON 11: LISTENING

BENEFITS
● Understand things on a deeper level
● Increase your knowledge
● Have more resources to make more informed, rational decisions
● Able to help others better
● Avoid conflicts and reduce problems
● Learn more about different cultures
● Become a more effective leader

TYPES OF LISTENING

1. Discriminative
- Most basic form of listening
- No understanding of the message
- Recognizing the different sounds produced

2. Comprehension
- Understanding of the message

(The first 2 types are fundamentals or pre-requisites to other types of listening.)

3. Critical
- Analyzing the message and identifying if it is right or wrong
- Verifying truths from fallacies

4. Evaluative
- Choosing a stand/side based on your critical judgement
5. Informative
- Listening with a goal of learning and understanding information
- ex. school, news, cooking videos

6. Biased (Selective Listening)

- Only listening to what you want or choose to hear
- Misinterpreting what other people say based on stereotypes

7. Appreciative
- For enjoyment/
- entertainment
- ex. Listening to music
 8. Sympathetic
- Knowing what the speaker feels
- Identifying their situation and feelings

9. Empathic
- Understanding what the speaker feels
- Putting yourself in their shoes
- To establish deeper connection

10. Therapeutic
- Doing something about the speaker's feelings
- To help them change or develop in some way

11. Dialogic
- Goal is to learn more about the speaker through conversations
12. Relationship
- To get the trust of the speaker

KEYS FOR EFFECTIVE LISTENING

● Stop talking
● Control your surroundings
● Keep an open mind
● Listen for main points
● Provide feedback
● Capitalize on lag time
● Listen between the lines
● Judge ideas and not appearances
● Hold your fire
● Take selective notes

WHAT TO AVOID

● Interrupting the speaker

● Not looking at the speaker
● Rushing the speaker
● Showing interest in something other than the conversation
● Finishing the speaker's thoughts
● Not responding to the speaker's requests
● Saying "Yes, but..."
● Topping the speaker's story
 ● Forgetting what was talked about previously
● Asking too many questions about details

THE LISTENING PROCESS

1. Receiving
- Message and sound waves are received by auditory and visual channels
- Only hearing the message that was sent

2. Perceiving
- Listener filters and screens the message received using frame of reference or
perceptual filter
- Process of selecting and organizing stimuli

3. Interpreting
- Makes meaning out of verbal or non-verbal messages using stamina

4. Responding
- Giving of feedback
- Purposely or involuntarily
- Indicate active listening skills
LESSON 12: PRINCIPLES OF SPEECH WRITING

Principles of Speech Writing

- Different steps that need to be undertaken by the speaker in order to deliver a
well-prepared speech

1. Choosing a topic

a. Timely
Is it sensible as of the moment?
Are there aspects of the issue that will be useful to your audience?

Does the topic have a lot of unresolved issues that would automatically engage the
audience?

Does the topic inherently provide questions that want to be answered?

b. Interesting
Is it appealing from my perspective?

Will I be motivated enough to develop a speech out of the chosen topic?

c. Relatable
Will my audience have even a little background info. about my topic?

How knowledgeable am I of the chosen topic?

How much info. should be provided in the speech?

2. Analyzing your audience

a. Demographic Analysis
- General profile of your audience

● Age
● Gender
● Culture
● Religion
● Group Membership
● Education
● Occupation
b. Psychographic Analysis
 - Perceptions of your audience

● Values
● Opinions
● Attitudes
● Beliefs
● Interest & Needs
● Pre-existing notions (you)
● Pre-existing notions (topic)

c. Situational Analysis
- Environment or setting

● Size
● Occasion
● Physical setting

● Voluntary audience
- Gathers because they want to hear the speech, attend the event, or participate
in an event

● Captive audience
- Required or obligated to be present

3. Sourcing information

Seek reliable references

Provide supporting information
Extract important points
Ethical information must be sought
Cite sources
Headstart with good note taking

4. Organizing a speech

a. Introduction
- Preview/attention getter
- Directs the audience towards the purpose
● Rhetorical question
● Lines
● Poem
● Biblical passage
● Anecdote
● Quote
● Startling statement
● Narrative

b. Body
- Contains the main points
- Expounds the main points with examples, evidence, arguments, or illustrations

➢ Recall key points previewed in introduction.

➢ Provide details to discuss each key point.
➢ Use transitions.

c. Conclusion
- Recap of main points
- Clincher; leaves something to think of

➢ Summarize key points.

➢ Provide insights on the implication of your speech.
➢ End with a thought provoking statement.