ABSTRACT

Water is one of the most essential natural resources and its quality directly affects
human health and environmental sustainability. The present study entitled "Water
Quality Analysis of Jorhat Town: A Zonal Study of North, South, East and West
Regions" was conducted to assess the quality of drinking water from different
parts of Jorhat town.

Water samples were collected from various sources including groundwater,

surface water, and tap water across the north, south, east, and west zones of the
town. The collected samples were analysed in the laboratory using standard
testing procedures. Important physicochemical parameters such as pH, Total
Dissolved Solids (TDS), Iron, Hardness, and Chloride were determined and
compared with the permissible limits prescribed by IS:10500 drinking water
standards.

The analysis revealed variations in water quality among different zones and water
sources. Most samples were found to be within the acceptable limits for drinking
purposes, while a few showed deviations in certain parameters, indicating the
need for regular monitoring and appropriate treatment measures. The study
highlights the importance of periodic water quality assessment to ensure safe
drinking water and to protect public health.

The findings of this project can be useful for local authorities, water supply
agencies, and the general public in understanding the current status of water
quality in Jorhat town and promoting sustainable water resource management.

I
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

At the very outset, we would like to express our sincere gratitude to our respected Principal, Dr.
Gautam Dutta, H.R.H. The P.O.W.I.E.T., and Mr. D.P. Gogoi, Civil Engineering Dept. for their
valuable support and encouragement throughout the project work.

We are especially grateful to Miss Akankshya Hazarika, Lecturer, Project Guide in Civil
Engineering Department for her constant guidance, suggestions and supervision during the
project work. We also extend our heartfelt thanks to all the Laboratory personals of Public
Health Engineering Department (PHED), Jorhat involved in our Lab Testing of water samples
and Ridon Prasad Kakoti, Assistant Engineer, (PHED), Guwahati for giving us valuable insights
in JJM Water Supply, Distribution and conveyance as part of this project work.

Finally, we express our gratitude to all faculty members, friends, and well-wishers who directly
or indirectly helped us in the successful completion of this project.

We sincerely acknowledge the support and cooperation of everyone involved in this work.

II
"Water is life, and clean water is health. To protect our water
resources is to protect the very future of humanity."
- Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam

"We have a sacred duty to protect our rivers. They are not
merely bodies of water; they are the lifelines of our civilization
and the mothers of our heritage.”
- Rabindranath Tagore

III
CONTENTS
ABSTRACT I
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT II
QUOTES III
LIST OF TABLES VII
LIST OF FIGURES VIII-IX
CHAPTER1: INTRODUCTION
1.1.1 What is Water Quality? 1

1.1.2 What is Water Quality Analysis? 1

1.1.3 Why Water Quality Analysis is required? 1

1.1.4 Necessities 1

1.1.5 Purpose of drinking water quality 1-2

CHAPTER2: WATER QUALITY STANDARD SPECIFICATION

2.1. Colour 3

2.2. Odour 4
2.3. Ph 5

2.4 Total Dissolved Solid (TDS) 6

2.5. Hardness 7

2.6. Iron 8

2.7. Manganese 9

2.8. Nitrate 10
2.9. Chloride 11

2.10. Fluoride 12
IV
2.11. Arsenic 13

2.12. Chromium 14

2.13. Copper 15

2.14. Cyanide 16
2.15. Lead 17

2.16. Mercury 18

2.17. Zinc 19

2.18. Total Coliform Bacteria 20

2.19. E. Coliform Bacteria 21

2.20. Health Effect in Chemical Parameters 22

CHAPTER 3: PROCEDURE
3.1. Procedure of Water Quality Analysis 23

3.1.1. Selection Of Parameters 24

3.1.2. Selection Of Methods 24

3.1.3. Precision And Accuracy of Method 24

3.1.4. Proper Sampling 26

3.1.5. Proper Labeling 26

3.1.6. Preservation 27
3.1.7. Analysis 27
3.1.8. Reporting 27

CHAPTER 4-
4.1. Sample no 1,2,3 28

4.2. Sample no 4,5,6

4.3. Sample no 7,8,9

4.4. Sample no 10,11,12

CHAPTER 5-
5.1 Introduction 29
5.2 Water Tests 29-30

V
5.3 Requirements of Drinking water 31

CHAPTER 6-
6.1. Total dissolved solid (TDS) 32-33

6.2. Ph 34
6.3. Iron 35-37

6.4. Hardness 38-39

6.5. Chloride 40

CHAPTER 7- JAL JEEVAN MISSION

7.1. Introduction 41

7.2. Objectives of JJM 41

7.3. Key components of JJM 42

7.4 Water quality monitoring under JJM 43

7.5 Significance of JJM in water quality assessment 43

7.6 Relevance to present study 44

7.7 Conclusion 44

CHAPTER 8- ANALYSIS OF REPORT

8.1. Permissible limits for different tests 45
8.2 Analysis of report 45

PHOTO GALLARY 46-51

CONCLUSION 52

REFERENCE 53

VI
 LIST OF TABLE
TABLE NO CONTENT PAGE No
2.1 Colour, Hazen Units 3

2.2 Odour 4

2.3 pH 5

2.4 TDS 6

2.5 Hardness 7

2.6 Iron 8

2.7 Manganese 9

2.8 Nitrate 10

2.9 Chloride 11

2.10 Fluoride 12

2.11 Arsenic 13

2.12 Chromium 14

2.13 Copper 15

2.14 Cyanide 16

2.15 Lead 17

2.16 Mercury 18

2.17 Zinc 19

2.18 Total coliform bacteria 20

2.19 E- Coliform bacteria 21

2.20 Health effects of chemical parameters 22

5.3 Requirements of drinking water 31

VII
 6.1 Lab data sheet for TDS test 33

6.2 Lab data sheet for pH test 34

6.3 Lab data sheet for Iron test 37

6.4 Lab data sheet for Hardness test 39

6.5 Lab data sheet for Chloride test 40

LIST OF FIGURE
FIGURE No CONTENT PAGE No

2.1 pH 5

2.2 TDS 6

2.3 Iron 8

2.4 Manganese 9

2.5 Nitrate 10

2.6 Chloride 11

2.7 Chromium 14

2.8 Copper 15

2.9 Cyanide 16

2.10 Mercury 18

2.11 Total coliform bacteria 20

2.12 E-Coliform bacteria 21

8.1 Sample1 Ground water 46

8.2 Sample2 Surface water 46

8.3 Sample3 Tap water 46

8.4 Sample4 Surface water 47

8.5 Sample5 Ground water 47

8.6 Sample 6 Tap water 47

8.7 Sample7 Surface water 48

8.8 Sample8 Ground water 48

VIII
8.9 Sample9 Tap water 48

8.10 Sample10 Surface water 49

8.11 Sample11Ground water 49

8.12 Sample12 Tap water 49

8.13 Hot Plate 50

8.14 Hardness Test 50

8.15 Spectrophotometer 50

8.16 TDS & pH Meter 51

8.17 Iron Test 51

IX
X
 CHAPTER 1
WATER QUALITY ANALYSIS: INTRODUCTION

1.1 What is Water Quality?

Water Quality can be defined as the chemical, physical and biological characteristics of water,
usually in respect to its suitability for a designated use.

As we all know, water has many uses, such as for recreation, drinking, fisheries, agriculture and
industry. Each of these designated uses has different defined chemical, physical and biological
standards necessary to support that use. For example, we expect higher standards for water we
drink and swim in compared to that used in agriculture and industry.

1.2 What is Water Quality Analysis?

Water quality standards are put in place to ensure the efficient use of water for a designated
purpose. Water quality analysis is to measure the required parameters of water, following
standard methods, to check whether they are in accordance with the standard.

1.3 Why Water Quality Analysis is required?

Water quality analysis is required mainly for monitoring purpose. Some importance of such
assessment includes:

➢ To check whether the water quality is in compliance with the standards, and hence, suitable
or not for the designated use.

➢ To monitor the efficiency of a system, working for water quality maintenance

➢ To check whether up gradation / change of an existing system is required and to decide

what changes should take place.

➢ To monitor whether water quality is in compliance with rules and regulations.

1.4 Water quality analysis is of extremely necessary in the sectors

of:
➢ Public Health (especially for drinking water)

➢ Industrial Use

-5-|Page
1.5 Purpose of drinking water quality:
Water is essential to life and a nominal supply of clean-safe drinking water is required for the
sustenance of life. Concern regarding safe-clean drinking water commenced at the turn of the
20th century, when science coupled with technology unrevealed the implications associated
with contaminated drinking water. Today, in developed nations, it is standard practice to provide
the populace with safe-reliable drinking water, as safe drinking water in most industrialized
countries is recognized as a basic human right and a costeffective measure of reducing disease
(i.e., preventative medicine).

In developed and developing countries, drinking water quality guidelines and regulations are
based on current, published-scientific research related to health effects, aesthetic effects, and
operational considerations. All these important parameters aim at providing potable and
palatable drinking water to reduce water borne diseases and foster healthy living.

Briefly, the purpose of having drinking water quality guidelines and regulations is to ensure that
all human beings within a country have access to safe drinking water. In developing countries,
like India, it is estimated that over 80% of disease is caused by contaminated drinking water
and as a consequence, over 30% of work productivity is lost. Meaning, water is largely the
cause of most disease and a considerable amount of work potential is compromised because of
this.
 CHAPTER - 2
WATER QUALITY STANDARDS
(Indian Standard for Drinking Water-Specification
IS 10500-1991)
2.1. COLOUR:
➢ Dissolved organic matter - Humic acid, fulvic acid, tannins from decayed vegetation →
yellow to brown colour

➢ Dissolved inorganic substances - Iron and manganese → reddish-brown to black colour

➢ Industrial wastes - Dyes from textile mills, lignin from paper mills, chemicals from
tanneries → various colours

The colour of water after removing all suspended and colloidal particles by filtration or
centrifugation is called true colour.

Example: Yellowish colour due to dissolved organic matter.

The colour of water as seen without removing suspended particles is apparent colour.

Example: Muddy river water appears brown due to suspended soil particles.

Colour is often measured using an instrument called a Tintometer (also known as a Lovibond
colorimeter)

Table 2.1. Colour, Hazen Units

Colour,Hazen Units
IS 10500-1991 Desireable:5Hz, Permissible:25Hz
Risks or effects Visible tint,acceptance decreases
Sources Tannins,Iron,Copper,Manganese,Natural deposits
Treatment Filtration,Distillation,Reverse osmosis,Ozonisation
2.2 ODOUR:
The Threshold Odour Number (TON) is a standard metric used to quantify the intensity of
odor in water or other liquids.

The odour of water and wastewater is measured using an instrument called an osmoscope.

Table 2.2. Odour

Odour
IS 10500-1991 Unobjectionable
Risks or effects Rotten egg,Musty,Chemical
Sources Chloride,Hydrogen sulfide,Organic matter,Septic
contamination,Methane gas
Treatment Activated carbon,Air stripping,oxidation,Filtration
2.3. pH
pH is a measure of the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution, indicating its acidity or
alkalinity on a logarithmic scale from 0 to 14. A pH of 7 is natural(water), values below 7 are
acidic and above are basic(alkaline).
Formula: Defined as the negative log of hydrogen ion concentration
 pH= - log[H+]
SCALE- The ideal pH range for drinking water is generally 6.5 to 8.5, which is considered as
safe, palatable, and non-corrosive.
Table 2.3- pH
pH
IS 10500-1991 Desirable:6.5-8.5, Permissible: No relaxation
Risks or effects Low pH-corrosion, metallic taste
High pH-bitter/soda taste, deposits
Sources Natural
Treatment Increase pH by Soda ash
Decrease pH with white vinegar/citric acid

Figure 2.1: pH scale.

2.4 TOTAL DISSOLVED SOLIDS:
Table 2.4 TDS

Total Dissolved Solids(TDS)

IS 10500-1991 Desirable:500mg/L,Permissible:2000mg/L
Risks or effects Hardness,scaly deposits,sediment,cloudy coloured water,
Staining,salty or bitter taste,corrosion of pipes and fittings
Livestock waste,septic system
Sources Landfills,nature of soil
Hazardous waste landfills
Dissolved minerals,iron and manganese

Treatment Reverse Osmosis,Distillation,deionization by ion exchange

Figure 2.2 : TDS in PPM.

2.5. HARDNESS:
Hardness of water is a measure of the amount of dissolved minerals, primarily calcium (Ca2+)
and magnesium (Mg2+) ions, present in water. Hardness is basically two types:-

1. Temporary Hardness :- It caused by calcium and magnesium bicarbonates, which can

be removed by boiling.

2. Permanent Hardness:- It caused by sulphates and chlorides of calcium and

magnesium, which cannot be removed by boiling.

MEASUREMENT:- It expressed in miligrams per liter(mg/L) or parts per million(ppm) of

calcium carbonate(CaCO3).

Table 2.5.1- Scale

HARDNESS IN PPM DEGREE OF HARDNESS

Up to 50 PPM Soft (0-60 mg/L)

From 50 to 100 Moderately soft

100-150 Slightly hard

150-200 Moderately hard

More than 200 Very hard(>180mg/L)

Table 2.5.2- Hardness

Hardness
IS 10500-1991 Desirable:300mg/L,Permissible:600mg/L
Risks or effects Scale in utensils and hot water system, soap scums
Sources Dissolved calcium and magnesium from soil and aquifer
minerals containing limestone or dolomite

Treatment Water Softener Ion Exchanger, Reverse Osmosis

2.6 IRON:
Table - 2.6 Iron -

Iron, Fe
IS 10500-1991 Desirable:0.3 mg/L, Permissible:1.0 mg/L
Risks or effects Brackish colour, rusty sediment, bitter or metallic taste, brown
green stains, ion bacteria, discoloured beverages
Sources Leaching of cast iron pipes in water distribution systems
Natural
Treatment Oxidizing Filter, Green-sand Mechanical Filter

Figure 2.3 : Iron contain in water.

2.7 MANGANESE:
Table - 2.7. Manganese -

Manganese, Mn
IS 10500-1991 Desirable:0.1 mg/L, Permissible :0.3 mg/L
Risks or effects Brownish colour, black stains on laundry and fixtures at 2
mg/L, bitter taste, altered taste of water-mixed beverages
Sources Landfills
Deposits in rock and soil
Treatment Ion Exchange, Chlorination, Oxidizing Filter, Green-sand
Mechanical Filter

Figure 2.4 : Manganese in water sample.

2.8 NITRATE:
Table - 2.8. Nitrate-

Nitrate,NO3
IS 10500-1991 Desirable:45 mg/L,Permissible:100 mg/L
Risks or effects Methemoglobinemia or blue baby disease in infants
Liverstock facilities,septic systems,manure lagoons,fertilizers
Sources Household waste water,fertilizers
Fertilizers
Natural Deposits

Treatment Ion Exchange,distillation,Reverse Osmosis

Figure 2.5 : - Sources of Nitrate

2.9 CHLORIDE:
Table - 2.9- Chloride -

Chloride,Cl
IS 10500-1991 Desirable:250 mg/L,Permissible:1000 mg/L
High blood pressure,salty taste,corroded pipes,fixtures and
Risks or effects
appliances,blackening and pitting of stainless steel
Fertilizers
Industrial wastes
Sources
Minerals,seawater
Treatment Reverse Osmosis,Distillation,Activated Carbon

Figure 2.6 : Chloride contain in water test methods

2.10 FLUORIDE:
Table - 2.10 Fluoride -

Fluoride,F
IS 10500-1991 Desirable:1.0 mg/L,Permissible:1.5 mg/L
Risks or effects Brownish discolouration of teeth,bone damage
Sources Industrial waste
Geological
Treatment Activated Alumina,Distillation,Reverse Osmosis,Ion Exchange
2.11 ARSENIC:
Table - 2.11. Arsenic -

Arsenic,As
IS 10500-1991 Desirable:0.05 mg/L,Permissible:No relaxation
Risks or effects Weight loss;Depression;Lack of energy;Skin and nervous
system toxicity
Sources Previously used in pesticides(orchards)
Improper waste disposal or product storage of glass or Rocks
Activated Alumina Filtration,Reverse
Treatment Osmosis,Distillation,Chemical Precipitation,Ion Exchange,lime
softenting
2.12 CHROMIUM:
Table - 2.12 Chromium -

Chromium,Cr
IS 10500-1991 Desirable:0.05 mg/L,Permissible:No relaxation
Skin irritation,skin and natural ulcers,lung
Risks or effects tumors,gastrointestinal effects,damage to the nervous system
and circulatory system,accumulates in the spleen,bones,kidney
and liver
Sources Septic systems
Industrial discharge,mining sites
Geological
Treatment Ion Exchange,Reverse Osmosis,Distillation

Figure 2.7 : Causes of Chromium

2.13 COPPER:
Table - 2.13 Copper -

Copper,Cu
IS 10500-1991 Desirable:0.05 mg/L,Permissible:1.5 mg/L
Risks or effects Anemia,digestive disturbances,liver and kidney
damage,gastrointestinal irritations,bitter or metallic taste;Blue-
green stains on plumbing fixtures
Sources Leaching from copper water pipes and tubing,algae treatment
Industrial and mining waste,wood preservatives
Natural deposits
Treatment Ion Exchange, Osmosis, Distillation

Figure 2.8 : copper

2.14 CYANIDE:
Table - 2.14 Cyanide -

Cyanide
IS 10500-1991 Desirable:0.05 mg/L,Permissible:No relaxation
Risks or effects Thyroid,nervous system damage
Sources Fertilizer
Electronics,steel,plastics mining
Treatment Ion Exchange,Reverse Osmosis,Chlorination

Figure 2.9 : source of Cyanide

2.15 LEAD:
Table - 2.15 Lead -

Lead , Pb
IS 10500-1991 Desirable : 0.05mg/l
Permissible : no relaxation
Risks or effects Reduces mental capacity(mental retardation), interference with
kidney & neurological functions, hearing loss, blood disorders,
hypertension, death at high levels
Sources Paint, diesel fuel combustion
Pipes & solder, discarded batteries, paint, leaded gasoline
Natural deposits
Treatment Ion exchange, activated carbon, reverse osmosis, distillation
2.16 MERCURY:
Table - 2.16 Mercury -

Mercury , Hg
IS 10500-1991 Desirable : 0.001mg/l
Permissible : no relaxation
Risks or effects Loss of vision & hearing, intellectual deterioration, kidney &
nervous system disorders, death at high levels
Sources Fungicides
Batteries, fungicides
Minning, electrical equipment, plant, paper & vinyl chloride
Natural deposits
Treatment Reverse osmosis, distillation

Figure 2.10 : Mercury contain in water

2.17 ZINC:
Table - 2.17 Zinc -

Zinc, Zn
IS 10500-1991 Desirable : 5mg/l
Permissible : 15mg/l
Risks or effects Metallic taste
Sources Leaching of galvanized pipes & fittings, paints, dyes natural
deposits
Treatment Ion exchange water softeners, reverse osmosis, distillation
2.18 TOTAL COLIFORM BACTERIA:
Table - 2.18 Total Coliform Bacteria -

Total Coliform Bacteria

IS 10500-1991 95% of samples should not contain coliform in 100 ml
10 coliform/100ml
Risks or effects Gastrointestinal illness
Sources Livestock facilities, septic system, manure lagoons household
waste water naturally occurring
Treatment Chlorination, UV, distillation, iodination

Figure 2.11 : Total coliform bacteria

2.19 [Link] BACTERIA:
Table - 2.19. E. coliform bacteria -

E. coliform bacteria
IS 10500-1991 Nil / 100ml
Risks or effects Gastrointestinal illness
Sources Livestock facilities, septic system, manure lagoons household
waste water naturally occurring
Treatment Chlorination, UV, distillation, iodination

Figure 2.12 : E – Coliform bacteria

[Link] EFFECTS OF CHEMICAL PARAMETERS
Table 2.20. Health effects of chemical parameters;

BIS guidline
Parameter value([Link]- General and health effect
-ble)
TDS 2000mg/l Undesirable taste; gastro-intestinal
irritations; corrosion or incrustation.
PH 6.5-8.5 Affects mucous membrane; bitter taste;
corrosion; affects aquatic life.
Alkalinity 600mg/l Boiled rice turns yellowish.
Hardness 600mg/l Poor lathering with soap; deterioration of
the quality clothes; scale forming; skin
irritation; boiled meat & food become poor
in quality.
Calcium 200 Poor lathering & deterioration of the
quality of clothes; incrustation in pipes;
scale formation.
Magnesium 100 Poor laxative & deterioration of clothes;
with sulfate laxative.
Iron 1.0 Poor or sometimes bitter taste,color &
turbidity,staining of clothes materials;iron
bacteria causing slime.
Manganese 0.3 Poor taste,color & turbidity;staining;black
slime.
Phosphate - Algal growth
Arsenic 0.05 Toxic; bio-accumulation; central nervous
system affected; carcinogenic.
Mercury 0.001 Highly toxic; causes ‘minamata’ disease-
neurological impairement & renal
disturbances, mutagenic.
Cadmium 0.01 Highly toxic;causes ‘itai-itai’ disease-
painful rheumatic condition;cardio vascular
system affected;gastro intenstinal upsets &
hyper tension.
Lead 0.05 Causes plumbism
tiredness,lassitude,abdominal
discomfort,irritability,anaemia;bio-
accumulation;impaired neurological &
motor development,& damage to kidneys.
Chromium 0.05 Carcinogenic;ulceration,respiratory
problems & skin complaints.
Pesticide 0.001 Affects central nervous system
Detergent - Undesirable foaming
 CHAPTER - 3
3.1 Procedures of Water Quality Analysis
The general flow of procedures for water quality analysis is as follows:

SELECTION OF PARAMETERS

SELECTION OF METHODS

PRECISION AND ACCURACY OF METHOD SELECTED AS PER REQUIREMENT

PROPER SAMPLING

PROPER LABELING

PRESERVATION

ANALYSIS

REPORTING
3.1.1 SELECTION OF PARAMETERS
The parameters of water quality are selected entirely according to the need for a specific use of
that water.

Some examples are:

➢ Drinking As per WHO/CPCB Standards

➢ Irrigation pH
Conductivity
Sodium & Potassium
Nutrients
Specific compounds
➢ Industries As per specific requirement
➢ Domestic Consumption As per BIS Standards
➢ Water Bodies As per CPCB guidelines

3.1.2 SELECTION OF METHODS

The methods of water quality analysis are selected according to the requirement. The factors
playing key role for the selection of methods are:
➢ Volume and number of sample to be analysis
➢ Cost of analysis
➢ Precision required
➢ Promptness of the analysis as required
3.1.3 PRECISION AND ACCURACY OF METHOD SELECTED AS PER
REQUIREMENT
What precision and accuracy to be maintained against a particular method is selected according
to the need. The factors influencing this decision include:
➢ Cost
➢ Parameter
➢ Use
CHAIN-OF-CUSTODY PROCEDURES
Properly designed and executed chain-of-custody forms will ensure sample integrity from
collection to data reporting. This includes the ability to trace possession and handling of the
sample from the time of collection through analysis and final disposition. This process is
referred to as "chain-of-custody" and is required to demonstrate sample control when the
control when the data are to be used for regulation or litigation. Where litigation is not involved,
chain-of-custody procedures are useful for routine control of samples.
A sample is considered to be under a person's custody if it is in the individual's physical
possession, in the individual's sight, secured and tamper-proofed by that individual, or secured
in an area restricted to authorized personnel. The following procedures summarize the major
aspects of chain-of-custody:
(i) Sample labels: Labels are used to prevent sample misidentification as well as to identify
the collector, if required. In other words, labeling ensures the responsibility and accountability
of the collector.
(ii) Sample seals: Sample seals are used to detect unauthorized tampering with samples up
to the time of analysis. So, it is essential to seal a sample before leaving the custody of the
collector. Sealing must be done in such a way as one have break the seal to access the sample.

(iii) Field log book: Record all information pertinent to a field survey or sampling in a
bound log Book is a good practice. At least the following data should be in the log book:
a) Purpose of sampling
b) Location of sampling point
c) Name and address of field contact
d) Producer of material being sampled and address, if different from location
e) Type of sample
f) Method, date, and time of preservation.
(iv) Sample analysis request sheet: The sample analysis requested sheet accompanies
samples to the laboratory. The collector completes the field portion of such a form that includes
most of the pertinent information noted in the log book. The laboratory portion of such a form
is to be completed by laboratory personnel and includes: name of person receiving the sample,
laboratory sample number, date of sample receipt, condition of each sample (i.e., if it is cold or
warm, whether the container is full or not, color, if more than one phase is present, etc.) and
determinations to be performed.
(v) Sample delivery to the laboratory: Sample(s) should be delivered to laboratory as
soon as practicable after collection, typically within 2 days. Where shorter sample holding times
are required, special arrangements must be made to insure timely delivery to the laboratory.
Where samples are shipped by a commercial carrier, the waybill number to be included in the
sample custody documentation. Samples must be accompanied by a complete chain-of-custody
record and a sample analysis request sheet.
(vi) Receipt and logging of sample: In the laboratory, the sample custodian inspects the
condition and seal of the sample and reconciles label information and seal against the chain-of-
custody record before the sample is accepted for analysis. After acceptance, the custodian
assigns a laboratory number, logs sample in the laboratory log book and/or computerized
laboratory information management system, and stores it in a secured storage room or cabinet
or refrigerator at the specified temperature until it is assigned to an analyst.
(vii) Assignment of sample for analysis: The laboratory supervisor usually assigns the
sample for analysis. Once the sample is in the laboratory, the supervisor or analyst is responsible
for its care and custody.
(viii) Disposal: Samples are held for the prescribed amount and duration for the project or
until the data have been reviewed and accepted. Samples are disposed usually after
documentation. However, disposal must be in accordance with local, state, and U.S. EPA
approved methods.

3.1.4 PROPER SAMPLING

Proper sampling is a vital condition for correct measurement of water quality parameters. Even
if advanced techniques and sophisticated tools are used, the parameters can give an incorrect
image of the actual scenario due to improper sampling. The proper sampling should fulfill the
following criteria:
1. Representative: The data must represent the wastewater or environment being sampled. So,
the following factors must be well planned for proper sampling:
➤ Process of Sampling
➤ Sampling size/volume

➤ Number of Sampling Locations

➤ Number of Samples
➤ Type of Samples

➤ Time Intervals
During sampling, these factors must also be taken care of:
(a) Choosing of proper sampling container
(b) Avoiding contamination
(c) Ensure the personal safety of the collector
2. Reproducible: The data obtained must be reproducible by others following the same
sampling and analytical protocols.
3. Defensible: Documentation must be available to validate the sampling procedures. The data
must have a known degree of accuracy and precision.
4. Useful: The data can be used to meet the objectives of the monitoring plan.
3.1.5 PROPER LABELING
Proper labeling prevents sample misidentification and ensures the responsibility and
accountability of the collector. The sample container should be labeled properly, preferably by
attaching an appropriately inscribed tag or label. Alternatively, the bottle can be labeled directly
with a water-proof marker. Barcode labels are also available nowadays.
Information on the sample container or the tag should include at least:
➢ Sample code number (identifying location)
➢ Date and time of sampling
 ➢ Source and type of sample
➢ Pre-treatment or preservation carried out on the sample
➢ Any special notes for the analyst
➢ Sampler's name
3.1.6 PRESERVATION
There is usually a delay between the collection and analysis of a sample. The nature of the
sample can be changed during this period. Therefore proper preservation is required in the way
to laboratory after collection, and in the laboratory up to when analysis starts. Complete and
unequivocal preservation of samples, whether domestic wastewater, industrial wastes, or
natural waters, is a practical impossibility because complete stability for every constituent never
can be achieved. At best, preservation techniques only retard chemical (especially, hydrolysis
of constituents) and biological changes that inevitably continue after sample collection.
No single method of preservation is entirely satisfactory; the preservative is chosen with due
regard to the determinations to be made. Preservation methods are limited to pH control,
chemical addition, the use of amber and opaque bottles, refrigeration, filtration, and freezing

3.1.7 ANALYSIS
The samples, after reaching laboratory, are analysis, according to the requisite parameters,
following standard methods and protocols
3.1.8 REPORTING
The ultimate procedure of water analysis is to prepare a proper repost against the submitted
requisition. The repost must be authenticated before handing over the authority, submitted the
samples for testing. All date should be kept in the laboratory log and preferably in laboratory
database.
 CHAPTER - 4
WATER SAMPLES
4.1 SAMPLE NO:-1,2,3

Region - East

Village - Chengeli Gaon, Kenduguri

Source – [Link] Water

[Link] Water
[Link] Water

4.2 SAMPLE NO:- 4,5,6

Region - West

Village - Gondhia Gaon,Pulibor

Source – [Link] Water

[Link] Water
[Link] Water

4.3 SAMPLE NO:- 7,8,9

Region - North

Village - Dichoi Nagar,Potiagaon

Source – [Link] Water

[Link] Water
[Link] Water

4.4 SAMPLE NO:-10,11,12

Region-South

Village - Birinasayek,Titabor

Source – [Link] Water

[Link] Water

[Link] Water
 CHAPTER - 5
DIFFERENT TESTS FOR WATER QUALITY ANALYSIS
5.1 INTRODUCTION
Drinking or using contaminated water can result in severe illness or death. That is why it is
important to ensure that household water is safe, clean and free from bacteria and disease.

The source of water is an important factor in providing safe household water. Wells, lakes,
ponds and rain water are all sources of household water, but they must be tested to maintain
public health standards.

Many countries have designated agencies which are responsible for regulating drinking
water. Routine testing of household water is necessary to identify bacteria, viruses and parasites.
Although governments and regulatory agencies are responsible for testing water regularly,
accidents can happen.

5.2 WATER TESTS

It can be challenging to determine what type of testing to do on our well or municipal water and
the costs can add up. It may be helpful to local health department's environmental health
division to ask for information on what has been typically found in groundwater in that area.
Some typical testing may include:

➤ TDS test

➤ pH test

➤ Iron test

➤ Hardness test

➤ Chloride test

I. TDS-
TDS are the total amount of mobile charge ions, including minerals, salts or metal dissolved in
a given volume of water. It is expressed in units of PPM (parts per million). According to BIS,
the ideal TDS for drinking water is below 300PPM and the maximum permissible limit is
600PPM.

II. pH-
pH means the negative logarithm of hydrogen ion concentration. For drinking water pH value
is 6.5 to 6.8
III. Iron-
Iron can be troublesome chemicals in water supplies. Iron is mainly present in water in two
forms either the soluble ferrous iron or the insoluble ferric iron. Water containing ferrous iron
is clear and colourless because the iron is completely dissolved.

IV. Hardness-

Hardness is the amount of dissolved calcium and magnesium in water. Water containing
calcium carbonate at concentration below 60ppm is generally considered as soft: 60-120ppm is
moderately hard; 120-180ppm is hard and more than 180ppm is very hard

V. Chloride-

If a notable increase in chloride concentration is observed in well water, the water should be
tested for coliform bacteria. The concentration of salt in drinking water can affect its taste. Salt
concentrations of 200-300ppm can be detected by taste.
5.3. REQUIREMENTS OF DRINKING WATER
A quick look at safe levels in drinking water:-

Table 5.3

Coliform bacteria No of coliform bacteria acceptable

PH 6.5-8.5

< 10 mg/l as NO3 -N

Nitrate
< 45 mg/l as NO3

Total dissolved solids(TDS) <1500 mg/l

Chloride <250 mg/l
Fluoride 0.7-1.2 mg/l

Ca – limits not set by EPA

Ca & Mg
Mg - >125mg/l may show laxative effects

Sodium <100mg/l
Sulphates <250mg/l
Arsenic <10ppb
Conductivity 0.4-0.85 millimoles per cm
Total hardness <270mg/l

1 turbidity unit (TU). Note: >5 Tus are

Turbidity detectable easily in a glass of water and
usually are objectionable for aesthetic reasons.

Potassium No maximum limit has been set

Colour <10 colour units
 CHAPTER - 6
6.1 TOTAL DISSOLVED SOLID (TDS)
The following two methods are applicable for TDS measurement-

A. Gravimetric Method

B. Determination of TDS based on conductivity

Gravimetric method:-
1. Principle - The sample is filtered and the filtrate evaporated in a tarred dish on steam bath.
The residue after evaporation in a tarred dish on a steam bath. The residue after evaporation
is dried to constant mass at 103-105.C or 179-181-C

2. Interferences -

Highly mineralized waters containing significant concentration of calcium, magnesium,

chloride and sulphate may be hygroscopic. These may require prolonged drying,
desiccation and rapid weighing. However, prolonged drying may also cause loss of
constituents, particularly nitrates and chlorides.

A large amount of residue in the evaporating basin may crust over and entrap water
preventing its evaporation during drying. For this reason, the volume of the tubes from
Table 2. For similar inocula, also use Table 2 but multiply the values by an appropriate
factor, e.g 10 for 1, 0.1, 0.01 mL inocula series and 100 for 0.1, 0.01 0.001 mL inocula
series.

3. For the combination of positive tubes not appearing in Table 2 use the following formula-
𝑛𝑜.𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑡𝑢𝑏𝑒𝑠
MPN/100mL =
√(𝑚𝐿 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑡𝑢𝑏𝑒𝑠) + (𝑚𝐿 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑡𝑢𝑏𝑒𝑠)

4. When more than three test dilutions are incubated, the following rules are used in
determining MPN value (see Table 3 for a worked-out example)

a. Choose the highest dilution that gives positive results in all five portions tested and
the two next higher dilutions.

b. Where the positive results occur in dilutions higher than the three chosen according
to the above rule (4.1), they are incorporated in the results of the highest chosen dilution up to
a total of a five.
 c. If only one dilution gives a positive result, two dilutions Immediately lower and
higher giving zero positives should be chosen so as to keep the positive results in the middle of
the series.

Table 6.1 Lab data sheet for TDS test-

LAB DATA SHEET

Sample no TDS(ppm)
1 139
2 107
3 217
4 47
5 107
6 242
7 63
8 193
9 92
10 140
11 277
12 128
6.2 DETERMINATION OF pH:-
Electrometric method :-
Check the pH mater for proper functioning and stable operation. Standardize the pH meter by
immersing the electrode in buffer solutions of know pH say 4.0. Read the pH and adjust the
readout to 4.0 with control knob. Repeat with 7 pH buffer adjusting the readout with %slope
knob Meter is now calibrated. Take 20 mL sample in a beaker and immerse the electrode in
unknown sample. Read the pH. Modern pH meters have the capability to automatic calibration
internally. You have to immerse electrode in known buffers and the Electrode is automatically
calculated and stored in the memory.

Table 6.2 Lab data sheet for pH test-

LAB DATA SHEET

Sample no pH reading
1 6.59
2 7.81
3 7.51
4 7.35
5 7.02
6 7.02
7 6.96
8 7.13
9 7.43
10 6.57
11 7.39
12 7.66
6.3 IRON:-
Iron is an essential element in human nutrition. It is contained in a number of biologically
significant proteins, but ingestion in large quantities results haemochromatosis where in damage
old tissue results due to iron accumulation. Sensitivity and detection limits for the atomic
absorption Spectrometric procedure, the inductivity coupled plasma (ICP) method, and the
phenanthroline colorimetric method described below are similar and generally adequate for
analysis of natural or treated wasters.

Phenanthroline (colorimetric) method:-

Principle:-
The ferric state of iron is reduced to ferrous by boiling with hydrochloric acid and
Hydroxylamine hydrochloride and treated with 1,10-phenanthroline at ph 3.2 to [Link]
molecules of 1,10 phenanthroline cheated each atom of ferrous iron to form an orange red
colored soluble complex. The colour obeys beer's law and the intensity of colour is independent
of ph from 3 to [Link] dissolved and suspended iron can be measured with unfiltered and
filtered samples (prior to acidification or preservation).for study of ferrous-ferric equilibria (and
also to get an idea of redox potential) it is sometimes desirable to determined the ferrous content
of the water sample. For such determination add 10 ml of 1%1,10-phenonthroline or
bathophenanthroline and 1 ml glacial acetic acid to the sample bottle before sample collection
for iron it will complex soluble ferrous iron before it Is oxidized to ferric state. The addition of
nitrilotriacetic acid to the system further helps to stabilize the ferrous-ferric system. The
chemical reaction involved in this method is given below.

1. Fe(OH)3 + 3H+ Fe3+ + 3H2O

2. 4 Fe3+ + 2NH2OH 4 Fe2+ + N2O +H2O + 4H+

3. 10 phenanthroline (orange red complex)

Interferences:-
Strong oxidizing agents such as CN', NO₂, polyphosphates, Cr, Zn in conc.10 times the
Fe concentration.; Co and Cu if 5 mg/L, Ni if 2 mg/L, colour and organic matter constitute
sources of interference in the development of colour.

Boiling with HCL and addition of hydroxylamine hydrochloride remove interferences

due to C N^ + N*O_{2} P*O_{4} and other oxidizing reagents. The metal ions get complexes
with phenanthroline. If noticeable amounts of colour or organic matter are present, follow the
'ashing' procedure of metal digestion.

Apparatus:-
a) Colorimeter with an operating range of 400-700 nm
b) Nessler tubes

Reagents:-
1. Hydrochloric Acid: HCL concentration containing less than 0.00005%iron

2. Hydroxylamine HCI solution: Dissolve 10g NH,[Link] and dilute to 100 mL.

3. Ammonium Acetate buffer: Dissolve 250 NH4C2H3O2 in 150 mL. distilled water. Add 700
mL conc. glacial acetic acid. Final volume will be slightly more than 1000 mL.

4. Phenanthroline solution: Dissolve 100 mg 1,10-phenanthroline monohydrate in 100 mL

distilled water, warm slightly or add 2 drops [Link] if necessary.1 mL of this solution
canchelate 100 mg iron.

5. Stock Iron solution: Add 20 mL conc H2SO4, 50 mL distilled water and dissolved1.404 g
Fe (NH4)2 (SO4)2 .6H2O. drop-wise O.1 N KMnO, till faint pink colour persists. Dilute
mL.1mL-200 µg Fe.

6. Standard iron solution: Dilute 50 mL stock Fe solution to [Link] this solution

freshly. 1 mL = 10 µg Fe.

Procedure:-
1. Take suitable aliquot about 50 mL(having less than 200 µg Fe) of well mixed sample in
125 mL conical flask.
2. Add 2 mL [Link] followed by 1 mL hydroxylamine HCI solution.

3. Add 2-3 glass beads and boil until the volume is reduced to 15-20 mL to ensure dissolution
of Fe.

4. Cool to room temperature and transfer to nessler tubes.

5. Add 10 mL ammonium acetate buffer and 4 mL 1,10-phenanthroline solution.

6. Dilute to 100 mL and mix well.

7. Prepare blank by substituting the sample by distilled water.
8. For soluble iron determination, take known volume of filtered sample; acidify by adding 2
mL concentrated HCL per 100 mL of sample add 1 ml hydroxylamine HCI solution and
treat from step 5 onwards for colour development

9. For Ferrous iron(which is to be determined at sampling site)acidify a separate sample with

2 ml concentration HCI/100 mL sample at the time of collection. Immediately withdraw
50 mL of sample. Add 20 mL phenanthroline solution, 10mL ammonium acetate buffer
with vigorous stirring. Diluting 100 mL & measure the colour intensity within 5 to 10
minutes.

10. Prepare calibration curve taking standard iron solution in the same way in the range 1000-
4000 µg/L with 1 cm light path.
11. Measure the developed colour after 10 minutes at 510 nm.

12. Calculate the concentration of total or soluble Fe present in the sample from calibration
curve and express as mg/L..

Table 6.3 Lab data sheet for Iron test-

LAB DATA SHEET

Sample no iron(ppm)
1 1.95
2 0.37
3 0.93
4 0.41
5 1.52
6 0.29
7 0.22
8 1.77
9 0.34
10 0.29
11 1.56
12 0.3
6.4 DETERMINATION OF HARDNESS:-
Hardness is caused by divalent metal ions in water along with anions as below

Cation Anion
Ca++ HCO₃-

Mg++ SO4-

Fe++ CI-
Mn++ NO3-

Temporary hardness is caused by bicarbonate, calcium and magnesium while permanent

hardness is due to sulphates.
When total w is greater that total alkalinity, the amount of hardness equivalent to alkalinity is
called carbonate hardness and the excess amount is called non-carbonate hardness. If hardness
is less than or equal to alkalinity, there is non-carbonate hardness.

Reagents: Ferrochrome Black T, Ammonia buffer, Standard EDTA solution

Procedure: Take 100ml sample (filter if turbid) in conical flask. Add 1ml of ammonia buffer
solution and three drops of Eriochrome Black T indicator. Titrate with standard EDTA solution
till colour changes from wine red to blue.

Take known quantity of sample and boil for sufficiently long period, cool and filter. Repeat the
above experiment. Note EDTA volume used.

Calculations:-
𝒎𝑳 𝑬𝑫𝑻𝑨 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒖𝒏𝒃𝒐𝒊𝒍𝒆𝒅 𝒔𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆
Total Hardness, mg/L as CaCO3 = × 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝒔𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆 𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆

𝒎𝑳 𝑬𝑫𝑻𝑨 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒃𝒐𝒊𝒍𝒆𝒅 𝒔𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆

Permanent Hardness, mg/L as CaCO3 = × 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝒔𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆 𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆

Temporary Hardness, mg/L as CaCO3 = Total Hardness – Permanent Hardness

Table 6.4 Lab data sheet for Hardness test-

LAB DATA SHEET

Sample no Hardness(ppm)
1 96
2 130
3 138
4 46
5 102
6 116
7 48
8 76
9 78
10 70
11 108
12 110
6.5 DETERMINATION OF CHLORIDES
Chlorides naturally occurs in water in widely varying concentrations.

Reagents: Potassium chromate indicator, N/35.5 Silver Nitrate solution

Procedure:
1. Take 100 mL water sample in a conical flusk.

2. Add 1 mL of Potassium chromate indicator.

3. Fill the burette with 0.02N Silver nitrate solution.

4. Add Silver nitrate slowly to the sample with constant stirring.

5. Continue the titration until the colour changes from yellow to brick red (end point).

6. Note the burette reading.

Calculations :
𝑩𝒖𝒓𝒆𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒆 𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒈 × 𝟎.𝟎𝟐 × 𝟑𝟓𝟒𝟓𝟎
Chloride (mg/L) = 𝑾𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝒔𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆 (𝒎𝑳)

pH should be between 6 and 8.

Table 6.5 Lab data sheet for Chloride test-

LAB DATA SHEET

Sample no Chloride(ppm)
1 17.73
2 5.67
3 9.21
4 16.3
5 9.21
6 29.78
7 18.434
 8 12.05
9 61.68
10 35.45
11 9.92
12 13.47

CHAPTER - 7
JAL JEEVAN MISSION (JJM)
7.1. INTRODUCTION
Water is one of the most essential natural resources for human life. Access to safe and
clean drinking water is necessary for maintaining public health and preventing water-borne
diseases. However, many regions of India have faced challenges related to water availability,
water quality, and inadequate water supply infrastructure. To address these issues, the
Government of India launched the Jal Jeevan Mission (JJM) on 15 August 2019 under the
Ministry of Jal Shakti.

The mission aims to provide Functional Household Tap Connections (FHTCs) to every
rural household, ensuring an adequate supply of safe drinking water on a regular basis. Apart
from expanding water supply coverage, the mission also focuses on water quality monitoring,
source sustainability, community participation, and efficient management of water resources.
Jal Jeevan Mission represents a significant step towards improving the quality of life and public
health of the population through reliable access to potable water.

7.2. OBJECTIVES OF JAL JEEVAN MISSION

The major objectives of the Jal Jeevan Mission are:

➢ To provide Functional Household Tap Connections (FHTCs) to every rural household.

➢ To ensure the availability of safe and potable drinking water for all citizens.

➢ To improve public health by reducing water-borne diseases.

➢ To strengthen water supply infrastructure in rural and semi-urban areas.

➢ To establish effective water quality monitoring and surveillance systems.

➢ To encourage community participation in water management.

 ➢ To promote sustainable use and conservation of water resources.

➢ To ensure long-term water security through source sustainability measures.

7.3. Key Components of Jal Jeevan Mission

The successful implementation of Jal Jeevan Mission depends on several important
components:

➢ Functional Household Tap Connections (FHTCs)

The mission aims to provide every household with a tap connection that supplies water
directly to the home. This reduces dependence on public water sources and minimizes the effort
required to collect water.

➢ Water Supply Infrastructure

The mission involves the construction and improvement of various water supply
facilities such as intake structures, water treatment plants, pumping stations, reservoirs,
overhead tanks, and distribution networks.

➢ Water Quality Monitoring

Regular testing and monitoring of water quality are essential aspects of the mission.
Water samples are collected and analyzed to ensure that the supplied water meets prescribed
drinking water standards.

➢ Source Sustainability
The mission promotes rainwater harvesting, groundwater recharge, watershed
management, and protection of water sources to ensure sustainable availability of water in the
future.

➢ Community Participation
Village communities and local institutions are encouraged to participate in planning,
implementation, operation, and maintenance of water supply systems.
7.4. Water Quality Monitoring under JJM
One of the most important features of the Jal Jeevan Mission is its emphasis on water
quality. Supplying water alone is not sufficient unless the water is safe for human consumption.
Therefore, regular monitoring and testing of water quality are carried out under the mission.

Water samples are tested for various physical, chemical, and biological parameters.
These include pH, turbidity, total dissolved solids (TDS), hardness, iron content, fluoride
concentration, nitrate concentration, and microbial contamination. Testing helps identify any
deviation from acceptable limits and enables corrective measures to be taken at an early stage.

The mission also encourages the use of Field Test Kits (FTKs), which allow trained
community members to conduct basic water quality tests at the local level. This increases
awareness and strengthens community involvement in maintaining water safety.

In addition, Jal Jeevan Mission emphasizes continuous monitoring of water quality

throughout the entire water supply system. Water that is safe at the source may become
contaminated during treatment, storage, or distribution. Therefore, regular inspection of water
treatment facilities, reservoirs, pipelines, and household connections is carried out to ensure
that the quality of water remains within the prescribed standards. The mission also promotes
public awareness regarding safe water handling, sanitation, and hygiene practices. Through
regular testing, proper maintenance of infrastructure, and active community participation, JJM
aims to provide a reliable supply of safe drinking water and protect public health in the long
term.

7.5. Significance of JJM in Water Quality Assessment

Water quality assessment plays a crucial role in determining whether water is suitable
for drinking purposes. The objectives of the Jal Jeevan Mission are closely linked with scientific
studies that evaluate the condition of water resources.

The assessment of water quality helps identify contamination, evaluate the effectiveness
of water treatment systems, and ensure compliance with drinking water standards. Regular
monitoring also supports decision-making regarding water treatment, infrastructure
development, and resource management.

7.6. Relevance to the Present Study

The present study, titled “Water Quality Assessment of Jorhat Town: A Zonal Study of
North, South, East and West Regions,” is closely related to the objectives of the Jal Jeevan
Mission. The study evaluates the quality of water collected from different zones of Jorhat Town
and compares various water quality parameters.

Such assessments provide valuable information regarding the condition of drinking

water and help identify areas that may require additional attention. The findings can contribute
to better water management practices and support efforts aimed at ensuring the availability of
safe drinking water for the population.

7.7. CONCLUSION
The Jal Jeevan Mission is one of the most significant water supply initiatives undertaken
by the Government of India. Its focus extends beyond providing tap connections and includes
water quality monitoring, infrastructure development, source sustainability, and community
participation. Regular assessment of water quality is essential for achieving the mission's
objectives and ensuring public health protection. Studies such as the assessment of water quality
in different regions of Jorhat Town contribute to the overall goal of providing safe and
sustainable drinking water for present and future generations.

PHOTO GALLERY OF JJM VIDEO CONFERANCE

 CHAPTER - 8
ANALYSIS OF REPORT

8.1 Permissible Limits For Different Tests:-

a. TDS=2000ppm II.
b. pH = 6.5 - 8.5

c. IRON= 1.00ppm

d. HARDNESS = 60-120ppm

e. CHLORIDE = 1000ppm

8.2 Analysis of Report-

The our projected work is water Quality Analysis of Jorhat Town: A zonal study of North, South,
East & West Regions. We had collected few samples of water from East,West,North and South
regions from different sources such as underground water, surface water & tap water from
where people use for different household purposes. We have done different tests in the District
Public Health Jorhat, & found all the sources of water are good in average & fit for drinking.

TDS = High TDS value in Sample ground water from South.

pH = pH is normal in all the samples.

Iron = Iron in all ground water is high.

Chloride = Chloride for all samples are good.

 PHOTO GALLARY

Figure 8.1: Sample 1 (Ground Water)

Figure 8.2: Sample 2 (Surface Water)

Figure 8.3: Sample 3 (Tap Water)

Figure 8.4: Sample 4 (Surface Water)

Figure 8.5: Sample 5 (Ground Water)

Figure 8.6: Sample 6 (Tap Water)

Figure 8.7: Sample 7 (Surface Water)

Figure 8.8: Sample 8 (Ground Water)

Figure 8.9: Sample 9 (Tap Water)

Figure 8.10: Sample 10 (Surface Water)

Figure 8.11: Sample 11 (Ground Water)

Figure 8.12: Sample 12 (Tap Water)

Figure 8.13: Hot plate

 Figure 8.14: Hardness Test

Figure 8.15: Spectrophotometer

Figure 8.16: TDS and pH meter Figure 8.17: Iron Test

Group Photo
 Conclusion and Future Scope
Conclusion
Water quality is determined by its chemical, physical, and biological
characteristics. In this study, water samples collected from various sources were
analyzed based on important parameters such as turbidity, total dissolved solids
(TDS), pH, iron content, total alkalinity, hardness, chloride, arsenic, and bacterial
contamination.
The analytical results revealed that the TDS, pH, total alkalinity, hardness,
chloride, arsenic, and bacteriological parameters of all collected samples were
within the permissible limits prescribed for drinking water standards. However,
the turbidity levels of two samples exceeded the recommended limits, making
them unsuitable for direct consumption. This issue can be addressed through
appropriate physical treatment methods such as cloth filtration, sand filtration,
sedimentation, and decantation.
Furthermore, elevated iron concentrations were observed in two samples,
exceeding the acceptable limit for drinking water. Such water requires suitable
treatment techniques, including aeration, oxidation, and filtration, to reduce iron
content to safe levels. Overall, the study indicates that most of the water sources
possess acceptable quality and can be considered suitable for domestic use after
implementing the necessary treatment measures for turbidity and iron removal.

Future Scope
1. Regular Monitoring: Periodic assessment of water quality should be carried
out to detect seasonal and long-term variations in physicochemical and
biological parameters.
2. Advanced Water Quality Analysis: Future studies may include additional
parameters such as fluoride, nitrate, heavy metals, pesticides, and other
emerging contaminants to provide a more comprehensive evaluation of
water quality.
3. Implementation of Treatment Systems: Suitable water treatment units for
turbidity and iron removal can be installed and their effectiveness evaluated
under field conditions.
4. Use of Smart Technologies: Modern technologies such as IoT-based
sensors, remote monitoring systems, and Artificial Intelligence (AI) can be
employed for real-time water quality monitoring and management.
 5. Public Awareness Programs: Community-level awareness campaigns can
be conducted to educate people about safe water handling, storage
practices, and household treatment methods.
6. Sustainable Water Resource Management: Future research can focus on
protecting water sources from contamination through watershed
management, pollution control measures, and sustainable utilization
practices.
7. Comparative Seasonal Studies: Conducting studies during different seasons
(pre-monsoon, monsoon, and post-monsoon) would help in understanding
the impact of climatic conditions on water quality.
The findings of this study can serve as a foundation for future research and aid in
the development of effective strategies for ensuring safe and sustainable drinking
water supplies.
 REFERENCE
⚫ IS 3025 part-8:1984 (Reaffirmed 2002)- Methods of Sampling and test (Physical and
chemical) for water and Waste Water: Taste Rating
⚫ IS: 3025 Part-10 1984 (Reaffirmed 2002)- Methods of Sampling and Test (Physical and
chemical) for water and Waste Water: Turbidity

⚫ Indian Standards for drinking water (IS 10500: 1991)

⚫ Guideline For The Quality Of Drinking Water (IS 11624: 1986)

⚫ WHO Drinking Water Quality Standard

⚫ [Link]
⚫ [Link]

⚫ [Link]

⚫ [Link]