School of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

ECE302R01
Communication Laboratory
(For III Year/ V Semester [Link].
ECE/ECE(CPS&VLSI))
CourseCode:ECE302R01
Semester: V
Communication Laboratory
(Common to [Link]. ECE, ECE (CPS&VLSI)

List of Experiments

1. (a)Design and construct amplitude modulator and demodulator circuits.

(b)Simulation of amplitude modulation system in frequency domain.

2. (a)Design and construct frequency modulator and demodulator circuits.

(b)Simulation of frequency modulation system in frequency domain.

3. (a)Construction of amplitude shift keying circuit.

(b)Simulation of amplitude shift keying system over a noisy channel.

4. (a)Construction of frequency shift keying circuit.

(b)Simulation of frequency shift keying system over a noisy channel.

5. (a)Simulation of pulse code modulation and adaptive delta modulation system.

(b)Simulation of line coding techniques.

6. Implementation of real-time FM receiver system using software-defined radio.

7. Implementation of quadrature phase shift keying transceiver model using

software-defined radio.

8. Implementation of quadrature amplitude modulation using software-defined

radio.

9. Implementation of direct sequence spread spectrum transceiver model using

software-defined radio.

10. Design a packaging structure to study the signal integrity of high-speed signals
and analyze the insertion loss and time domain reflectometry impedance.

11. Design a differential stripline using two-dimensional transmission line modeling

for high-frequency signals and analyze signal integrity and power integrity.

12. Implementation of an optical fiber system to estimate the attenuation factor.

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Laboratory Learning Outcomes
Uponsuccessful completion of this course, learners will be able to:
• Construct and test the analog modulator and demodulator circuits
• Implement various digital modulation and demodulation techniques
• Implement analog, digital, and spread spectrum modulating techniques in
software-defined radio as per IEEE standards.
• Implement the system blocks of pulse code modulation, and line coding
techniques
• Analyze the signal integrity and power integrity in packaged devices
• Implement fiber optic communication system and analyze its performance

Course Learning Outcomes

Upon successful completion of this course, the learners will be able to

• Design, construct and analyze the performance of analog and digital

communicationsystem

P a g e 3 | 70
Exp: 1(a): DESIGN AND CONSTRUCT AMPLITUDE MODULATOR AND DEMODULATOR
CIRCUITS
Date:

Aim:

1. To generate an amplitude-modulated waveform using an emitter modulator

circuit withthe given carrier frequency fo = 16 kHz
2. To find the modulation index for various modulating signal amplitudes and justify
it
3. To detect the given AM signal by using an envelope detector
4. To plot the input and output waveforms

Components/Equipment required:
Sl. No. Components Type/ Range / Value Quantity

1. BJT BF 195/495 1

2. Diode OA79 1
3. Resistor 100Ω, 220Ω, 1KΩ, 5.6KΩ,10 KΩ, 820Ω 1

4. Capacitor 10μF, 0.02μF, 0.01μF 2,1 ,1

5. OpAmp IC741 1
6. RPS (0 – 30)V 1

7. AFO 1

8. DSO 1
9. DIB 1

Theory:
An amplitude-modulated signal is composed of both low-frequency and high-frequency
components. The amplitude of the high frequency (carrier) of the signal is controlled by the
low frequency (modulating) signal. The envelope of the signal is created by the low-frequency
signal. If the modulating signal is sinusoidal, then the envelope of the modulated Radio
Frequency (RF) signal will also be sinusoidal. This would be the case in a commonAM
radio. The low frequency signal would be an audio signal and the high frequency would be
the transmitting frequency of the AM radio station.
Modulator:

Demodulator:

Design:
Given Carrier frequency fc = 16 KHz
Modulating frequency fs = 1 KHz
fc = 1/ 2π√LC
Let C = 0.02μF , Then L = 5mH

Procedure:
Modulator:
1. Give the circuit connection as per the diagram.
2. Measure the DC voltage at the collector, base, and emitter with respect to the reference ground.
3. Apply the carrier to the base of the transistor and the modulating signal to the emitter.
4. Get the modulated waveform at the output using CRO and find the modulation index using m
= Em / Ec.
5. Vary the amplitude of the modulating signal and find the modulation index.
6. Tabulate the readings.
7. Plot the graphs of the modulating signal, carrier signal and modulated signal.
8. Also, plot the graph between the modulated wave and the modulation index.

Demodulator:
1. Rig up the circuit as shown in the figure.
2. Apply the AM signal from the modulator output.
3. Observe the demodulated output.

Tabulation:
Waveform No. Amp/Div Amplitude No. Time Time in Frequency
of in volts of /Div seconds
in Hz
div div
in Y- in X-
axis axis
Modulating
signal

Carrier
signal

Modulated
signal

Demodulated
signal

Modulation Index for different values of modulating signal:

Modulating signal Em in Volts Modulation index
Model Graph:

Result:
Exp 1(b): SIMULATION OF AMPLITUDE MODULATION SYSTEM IN FREQUENCY DOMAIN
Date:

Aim:
1. To generate the amplitude- modulated signal by using the given message signal
and carrier signals using MATLAB software

2. To analyze the modulated signal in the frequency domain using the FFT method and
plot the signals both in the time and frequency domains

Theory:
Modulation:
In amplitude modulation, the amplitude of the carrier voltage varies in accordance with the
instantaneous value of modulating voltage. Let the modulating voltage be given by the
expression,
Vm = Vm cos ωmt
where, ωm is the angular frequency of the message signal &Vm is the amplitude. Let the carrier
voltage be given by the expression,
Vc = Vc cos ωct
On Amplitude Modulation, the instantaneous value of modulated carrier voltage is given by,
V = V(t) cos ωct
V(t)=Vc + ma Vm Cos ωmt
V=Vc[1+ ma Cos ωmt] Cos ωct
where, ma is modulation index and the modulation index is defined as the ratio of maximum
amplitude of modulating signal to maximum amplitude of carrier signal.
ma= Vm / Vc

Algorithm:
1. Get the inputs like frequency of message, carrier frequency amplitude, modulation index,
number of cycles required for sine waveform generation.
2. Use specific plot functions like plot function for plotting message wave, carrier wave
3. Plot the AM waveform using the formula y = Vc*(1+ ma *sin(ωmt ))*sin(ωct)
where, Vc is the amplitude of carrier signal, ma is the modulation index, ωm is the angular
frequency of the message signal and ωc is the angular frequency of the carrier signal.
Code:

Model Graphs:

Result:
Exp: 2(a): DESIGN AND CONSTRUCT FREQUENCY MODULATOR AND DEMODULATOR CIRCUITS
Date:

Aim:
1. To generate a frequency-modulated waveform
2. To detect the given FM wave

Components/Equipment Required:
[Link] Components Type/ Range / Value Quantity
.

1. IC XR2206 - 1
2. Resistors 220Ω, 100KΩ, 10KΩ , 1,1,2,2,1,2
5.6 KΩ ,47KΩ , 470Ω,
3. Capacitors 100pF ,1μF,0.001μF, 0.022μF, 1 Each,2
0.01μF

4. Diode 0A79 3

5. AFO, RPS, DSO - 1

6. IC 565 - 1

7. DRB - 1

Modulator:

U1

1 16

2 15

3 14

4 XR2206 13

5 12

6 11

7 10

8 9

Modulating Signal

Connect Pin 4 to Vcc (+12V)

Demodulator:

Theory:
The process, in which the frequency of the carrier is varied in accordance with the
instantaneous amplitude of the modulating signal, is called "Frequency Modulation". The FM
signal is expressed as s(t ) = Ac cos(2πfc + βsin(2πfmt )) where AC is amplitude of the carrier
signal, fC is the carrier frequency β is the modulation index of the FM wave.

Procedure:

Modulation:
1. Give the circuit connection as per the diagram.
2. Observe the carrier signal without applying modulating signal.
3. Apply the modulating signal.
4. Vary the amplitude of the modulating signal and note the changes in the FM output.

Demodulation:
1. Connect as per circuit diagram shown.
2. Now modulated signal is fed as input and observe the demodulated signal on CRO.
3. Draw the demodulated waveform.
Tabulation:
Waveform No. of Amp/Div Amplitude No. of Time Time in Frequency
div in in volts div in /Div seconds
in Hz
Y-axis X-axis
Carrier
signal

Modulating signal frequency =

Modulating signal Amplitude in Volts FM Output Frequency in Hz

Waveform No. Amp/Div Amplitude No. Time Time in Frequency

of in volts of /Div seconds
in Hz
div in div in
Y- X-
axis axis
Modulated
signal
Carrier
signal
Demodulated
signal

Waveforms:
Result:
Exp: 2(b) : SIMULATION OF FREQUENCY MODULATION SYSTEM IN FREQUENCY DOMAIN
Date:

Aim:
1. To generate a Frequency Modulated (FM) signal and observe the characteristics
ofFM wave using MATLAB software.
2. To generate a frequency modulated signal and represent in time domain and
frequency domain using MATLAB software.

Theory:
Modulation:
Frequency modulation consists in varying the frequency of the carrier voltage in accordance
with the instantaneous value of the modulating voltage. Thus, the amplitude of the carrier
does not change due to frequency modulation. The modulation index is defined as the ratio
of frequency deviation to frequency of modulating signal mf = d / fm where the deviation d =
(fmax -fmin) / 2.

Algorithm:
1. Get the inputs like frequency (fm, fc) and amplitude (Am, Ac) of message and carrier
signals, modulation index (mi), sampling frequency and cycle duration required for sine
waveform generation.

2. Generate FM signal using the formula FM = Ac * cos(2*pi*fc*t + mi * sin(2*pi*fm*t)).

3. Plot the message, carrier and frequency modulated (FM) signal using "plot" which is one of
the plot functions.

4. Compute N point discrete Fourier transform X1 and X2 for message and carrier signals
respectively using fft function of MATLAB software.

5. Rearrange a Fourier transforms X1 and X2 by shifting the zero-frequency component to the

center of the array using fftshift function of MATLAB software.

6. Plot the FM signal spectrum versus carrier using the plot functions of MATLAB software.
Model Graphs:

Result:

P a g e 15 | 70
Exp:3(a) CONSTRUCTION OF AMPLITUDE SHIFT KEYING CIRCUIT

Date:

Aim: To generate, detect and plot ASK waveforms

Components Required:
Sl.
Description Type/ Range/Value Quantity
No.

1KΩ(5),2.2 k (1), 10 k(1)

1. Resistors 1

2. Transistor BC107 1

3. Capacitor 0.01 μF 2

4. AFO, RPS, CRO 2

5. Zener diode 5.1 V 2

6. Pot 10 K 1

Theory:
Amplitude-shift keying (ASK) is a form of amplitude modulation that represents digital data as
variations in the amplitude of a carrier wave. In an ASK system, a symbol, representing one
or more bits, is sent by transmitting a fixed-amplitude carrier wave at a fixed frequency for a
specific time duration. For example, if each symbol represents a single bit, then the carrier
signal could be transmitted at nominal amplitude when the input value is 1, but transmitted
at reduced amplitude or not at all when the input value is 0.
Any digital modulation scheme uses a finite number of distinct signals to represent
digital data. ASK uses a finite number of amplitudes, each assigned a unique pattern of binary
digits. Usually, each amplitude encodes an equal number of bits. Each pattern of bits forms
the symbol that is represented by the particular amplitude. The demodulator, which isdesigned
specifically for the symbol set used by the modulator, determines the amplitude of the received
signal and maps it back to the symbol it represents, thus recovering the original data.
Frequency and phase of the carrier are kept constant.

P a g e 16 | 70
Circuit Diagram:
ASK Modulator:

ASK Demodulator:

Procedure:
1. Test all the components, bread board and probes.
2. Set up the circuits as shown in figure on the bread board.
3. Generate square wave as the message/data input and 2Vpp, 5 KHz sine wave as the
carrier input.
4. Observe both the message input and ASK output simultaneously on CRO and plot.
5. Apply the ASK output of the modulator to the demodulator input.
6. Observe both the ASK input and the demodulated output simultaneously on CRO. Adjust
the reference voltage of the comparator if needed.
7. Plot the waveforms.

P a g e 17 | 70
Model Graph:

Tabulation:
Time
Amplitude Frequency
Signal Y axis X axis Volts/div Time/div period
in volts in Hz
in sec

Modulating
Signal

Carrier
signal

Modulated
Signal
Demodulated
Signal

Result:

P a g e 18 | 70
Exp: 3(b) SIMULATION OF AMPLITUDE SHIFT KEYING SYSTEM OVER A NOISY CHANNEL
Date:

Aim:
To generate an Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) signal and observe the characteristics of ASK
signal over an AWGN channel using the MATLAB software.

Theory:
Modulation:
Amplitude shift keying - ASK - is a modulation process, which imparts to a sinusoid two or
more discrete amplitude levels. These are related to the number of levels adopted by the digital
message. For a binary message sequence, there are two levels, one of which is typically zero. The
data rate is a sub-multiple of the carrier frequency. Thus, the modulated waveform consists of
bursts of a sinusoid. One of the disadvantages of ASK, compared with FSK and PSK, for example,
it has not got a constant envelope. This makes its processing (eg, power amplification) more
difficult since linearity becomes an important factor. However, it does make for ease of
demodulation with an envelope detector.
Demodulation:
ASK signal has a well-defined envelope. Thus, it is amenable to demodulation by an
envelope detector. Some sort of decision-making circuitry is necessary for detecting the message.
The signal is recovered by using a correlator and decision-making circuitry is used to recover the
binary sequence.

Algorithm:
1. Generate random binary data of length N by setting A1 as amplitude for bit '1'
and A0 as amplitude for bit '0'
2. Define the carrier frequency (Fc), sampling frequency (Fs) and bit duration(Tb)
3. Calculate time vector t for one bit: t = 0 to Tb with step 1/Fs and Set samples_per_bit =
length(t)
4. Generate carrier signal :carrier = cos(2π * Fc * t)
5. ASK Modulation
Initialize ask_signal with zeros
Repeat carrier signal for N bits: carrier_signal = repeat(carrier, N times)
For i = 1 to N:
idx = starting index for i-th bit
If data[i] == 1:ask_signal[idx to idx+samples_per_bit-1] = A1 * carrier
Else:
ask_signal[idx to idx+samples_per_bit-1] = A0 * carrier
End For
[Link] Noise
Set SNR_dB = desired SNR
Add AWGN to ask_signal → noisy_signal
7. Coherent Demodulation
Initialize demod_bits with zeros
Set threshold = 0.5 * sum(carrier^2)
For k = 1 to N:
segment = extract k-th bit segment from noisy_signal
correlation = sum(segment * carrier)
If correlation > threshold:
demod_bits[k] = 1
P a g e 19 | 70
 Else:
demod_bits[k] = 0
End For
8. Plot original binary data, carrier signal, ASK modulated signal, received signal with AWGN and
Demodulated binary data

Coding:

Model Graph:

Result:

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Exp: 4(a) CONSTRUCTION OF FREQUENCY SHIFT KEYING CIRCUIT
Date:

Aim:
1. To generate FSK Waveform using BJT
2. To set up the demodulator circuit and detect the input signal

Components Required:
Sl. No. Description Type/Range/Value Quantity

1. IC 741 2

2. Resistor 2.2K Ω, 1K Ω and 2,,2,3

10K Ω
3. Transistor SL 100,SK100 1
4. AFO,RPS,CRO 2,1,1

Circuit Diagram:
Modulator:

P a g e 21 | 70
Demodulator:

Theory:
Frequency-shift keying (FSK) is a frequency modulation scheme in which digital information
is transmitted through discrete frequency changes of a carrier signal. The technology is used
for communication systems such as telemetry, weather balloon radiosondes, caller ID, garage
door openers, and low-frequency radio transmission in the VLF and ELF bands. The simplest
FSK is binary FSK (BFSK). BFSK uses a pair of discrete frequencies to transmit binary (0s and
1s) information. With this scheme, the 1 is called the mark frequency and the0 is called the
space frequency.

Procedure:
1. Make the connection as given in the circuit diagram.
2. Connect the carrier signal.
3. Verify the output through CRO.

P a g e 22 | 70
Model Graph:

Tabulation:
Signal Y X Volts Time/div Time Amplitude Frequency
axis axis /div period(
(volts) (Hz)
s)
ModulatingSignal
Carrier Signal 1
Carrier Signal 2
Modulated
Signal

Result:

P a g e 23 | 70
Exp: 4(b): Simulation of frequency shift keying system over a noisy channel
Date:

Aim:
To simulate the Frequency Shift Keyed (FSK) system over a noisy channel using MATLAB.

Theory:
BFSK Modulation:
Frequency shift keying - FSK - is a modulation, where the transmitted signal is represented
by

where the carrier frequency fi equals one of possible two values f1 and f2; to ensure that the
signals representing these two frequencies are orthogonal, choose fi
transmission of frequency f1 represents symbol 1, and the transmission of frequency f2
represents symbol 0.

Algorithm:
Initialization commands

BFSK Modulation:
1. Generate the binary sequences (0s and 1s)
2. Generate two carrier signals F0 and F1
P a g e 24 | 70
3. Generate the FSK signal using two carrier frequencies (Assign F0 for bit-0 and F1 for bit-1)
4. Corrupt FSK signal by AWGN
5. Use coherent detection via correlation (matched filtering) for demodulation.
6. Plot all key signals in the time domain

Program:

Model Graphs:

Result:

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Exp: 5(a): SIMULATION OF PULSE CODE MODULATION AND ADAPTIVE DELTA MODULATION
SYSTEM.
Date:

Aim:
To write a MATLAB code to perform Pulse Code modulation and reconstruct the original
waveform from PCM signal.

Theory:
Modulation:
PCM is a practical implementation of sampling, quantization, and coding of an analog message
into a digital message. In other words, an implementation of analog-to-digital conversion of
analog signals providing a serial bit stream. Pulse code modulation begins by low-pass filtering
the analog signal to ensure that no frequencies above fmax are present. Such a filter is called
an antialiasing filter. The next step is to sample the signal. A clock circuit generates pulses at
the Nyquist sampling rate of at least 2fmax, which are used by the sampler to produce 2fmax
samples of the analog signal per second. The instantaneousamplitude of the analog signal at
each sample is rounded off to the nearest of several specific, predetermined levels
(quantization). To convert these pulses to a digital signal, the quantized value of each step is
expressed (coded) as a binary number. The bits of the binarynumber can then be represented
by simple on–off pulses. The pulses are grouped accordingto the grouping of the bits in the
binary number and are then transmitted in sequence. Eachanalog sample is transmitted into
a PCM word consisting of groups of n bits. The PCM word size can be described by the number
of quantization levels that are used for each sample. If each of the digital words has b binary
digits, there are 2n levels, and to each a different codeword is assigned. The choice of the
number of quantization levels, or bits per sample, depends on the magnitude of quantization
distortion that one is willing to tolerate with the PCM format.
Demodulation:

This process of modulation is reversed at the receiver, which converts binary data into an
analog signal by first decoding the received binary numbers into a "staircase" analog signal
which is then smoothed by passing it through a low-pass filter with bandwidth fmax.

Algorithm:
1. Get the number of bits representation and sampling frequency of the PCM system
2. Calculate the number of quantization levels as L = 2n
P a g e 26 | 70
Modulation:
1. Construct the analog signal which forms as input for the PCM system
2. Plot the analog signal as sampled version
3. Compute the quantization step size, quantization levels and code book of
quantization values
4. Plot the quantized values.
5. Encode the quantized values by using decimal to binary conversion.
6. Generate serial code and display the staircase waveform

Demodulation:
1. Convert the serial code into frames of 1 byte and store it as received codes
2. Convert the received code(binary) to decimal values
3. Convert decimal values into voltage values and calculate the DC shifted version to
get the actual (demodulated) signal
4. Plot the demodulated signal

Model Graphs:

Result:

P a g e 27 | 70
Exp: 5(b) SIMULATION OF LINE CODING TECHNIQUES.

Date:

Aim:

To write a MATLAB program that simulates and visualizes different line coding techniques, such as
Unipolar NRZ, Polar NRZ, Polar RZ, and Manchester encoding, used for digital data transmission.

Theory:
Line coding is a technique used to represent digital data as a voltage signal for transmission over
physical media such as coaxial cables. It converts binary bits (0s and 1s) into signal waveforms
suitable for reliable transmission.

Line Coding Schemes:

Unipolar NRZ :
A logic '1' is represented by a high voltage, and '0' is represented by 0 volts. Simple to implement
but not suitable for long-distance transmission due to the presence of a DC component and lack
of synchronization.

Polar NRZ:

'1' is represented by +V and '0' by –V

DC-free and better for long-distance communication.

Polar RZ :

'1' is represented by a positive voltage for the first half of the bit period and zero for the rest.
'0' is represented by a negative voltage for the first half of the bit period and zero for the rest.
Better synchronization but consumes more bandwidth.

Manchester Encoding:

Bit is split into two halves:

'1' → high-to-low transition,
'0' → low-to-high transition.
Provides inherent clock synchronization but requires double bandwidth compared to NRZ

Algorithm:

1. Input Preparation:

Define a binary data stream.

Set the bit rate and calculate the time duration per bit.
Define a sampling frequency (at least 10× bit rate for smooth plotting).
2. Time Vector Construction:
Create a time vector long enough to accommodate all bits.
3. Generate Line-Coded Signals:
P a g e 28 | 70
Unipolar NRZ: Each bit and assign 0 or 1 voltage level.
Polar NRZ: Each bit and assign +1 for '1' and –1 for '0'.
Polar RZ: Each bit, assign half-bit voltage and return to zero.
Manchester: Use transitions at mid-bit for each bit: '1' = high→low, '0' = low→high.

4. Plotting:

Plot the waveforms for each line coding format on separate subplots using MATLAB plot() and
stairs().

Model Graphs:

Result:

P a g e 29 | 70
Exp 6: IMPLEMENTATION OF REAL-TIME FM RECEIVER SYSTEM USING SOFTWARE-
DEFINED RADIO
Date:
Aim:
To develop a real-time FM receiver system using Software Defined Radio(SDR).

Hardware &Software required:

ADALM PLUTO (SDR) & MATLAB Simulink

Theory:
The broadcast consists of multiple tone-modulated FM signals. That is, the message signals are of
the form m(t) = A cos(2πfmt) giving passband FM signals of the form

Each FM waveform uses A = 1 volt and kf = 2000 Hz/(volt sec), but fm varies from waveform to
[Link] SDR device is used to observe, analyze, and demodulate a frequency modulated
(FM) signal. The broadcast radio-frequency signals assigned in the range 902MHz to 928MHz
frequency band.

Model Graphs:

P a g e 30 | 70
Procedure:
1. Connect the RTL - SDR to the computer.
[Link] the library in MATLAB Simulink and building the Simulink model as shown in Figure 1
3. Double-click the ADALM PLUTO radio receiver and incorporate the changes.
• Sampling rate: 240e3
• Output data type: single
• Samples per frame: 1024
4. Adjust the Center Frequency to the assigned FM waveform.
5. The Digital Filter Design is used to isolate the assigned FM waveform. Configure this block to implement
a lowpass filter. Use a 60th order Equiripple lowpass filter. Determine the pass and stop frequencies.

Result:

P a g e 31 | 70
Exp 7: IMPLEMENTATION OF QUADRATURE PHASE SHIFT KEYING TRANSCEIVER
MODEL USING SOFTWARE-DEFINED RADIO
Date:
Aim:
To develop a quadrature phase shift keying transceiver and estimate the symbol error rate (SER).

Hardware &Software required:

ADALM PLUTO (SDR) &MATLAB Simulink
Theory:
Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) is a type of Phase Shift Keying (PSK) modulation where
each symbol represents two bits, allowing 4 distinct phase shifts. It is widely used in wireless
communication systems due to its bandwidth efficiency and moderate complexity. QPSK maps
2-bit binary inputs into 4 phase states of a carrier:

Input Bits Symbol Phase (Radians) Complex Symbol

00 S0 π/4 (1 + j)/√2

01 S1 3π/4 (-1 + j)/√2

11 S2 5π/4 (-1 - j)/√2

10 S3 7π/4 (1 - j)/√2
These symbols are typically plotted on a constellation diagram, showing four evenly spaced points
on a circle (each 90° apart).

Block Diagram:

P a g e 32 | 70
Procedure:
a) Transmitter:
To generate and transmit QPSK-modulated signals using baseband data, followed by filtering
and upsampling, and to transmit the signal over-the-air using the ADALM-PLUTO SDR.
1. Random Data Source
2. QPSK Modulator
3. Upsample
4. Pulse Shaping Filter: Raised Cosine Transmit Filter
5. Pluto SDR Transmitter

b) Receiver:
To receive, filter, demodulate, and decode the QPSK signal using ADALM-PLUTO SDR and
recover the transmitted bit stream. This also includes visualizing the signal and evaluating bit
error performance.
1. Pluto SDR Receiver
2. Raised Cosine Receive Filter
3. QPSK Demodulator
4. BER and Constellation Display

Result:

P a g e 33 | 70
Exp 8: IMPLEMENTATION OF QUADRATURE AMPLITUDE MODULATION USING SOFTWARE-
DEFINED RADIO

Aim:
To develop a Quadrature Amplitude Modulation transceiver and estimate the symbol error rate
(SER).

Hardware &Software required:

ADALM PLUTO (SDR) &MATLAB Simulink

Theory:

Quadrature Amplitude Modulation(QAM)conveys two bit streams by changing the amplitude

of two carrier waves that have the same frequency and a 90° shift. The most common type
of QAM modulation is rectangular QAM, where the constellation points are arranged in a
square grid. Depending on the desired number of bits per symbol (4, 5, 6 …), we have
16QAM,32QAM,64QAM, etc. The constellation for 16QAM is shown in the figure.

As in QPSK, there are two ways (codes) to map the symbols to the constellation points: the
Binary code and the Gray code. In Gray code, two adjacent symbols differ in one bit, while in
binary code, two adjacent symbols may differ in 2 bits. Therefore, gray code is preferable to
binary code since if a receiver maps a symbol to one of its adjacent symbols (due to noise or
errors), it will lead to 1 wrong bit instead of 2. The demodulator maps the received signal
(possibly distorted due to noise in the channel) back to bit streams. For 16 QAM, the
BitErrorRate (BER) is the same as BPSK.

P a g e 34 | 70
Since in QAM modulation, two carriers are used, the Symbol Error Rate per carrier is given by:

And the total Symbol Error Rate is given by:

Where N0/2 is the noise power spectral density, and Q (.) is the Q-function of the Gaussian
distribution.

Block Diagram:

Procedure:
Transceiver:
1. Connect the ADALM PLUTO (SDR) to the computer.
2. Using the library in MATLAB Simulink and building the Simulink model as shown in Figure
P a g e 35 | 70
1
3. Double-click on the RandomIntegerGenerator and change the value as suggested below
to 16-bit QAM

4. Double-click both the rectangular QAM Modulator/Demodulator Baseband and adjust the
parameters

5. Double-click the ADALM PLUTO radio receiver and incorporate the changes.

P a g e 36 | 70
6. Double-click the Error rate calculation and do the suggested changes.

7. Double-click the Display and make the changes

P a g e 37 | 70
Result:

P a g e 38 | 70
Exp: 9: IMPLEMENTATION OF DIRECT SEQUENCE SPREAD SPECTRUM
TRANSCEIVER MODEL USING SOFTWARE-DEFINED RADIO.
Date:
Aim:
To develop a Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum Transceiver and estimate the symbol error rate
(SER).
Hardware & Software required:
ADALM PLUTO (SDR) & MATLAB Simulink
Theory:
A direct sequence spread spectrum is a form of transmission that looks very similar to white
noise over the bandwidth of the transmission. However once received and processed with the
correct descrambling codes, it is possible to extract the required data.
Modulation:
In the DSSS Modulator, as shown in the figure, the data signal is first multiplied by a spreading
code stream. As a result, the data stream has a higher data rate than the data itself. Next, the
spreading is modulated onto a carrier and transmitted as a CDMA signal.

Binary m(t)
Encoded BPSK Modulator x(t)
Signal b(t)

PN Code Carrier Φ(t)

Generator
c(t)

Demodulation:
In the DSSS demodulator, as shown in the figure, the received CDMA signal is first
demodulated from the carrier to reconstitute the high-speed data stream. Then it is multiplied
with the spreading code to regenerate the original data. The other entire data stream that is
spread using different spreading code is ignored.

m^(t)
y(t) BPSK Detector x(t)

Carrier Φ(t) PN Code

Generator
c(t)

P a g e 39 | 70
Procedure:
Transceiver:
• Connect the ADALM PLUTO (SDR) with the Computer.
• Using the library in MATLAB Simulink and build the Simulink model as shown in Figure 1
• Double-click on the Random Integer Generator and change the value as suggested
below

Figure 1
• Double-click the all the unipolar to bipolar converter, bipolar to unipolar converters and do the
changes

• Double click the BPSK modulator baseband and incorporate the changes
 • Double click the BPSK demodulator baseband and incorporate the changes

• Double click the Error Rate calculation and incorporate the changes

From the constellation diagram with ‘1’ and ‘0’ do the result analysis
Inference :

Result:
 Exp: 10 Design a packaging structure to study the signal integrity of high-speed signals and
analyze the insertion loss and time domain reflectometry impedance.

Date:

Aim:
To design a packaging structure to study the signal integrity of high-speed signals and analyze
the insertion loss and time domain reflectometry impedance.

Theory:
Signal integrity refers to the quality of an electrical signal or pulse on the interconnect track of a PCB
or component. Electronic signals, particularly high speed signals will deteriorate, distort or oscillate if
the designer has not made allowances for impedance matching and signal transmission effects. In
other words, signal integrity refers to electronic circuit tools and techniques which ensure that electrical
signals are of sufficient quality for proper operation. Alternatively, signal integrity tools attempt to
identify and remove effects that cause a design to malfunction due to distortion of the signal wave
forms. The main cause of signal integrity problems is noise induced by neighboring connections, or
cross-talk.

Procedure:
1. Design a single-ended via hole connecting microstriplines located on top and bottom of a multilayer
PCB
2. Select materials as copper for the metal parts and FR4 isola for the dielectric
3. Solder mask substrate on top and bottom is also defined by using loss free dielectric type
4. Four shorting vias connecting the two power planes are modeled in order to investigate their impact
on the return loss
5. Investigate the insertion loss and Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR) wave form

Single-ended via connecting two short microstriplines

 Top view of the microstriplines.

Boundary condition settings

Model Graph:

Port mode plotting

 Plot for S-parameters

Plot for time domain reflectometry

 Insertion loss and TDR due to the variation of the antipad radius

Inference:

Result:
 Exp: 11 Design a differential stripline using two-dimensional transmission line modeling for
high-frequency signals and analyze signal integrity and power integrity.

Date:

Aim:
To design a differential stripline using two-dimensional transmission line modeling for high-
frequency signals and analyze signal integrity and power integrity.

Theory:
In this example we analyze the behavior of a certain structure on a PCB as part of “pre-layout-analysis”.
Here we generate a pair of embedded striplines and analyze the differential transmission characteristic
of the pair. The analysis provide insight into the signal and power integrity.

Procedure:
1. Design and simulation of a differential Strip Line using 2DTL Modeling
a. PCB Design
b. 2D TL Modeling
2. Signal Integrity on a Multilayer using the SITD-solver
3. PI Analysis using the PI-Solver

Schematic and Model Graph:

Equivalent circuit of the differential stripline pair

 PCB Design

Components of the board

Inference:

Result:
Exp: 12 IMPLEMENTATION OF AN OPTICAL FIBER SYSTEM TO ESTIMATE THE ATTENUATION
FACTOR.

Date:

Aim:
Implement and estimate the propagation loss by varying the optical source
wavelength, transmitpower, and fiber length.

Components Required:
C band Lasers – 1, Laser 850 nm, InGaAs Photodetectors – 1, SiPhotodetector (PDS) – 1, Fiber
Spools – 3

Formula:
If P1 represents the input power and P2 is the output power after passing through an
optical fiber of length L km,

Procedure:
6. Setup the Light Runner as per the instruction gien in the manual
7. Select the corresponding experiment from the experiment drop-down menu with the help of
a stylus and the experimental window will appear on the screen.
8. Connect 850 nm laser source to the photo detector PD5 with the help of patch cords.
9. Connect the BNC connector adjacent to PD5 to anyone channel (say CH1) of the DSO
with the help of BNC cable.
[Link] the 850 nm laser by using a stylus and set the following parameters: For
example (a) Frequency = 50 KHz (b) Duty cycle = 20 % (c) Laser Power = 60 %
11. Click on the 'Start' button, the waveform will appear at CH1 on the DSO screen.
[Link] the case of detector saturation, reduce the laser power level below the saturation level
by using software control.
[Link] adjusting the power level below the saturation level, note down the power displayed
in the front of the laser PD5 as P1.
[Link] the experiment by clicking on the 'STOP' button.
[Link] the patch cord form the detector (PD5) and connect this end to fiber spools of
known length (L) as shown in figure.
16. Connect the other end of the fiber spool to the photodetector PD5 by using a patch cord.
17. Run the experiment by clicking on the "Start button.
18. Note down the output power, displaying in the front of PD5 as P2.
[Link] the above-measured values, calculate the value of attenuation coefficient and total
attenuation at 850 nm wavelength.
[Link] the experiment for any of the C-band lasers with respective detector different
lengths and a long length is measured.
[Link] the procedure given here instead of the cutback method, the power exiting short length
and a long length is measured.
[Link] an additional fiber of length L has been introduced in the fiber path, at the extra
connector (assumed to be 0.5 dB) should be taken care of in the estimation of the
attenuation coefficient.
23. Similarly each extra connector in the experiment adds 0.5 dB loss to the measurement.

Observation:

Result: