2.

An algebraic expression f (x) of the form

f(x) = a0 + a1x + a2x2 + ...+ anxn,
(i) Zero of a linear polynomial ax + b is
where a0, a1,......an are real numbers and all
indices of variable x are non-negative
integers is called polynomial in variable x. The value of a polynomial f (x) at
x = is obtained by substituting (ii) If and are the zeroes of the quadratic
(i) The highest indices of x is called
x = in the given polynomial and polynomial ax2 + bx + c, then
degree of the polynomial.
(ii) a 0 , a 1 x,......a n x n are terms of the is denoted by f( )
polynomial. Coefficient of
i.e. sum of zeroes 2
(iii) a0, a1,.....an Coefficient of
polynomial. and
x = r is a zero of a polynomial p(x) Constant term
if p(r) = 0 i.e. product of zeroes =
Coefficient of 2
On the basis of On the basis of degree (iii) If , and are zeroes of the cubic
number of terms in of the polynomial polynomial, then
the polynomial
2
(i) Monomial: If (i) Linear: If Coefficient of
i.e. sum of zeroes 3
polynomial has polynomial has Zero(es) of a polynomial is/are the Coefficient of
one term. degree one. x-coordinate of the points
Polynomials

(ii) Binomial: If (ii) Quadratic: If where graph y = f(x) inter-

polynomial has sects the x-axis.
polynomial has i.e. sum of product of every two root
two terms. degree two. (i) Linear polynomial :
Coefficient of
(iii) Trinomial: If (iii) Cubic: If Graph of linear polynomial is ,
polynomial has a straight line and has exactly Coefficient of 3
polynomial Constant term
three terms. one zero.
has degree i.e. product of roots
(ii) Quadratic polynomial : Coefficient of 3
three.
Graph of quadratic polynomial
(iv) Biquadratic: is always a parabola and this
If polynomial polynomial can have atmost
has degree two zeroes. If p(x) and g(x) are any two polynomials with
four. (iii) Cubic polynomial: Cubic g(x) q(x) and
polynomial can have atmost r(x) such that p(x) = g(x) × q(x) + r(x) where
three zeroes. either r(x) = 0 or degree of r(x) < degree of g(x)
26
Mathematics

Here, a0 + a1x + a2x2 +...........+ anxn or anxn + an–1xn–1 + an–2xn–2 +............+ a2x2 + a1x + a0 are standard form of the same
polynomial in variable x, in which power of the variable are either increasing or decreasing.
A symbol like x in the above polynomial, which takes various numerical values is known as a variable.
In a polynomial, powers of the variable are non-negative integer.
Terms having same variable with same indices are called like terms.
Here, a0, a1, a2,............., an are real numbers. If a0, a1, a2,.........., an are all integers then the above polynomial is said to
be a polynomial over integers.
If an 0, then degree of the above polynomial is n.

If we put any polynomial equal to zero then we get polynomial equation i.e. if we put f(x) = 0,
then we get the polynomial equation as anxn + an – 1xn–1 + ....a1x + a0 = 0

Examples :
(i) 6x7 – 5x4 + 2x + 3 is a polynomial of degree 7.
(ii) 2 + 5x3/2 + 7x2 is an expression but not a polynomial , since it contains a term in which power of x is 3/2, which is not a
non-negative integer.

(iii) In –9y2 y; y is the variable and 2 is the power or index of y.

2
(iv) 5a2, –7a2 and 2 are like terms.

There are some important types of polynomial based on the numebr of terms in it. These are listed below:
(i) Monomial : A polynomial having one term is called a monomial. Example : 3, 5x, 6a etc.
(ii) Binomial : A polynomial having two terms is called a binomial. Example : 2x2 + 3, 6y – b, 3 + 7z etc.
(iii) Trinomial : A polynomial having three terms is called a trinomial. Example : 30x + by + cz, 2a – 3x2 + y3 etc.
There are some important types of polynomials based on degrees. These are listed below :
(i) Linear polynomials : A polynomial of degree one is called a linear polynomial. The general form of the linear polynomial is
ax + b, where a and b are any real constant and a 0.
Example : 3 + 5x is a linear polynomial.
(ii) Quadratic polynomials : A polynomial of degree two is called a quadratic polynomial. The general form of the quadratic
polynomial is ax2 + bx + c, where a 0.
Example : 2y2 + 3y – 1 is a quadratic polynomial.
(iii) Cubic polynomials : A polynomial of degree three is called a cubic polynomial. The general form of a cubic polynomial
is ax3 + bx2 + cx + d, where a 0.
Example : 6x3 – 5x2 + 2x + 1 is a cubic polynomial.
(iv) Biquadratic polynomials : A polynomial of degree four is called biquadratic polynomial. The general form of biquadratic
polynomial is ax4 + bx3 + cx2 + dx + e, where a 0. Example : 4x4 – 6x3 + 3x2
ILLUSTRATION : 1
Which of the following expressions are polynomials ?
4 7 4 2
(a) 5x2 – 3x + 9 (b) 5 3 1
3
Both are polynomials.
ILLUSTRATION : 2
Write down the degree of the following polynomials.
(a) 3x + 5 (b) 3t2 – 5t + 9t4 (c) 2 – y2 – y3 + 2y8

(a) The highest power term is 3x and exponent of x is 1. degree of polynomial 3x + 5 is 1

(b) The highest power term is 9t4 and exponent of t is 4. So, degree of the given polynomial is 4.
(c) The highest power term is 2y8 and exponent of y is 8.
 27

Polynomials
A polynomial of x can be represented by f(x), g(x), p(x), q(x), etc. The value of a polynomial f(x) at x = is obtained by
substituting x = in the given polynomial and is denoted by f( ).
Consider the polynomial : p(x) = 5x3 – 2x2 + 3x – 2
If we replace x by 1 everywhere in p(x), we get
p(1) = 5 × (1)3 – 2 × (1)2 + 3 × (1) – 2 = 5 – 2 + 3 – 2 = 4
So, we say that the value of p(x) at x = 1 is 4.

Let x = r be a root or zero of a polynomial P(x), if P(r) = 0.

In other words, x = r is a root or zero of a polynomial if it is a solution to the equation P(x) = 0
P(x) is actually solving the equation P(x) = 0
P(x) = x2 + 2x
x2 + 2x – 15 = 0 (x + 5) (x – 3) = 0 x = – 5, 3
So, this second degree polynomial has two zeroes or roots –5 and 3.
ILLUSTRATION : 3
If x = 2 and x = 0 are roots of the polynomial f (x) = 2x3 – 5x2 + ax + b. Find the values of a and b.

Since, 2 is a root, therefore

f (2) = 2 (2)3 – 5 (2)2 + a (2) + b = 0 16 – 20 + 2a + b = 0 2a + b = 4
Since 0 is also a root, therefore
f (0) = 2 (0)3 – 5 (0)2 + a (0) + b = 0 b=0 2a = 4 a = 2, b = 0

If the zeroes of p(x) = x3 + 2x2 + a, are also the zeroes of polynomial q(x) = x5 – x4 – 4x3 + 3x2 + 3x
values of a and b. Which zeroes of q(x) are not the zeroes of p(x)?

If zeroes of p(x) are also the zeroes of q(x), then q(x) is divisible by p(x). Let us now divide q(x) by p(x) to obtain the remainder.
2
3 2
3 2 5 4 3 2
2 4 3 3
5
2 4 2

3 4 4 3 3 2
3
4 3
3 6 3

2 3 3 2
3 1
2 3 4 2 2

2
1 3 1 2
28
If q(x) is divisible by p(x), then remainder must be 0. Now, remainder = 0
Mathematics

(– 1 – a) x2 + 3x (1 + a) + b – 2a = 0 for all x.
(– 1 – a) = 0, 3(1 + a) = 0 and b – 2a = 0 a = –1 and b = –2
Substituting a = –1 in p(x), we obtain p(x) = x3 + 2x2 + 1
Now, x2 – 3x + 2 = (x – 1) (x – 2). So, zeroes of x2 – 3x + 2 are 1 and 2.
q(1) = 2 0 and q(2) = 15 0
So, zeroes of the x2 – 3x + 2 are not the zeroes of p(x).
Hence, 1 and 2 are zeroes of q(x) which are not the zeroes of p(x).

Zero(es) of a polynomial is/are the x-coordinate of the point(s) where the graph of y = f(x) intersects the x-axis.

Graph of a polynomial f (x) is a smooth free hand curve passing through points (x1, y1), (x2, y2), (x3, y3), ........... etc., where y1,
y2, y3, ......... are the values of the polynomial f (x) at x1, x2, x3, ........ respectively. In order to draw the graph of a polynomial
f(x), we may follow the following algorithm.
Algorithm to draw the graph of the polynomials :
Step 1 : Find the values y1, y2, ........yn, that is value of polynomial f (x) at x1, x2, ........xn and prepare a table that gives
values of y or f(x) for various values of x.

x x1 x2 ..... xn xn+1 .....

y = f (x) y1 = f (x1) y2 = f (x2) ..... yn = f (xn) yn+1 = f .....
(xn+1)
Step 2 : Plot these points (x1, y1), (x2, y2), (x3, y3), ..........,(xn, yn),......... on rectangular coordinate system. In plotting
these points you may use different scales on the x and y-axis.
Step 3 : Draw a free hand smooth curve passing through the points plotted in step 2 to get the graph of the polynomial f (x).

Consider a linear polynomial f (x) = ax + b, a 0. In class IX we have studied that the graph of y = ax + b is a straight line that
has exactly one zero. That is why f (x) = ax + b is called a linear polynomial. Since two points determine a straight line, so only
two points needed to plot or draw the line y = ax + b. The line represented by y = ax + b crosses the x-axis at exactly one point,
namely ,0 .

ILLUSTRATION : 4
Draw the graph of the polynomial f(x) = 2x

Let y = 2x – 5
The following table list the values of y corresponding to different
values of x.
1 4
–3 3

The points A (1, –3) and B (4, 3) are plotted on the graph paper on a
suitable scale. A line is drawn passing through these points to obtain
the graphs of the given polynomial.
5
The line intersects the X-axis at . Hence, zero or root of the
5 2
given polynomial is .
2
 29

Polynomials
Let a, b, c be real numbers and a 0. Then f (x) = ax2 + bx + c is known as quadratic polynomial in x and it has either no zero
or two zeroes.
Example :
1. There are no zeroes of quadratic polynomial f(x) = x2 + 1 and thus the graph of the polynomial doesn't intersect x-axis.
2. There are two zeroes of quadratic polynomial p(x) = x2 – 4x + 4 i.e., 2, 2; which means both zeroes are same and thus
the graph of this polynomial intersects x-axis only once at 2.
3. There are two zeroes of quadratic polynomial g(x) = x2 – 9 that is +3, –3, thus the graph of this polynomial intersect
x-axis at two places, 3 & – 3
Note : (i) The two zeroes of quadratic polynomial can be either both rational or both irrational.
(ii) Graph of a quadratic polynomial is always a parabola.
The graph shown in the illustration 5 and 6 are the parabola.
Some parabola are upward open as in illustration 5 and others are downward open as in illustration 6.
If the value of a in the quadratic polynomial ax2 + bx + c is positive, then the parabola is upward open. If the value of a in
the quadratic polynomial ax2 + bx + c is negative, then the parabola is downward open.
ILLUSTRATION : 5
Draw the graph of the polynomial f (x) = x2 – 2x

Let y = x2 – 2x – 8
The following table gives the values of y or f (x) for various values of x.

x –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
y 16 7 0 –5 –8 –9 –8 –5 0 7 16
Let us now plot the points (– 4, 16), (–3, 7), (–2, 0), (–1, –5), (0, –8), (1, –9), (2, –8), (3, –5), (4, 0), (5, 7) and (6, 16) on
a graph paper and draw a smooth free hand curve passing through these points. The curve thus obtained represents the
graph of the polynomial f (x) = x2 – 2x – 8 which is known as a parabola.

Note that, on both the axis, scale may be different.

The parabola intersects the x-axis at x = –2 and 4. Hence, zeroes or roots of the polynomial are –2 and 4.
30
Mathematics

ILLUSTRATION : 6
Draw the graph of the quadratic polynomial f (x) = 3 – 2x – x2

Let y = f (x) or y = 3 – 2x – x2
Let us list a few values of y corresponding to a few values of x as follows :

x –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3
y –12 –5 0 3 4 3 0 –5 – 12
Thus, the following points lie on the graph of polynomial y = 3 – 2x – x2 :
(–5, –12), (–4, –5), (–3, 0), (–2, 3), (–1, 4), (0, 3), (1, 0), (2, –5), and (3, – 12)
Let us plot these points on a graph paper and draw a smooth free hand curve passing through these points to obtain the
graph of y = 3 – 2x – x2. The curve thus obtained is a parabola.

The parabola intersects x-axis at x = –3 and 1. Therefore, zeroes or roots of the polynomial are –3 and 1.

A cubic polynomial is a function of the form y = ax3 + bx2 + cx + d where a, b, c & d are real constants but a 0.
If a > 0, then graph of a cubic function looks similar to one of the graphs in Figures (i), (ii) and (iii).

If a < 0, then graph of the cubic function looks similar to one of the graphs in Figures (iv), (v) and (vi).
 31

Polynomials
ILLUSTRATION : 7
Draw the graph of the polynomial f (x) = x3 – 4x

Let y = f (x) = x3 – 4x.

The values of y for few values of x are listed in the following table :

x –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3
y = x3 – 4x – 15 0 3 0 –3 0 15

Since the graph of the given polynomial intersects x-axis at –2, 0 and 2. Therefore, zeroes of the given cubic polynomial
are –2, 0 and 2.

Cubic polynomial has either all roots are rational or one is rational and two are irrational. Irrational roots always occur in
conjugate pairs.

constant term
(i) Zero of a linear polynomial ax + b, is – or
coefficient of
(ii) If quadratic polynomial ax2 + bx + c = k (x – ) (x – ), where k is any real constant; then and are zeroes of quadratic
polynomial ax2 + bx + c, where a, b, c R and a 0.
coefficient of constant term
– , i.e., sum of zeroes = – 2 and . – i.e., product of zeroes = 2
coefficient of coefficient of
We can obtain the quadratic polynomial p(x) as p(x) = k [x2 – (sum of zeroes) x + (product of zeroes)]
(iii) If cubic polynomial ax3 + bx2 + cx + d = k (x – ) (x – ) (x – ), where k is any real constant; then , and are zeroes
of cubic polynomial ax3 + bx2 + cx + d where a, b, c, d R and a 0, then

+ + =– , + + = and = –
32
Mathematics

ILLUSTRATION : 8
2
If zeroes of the polynomial x2 + 4x + 2a are and , .
Some useful formulas :
2 2
Given, and are the zeroes of x2 + 4x + 2a. (i) ( )2 2
2 2
constant term (ii) ( )( ) ( )2 4
Now, product of zeroes = 2
coefficient of (iii) ( )2 ( )2 4
2 (iv) 3 3
( 3
) 3 ( )
2 2 2 1
3 3
(v) ( )3 3 ( )

On dividing a polynomial p(x) by a polynomial d(x), let the quotient be q(x) and the remainder be r(x), then
p(x) = d(x). q(x) + r(x), where either r(x) = 0 or deg. r(x) < deg.d(x)
Here, Dividend = p(x), Divisor = d(x), Quotient = q(x) and Remainder = r(x).
Division algorithm of a polynomial by a polynomial :
Step 1 : Arrange the terms of the dividend and the divisor in descending order of their degrees.
Step 2 :
Step 3 :
Step 4 : Consider the remainder as new dividend and proceed as before.
Step 5 : Repeat this process till we obtain a remainder which is either 0 or a polynomial of degree less than that of the
divisor.

(i) If (x – r) is a factor of polynomial f(x), then r is a root of polynomial equation f (x) = 0.

(ii) Conversely, if the polynomial equation f(x) = 0 has a root r, then (x – r) is factor of polynomial f(x).

Let p(x) be any polynomial of degree greater than or equal to one and 'a' be any real number. If p(x) is divided by linear
polynomial (x – a), then remainder is p(a).

ILLUSTRATION : 9
Divide x3 + x2 – 2x – 30 by x – 3

(x3 + x2 – 2x – 30) ÷ (x – 3) = x2 + 4x + 10
 33

Polynomials
ILLUSTRATION : 10
Find the remainder obtained on dividing x3 + 3 by x + 1.

Hence, remainder = 2
Alternate Method :
Let f (x) = x3 + 3
Put Divisor = 0
x+1=0 x = –1
Then remainder = f (–1) = (–1)3 + 3 = –1 + 3 = 2
So, 2 is the remainder.
ILLUSTRATION : 11
Find all the zero(es) of 2x4 – 3x3– 3x2 + 6x – 2, if you know that two of its zero(es) are 2 and – 2 .

Two zeroes are 2 and – 2 . Hence, 2 and 2 are the factors of given polynomial.

2 2 = x2 – 2, is a factor of the given polynomial.

Now, we divide the given polynomial by x2 – 2
2 2 3 1
2 4
2 2 3 3 3 2 6 2
4
2 4 2 2 4
2
(First term of quotient is 2
2 )
3 2
3 6 2
3 3 6 3
3
(Second term of quotient is 2
3 )
2
2
2 2
2
(Third term of quotient is 2
1)

So, 2x4 – 3x3 – 3x2 + 6x – 2 = (x2 – 2) (2x2 – 3x + 1).

Now, by splitting –3x, we factorise 2x2 – 3x + 1.
2x2 – 3x + 1 = 2x2 – 2x – x + 1
= 2x (x – 1) – 1 (x – 1)
= (x – 1) (2x – 1)
1 1
So, the remaining two zero(es) are given by and x = 1. Therefore, the zero(es) of the given polynomial are 2, 2,
and 1. 2 2
34
Illustration:
Sol. fx gx qx rx
qx ax bx c rx px q

fx gx qx rx
x x x x ax bx c x x px q
x x x x ax a b x a b cx b c px c q)
x
a x
a b x
a c b x
b c p x
c q

a b c p q
qx x x rx x
rx gx fx

1
Q. 1. If is a root of the polynomial f(x) = 2kx2 – 7x + k f (x).
2 3
1
[Hint: 0 3. Ans. 3]
2 3
Q. 2. If the quotient obtained on dividing the polynomial f(x) = 3x3 + 11x2 + 34x + 106 by g(x) = x – 3 using division algorithm is 3x2 + px + q p, q and also the reminder.
[Hint: f(x) = g(x) (3x2 + 20x + 94) + 388. Ans. p = 20, q = 94, remainder = 388]
35

Polynomials
36
Mathematics

1. f(x) = x2 – 2x – 3. Find the roots of f(x), and sketch the graph of y = f (x).
Sol. f(x) = x2 – 2x – 3 = (x + 1) (x – 3). Therefore, the roots are –1 and 3.
The graph intersects the X-axis at x = –1 and 3.

2. How many real roots, i.e., roots that are real numbers, has the parabola of each graph ?

Sol. Graph (a) has two real roots. It has two x-intercepts (i.e., the graph intersects the X-axis at two different points)
Graph (b) has no real roots. It has no x-intercepts. Both roots are complex.
Graph (c) has two real roots which are equal.
3. Inspect the following graph to solve this equation : x2 – 4x – 5 = 0
Sol. The quadratic polynomial will have the value 0 at x = –1 and 5.
 37
4. Find the zero(es) of the polynomial x2

Polynomials
Sol. Recall the identity a2 – b2 = (a – b)(a + b). Using it, we can write:
x2 – 3 = 3 3
So, the value of x2 – 3 is zero when x = 3 or x = – 3
Therefore, the zeroes of x2 – 3 are 3 and – 3
(Coefficient of )
Now, Sum of zeroes = 3 3 0 = 2
Coefficient of
3 Constant term
Product of zeroes = 3 3 3 =
1 Coefficient of 2
5. Show that x = 2 is a root of 2x3 + x2 – 7x – 6
Sol. Let p (x) = 2x3 + x2 – 7x – 6
p(2) = 2 (2)3 + (2)2 – 7 (2) – 6 = 16 + 4 – 14 – 6 = 0
Hence x = 2 is a root of p (x).
4
6. If is a root of the polynomial f(x) = 6x3 – 11x2 + kx k.
3
4 4
Sol. Let f (x) = 6x3 – 11x2 + kx – 20 and if is root of polynomial, then 0
3 3
3 2
4 4 4 4
6 11 20 0
3 3 3 3
64 16 4
6 11 20 0 128 – 176 + 12k – 180 = 0 12k + 128 – 356 = 0 12k = 228 k = 19
27 9 3
7. Find the remainder when f(x) = x3 – 6x2 + 2x – 4 is divided by g(x) = 1 – 2x.
1
Sol. Put 1 – 2x = 0 2x = 1
2
3 2
1 1 1 1
Remainder = 6 2 4 = 1 3 1 4 1 12 8 32 35
2 2 2 2 8 2 8 8
8. The polynomials ax3 + 3x2 – 13 and 2x3 – 5x + a are divided by x
the value of a.
Sol. Let p(x) = ax3 + 3x2 – 13 and q(x) = 2x3 – 5x + a
When p(x) and q(x) are divided by x + 2 = 0 x=–2
p(–2) = q(–2) a (–2)3 + 3 (–2)2 – 13 = 2 (–2)3 – 5 (–2) + a – 8a + 12 – 13 = – 16 + 10 + a
5
– 9a = – 5
9
9. Find and if x + 1 and x + 2 are factors of p(x) = 3 3 2
2
Sol. Put x + 1 = 0 or x = – 1 and x + 2 = 0 or x = – 2 in p(x)
Then, p(–1) = 0 and p(–2) = 0
p(–1) = ( 1)3 3 ( 1) 2 2 ( 1) 0 1 3 2 0 2 2 ... (i)

( 2) ( 2)3 3( 2)2 2 ( 2) 0 8 12 4 0 4 4 ... (ii)

By equalising equations (i) and (ii), we get
2 2 4 4 2 2 1
put = –1 in eq. (i) 2 ( 1) 2 2 2 0 Hence, 1, 0
10. What must be added to 3x3
+ – 22x + 9, so that the result is exactly divisible by 3x2 + 7x – 6.
x2
Sol. Let p (x) = 3x + x – 22x + 9 and r (x) = 3x2 + 7x – 6
3 2

We know that if p(x) is not exactly divisible by q(x), then the remainder be r(x) and degree of r(x) is less than q(x) or
divisor.
38
Let, we add ax + b (linear polynomial) in p (x), so that p (x) + ax + b is exactly divisible by 3x2 + 7x – 6
Mathematics

Hence, p (x) + ax + b = s (x) = 3x3 + x2 – 22x + 9 + ax + b

= 3x3 + x2 – x (22 – a) + (9 + b)

or
– 6x2 + x (– 16 + a) + 9 + b
– 6x2 – 14x + 12
+ + –
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
x (– 2 + a) + (b – 3) = 0
Hence, x (a – 2) + b – 3 = 0.x + 0
a – 2 = 0 and b – 3 = 0
a = 2 or b = 3
Hence, if in p(x) we add ax + b or 2x + 3 then it is exactly divisible by 3x2 + 7x – 6.
Alternate Method :
Let p(x) = 3x3 + x2 – 22x + 9
and r(x) = 3x2 + 7x – 6
Let q be added in polynomial p(x), so that it will be exactly divisible by r(x)
Clearly the degree of q will be less than r(x).
So, p(x) + q = 3x3 + x2 – 22x + 9 + q

Since, p(x) + q is exactly divisible by r(x), then remainder must be zero.

–2x – 3 + q = 0 q = 2x + 3
Hence, 2x + 3 must be added to make polynomial exactly divisible by 3x2 + 7x – 6.
11. What must be subtracted from x3 – 6x2 – 15x + 80, so that the result is exactly divisible by x2 + x – 12.
Sol. In above problem, we see that if in p (x) = x3 – 6x2 – 15x + 80 we subtracted ax + b so that is exactly divisible by
x2 + x – 12
q (x) = x3 – 6x2 – 15x + 80 – (ax + b)
= x3 – 6x2 – (15 + a) x + (80 – b)
Dividend = Divisor × quotient + remainder
But remainder will be zero.
Dividend = Divisor × quotient
q(x) = (x2 + x – 12) × quotient
q(x) = x3 – 6x2 – (15 + a) x + (80 – b) = x (x2 + x – 12) – 7 (x2 + x – 12) = x3 + x2 – 7x2 – 12x – 7x + 84 = x3 – 6x2 – 19x + 84
Hence, x3 – 6x2 – 19x + 84 = x3 – 6x2 – (15 + a) x + (80 – b)
–15 – a = – 19 a = + 4 and 80 – b = 84 b = – 4
Hence, if in p(x) we subtracted 4x – 4 = (ax + b), then it is exactly divisible by x2 + x – 12
Alternate Method :
Factors of x2 + x – 12 = (x + 4) (x – 3) Put x2 + x – 12 = 0 (x + 4)(x – 3) = 0
then either x = –4 or 3 q(–4) = (–4)3 – 6(–4)2 – (15 + a) (–4) + (80 – b) 4a – b = 20 ...(i)
and q(3) = (3)3 – 6(3)2 – (15 + a) (3) + 80 – b 3a + b = 8 ...(ii)
Solving equations (i) & (ii), we get
a = 4 & b = –4
ax + b = 4x – 4, must be subtracted
 39

Polynomials
Multiple Choice Questions 3. A quadratic polynomial can have at most 2 zeroes and a
cubic polynomial can have at most ............. zeroes.
: This section contains multiple choice 4. If and are the zeroes of the quadratic polynomial
questions. Each question has 4 choices (a), (b), (c) and (d) out ax2 + bx + c, then &
of which only one is correct. ...... .....
1. If the zeroes of the polynomial f (x) = k2x2 – 17x + k + 2, 5. If , , are the zeroes of the cubic polynomial
(k > 0) are reciprocal of each other than value of k is ax3 + bx2 + cx + d = 0, then
(a) 2 (b) –1 (c) –2 (d) 1 ......
2. If one zero of the quadratic polynomial 6. Zero of a polynomial is always ...............
5 7. A polynomial of degree n has at the most ........... zeroes.
2x2 – 8x – m is , then the other zero is
2 True / False
2 2 3 15
(a) (b) – (c) (d) Read the following statements and write your
3 3 2 2 answer as true or false.
3. Let p(y) = y4 – 3y2 + 2y + 5, then the remainder when p(y)
is divided by (y – 1). 1. For polynomials p(x) and any non-zero polynomial g(x),
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) –5 (d) 5 there are polynomials q(x) and r(x) such that p(x) = g(x)
4. If the polynomials ax3 + 4x2 + 3x – 4 and x3 – 4x + a leave q(x) + r(x), where r(x) = 0 or degree r(x) < degree g(x).
same remainder when divided by (x 2. Sum of zeroes of quadratic polynomial
of a. (coefficient of )
=
1 1 (coefficient of 2 )
(a) –1 (b) 1 (c) (d)
2 2 1
1
5. Let f(x) = x2 – 27x + 196. If f (a) = a, then what is the 3. 2 1 is a polynomial
5
value of a.
3
(a) 7 (b) 14 (c) 21 (d) 6
6 2
6. If f (x) = 2x3 – 6x + 4x – 5 and g(x) = 3x2 – 9, then the 4. is a polynomial, x 0
value of f (1) + g(–2) is
(a) –3 (b) –2 (c) 3 (d) 2 5. Product of zeroes of quadratic polynomial
7. Factor of the polynomial x3 – 3x2 – 10x + 24 are:
constant term
(a) (x – 2)(x + 3)(x – 4) (b) (x + 2)(x + 3)(x + 4) =
(c) (x + 2)(x – 3)(x – 4) (d) (x – 2)(x – 3)(x – 4) (coefficient of 2 )
8. The zeroes of the polynomial are 6. A polynomial cannot have more than one zero
p(x) = x2 –10x –75 7. The degree of the sum of two polynomials each of degree
(a) 5, – 15 (b) 5, 15 5 is always 5.
(c) 15, – 5 (d) – 5, – 15 8. 3, –1, 1/3 are the zeroes of the cubic polynomial
9. If a and b are zeroes of the polynomial p(x) = 3x3 – 5x2 – 11x – 3.
2t2 – 4t + 3, then the value of a2b + ab2 is : 9. Zeroes of quadratic polynomial x2 + 7x + 10 are 2 and –5
3 10. Sum of zeroes of 2x2 – 8x + 6 is – 4
(a) (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4
4
Match the Following
10. The zeroes of the polynomial x2 – 3x – m(m + 3) are
(a) m, m + 3 (b) –m, m +3 Each question contains statements given in
(c) m, –(m + 3) (d) –m, –(m + 3) two columns which have to be matched. Statements (A, B, C, D)
Fill in the Blanks in column-I have to be matched with statements (p, q, r, s) in column-II.
1. Column-I Column-II
Complete the following statements with an
polynomial)
1. Polynomials of degrees 1, 2 and 3 are called ..............., (A) 3 and –5 (p) x2 – 25
.................. and ............. polynomials respectively.
2. The zeroes of a polynomial p(x) are precisely the (B) 5 2 and 5 2 (q) x2 + 2x – 15
x-coordinates of the points, where the graph of y = p(x) (C) – 9 and 1/9 (r) x2 + (80/9)x – 1
intersects the ...............-axis. (D) 5 and – 5 (s) x2 – 10x + 21
40
2. Column-I Column-II 10. If two zeroes of the polynomial p(x) = x3 –4x2 – 3x+12
Mathematics

are 3 and 3
3 2
3 2
(A) 2 (p) 8 Short Answer Questions
1
1. Find the zeroes of the quadratic polynomial 6x2 – 3 – 7x
3 2
3 5 3 and verify the relationship between the zeroes and the
(B) (q) x – 5
2
2. If and are the zeroes of the quadratic polynomial
4 3 2
6 16 25 10 2 2
(C) 2 (r) – 33 f(x) = ax2 + bx + c then evaluate
2 5 2 2
4 2
3 4 5
(D) 2
(s) –2x + 4 3. Find the polynomial having 5 3 as its zeroes.
1
4. Find the condition which must be satisfied by the
Very Short Answer Questions f(x) = x3 – x2 + mx – n.
1. If and are the zeroes of the quadratic polynomial (Given that the sum of the two zeroes is zero).
1 1 5. Given that the sum of the zeroes of the polynomial
f(x) = ax2 + bx + c then evaluate 3 3
.
(a + 1)x2 + (2a + 3)x + (3a + 4) is –1. Find the product
2. Find a quadratic polynomial, the sum and product of of its zeroes.
whose zeroes are – 3 and 2, respectively. 6. If ax3 + bx + c has a factor of the form x2 + px + 1, show
3. Let , , be the roots of 2x3 – 3x2 + 6x + 1. Find the that a2 – c2 = ab.
value of . 7. If are the zeroes of the polynomial
4. For some polynomials p(x) the graph of y = p(x) are given f(x) = ax3 + bx2 + cx + d .
below. Find the number of zeroes of p(x) in each case. 8. What must be added to the polynomial
f (x) = x4 +2x3 –2x2 + x – 1 so that the resulting polynomial
is exactly divisible by x2 + 2x – 3 ?
9. If the zeroes of the polynomial x3 – 3x2 + x + 1 are a – b,
(i) (ii) a and a + b a and b. 2
10. If zeroes of the polynomial x2 + 4x + 2a are and ,

a.
11. On dividing x3 – 5x2 + 6x + 4 by a polynomial g(x), the
5. The graph of y = p(x quotient and the remainder were x – 3 and 4 respectively.
polynomials p(x). Find the number of zeroes of p(x) in Find g(x).
each case. 12. Find all zeroes of the polynomial (2x4 – 9x3 + 5x2 +
3x – 1) if two of its zeroes are 2 3 and 2 3
13. Find the value of k such that the polynomial
(i) (ii) x2 – (k + 6)x + 2(2k – 1) has sum of its zeroes equal to
half of their product.
14. A teacher asked 10 of his students to write a polynomial
in one variable on a paper and then to handover the paper.
6. Find out the degrees of following polynomials.
The following were the answers given by the students :
2
(i) p(x) = 7 5 (ii) q(x) = 5x4 –32x2 + 5x – 8
3 2x + 3, 3x2 + 7x + 2, 4x3 + 3x2 + 2,
3 6 1
(iii) r(x) = 5 2 (iv) h(x) = 3 x3 + 3 + 7, 7x + 7 , 5x3 – 7x + 2,
2
7. Find the zeroes of the polynomial 5 1 1
2x2 + 3 – , ax3 + bx2 + cx + d, x +
, 5x –
p(x) = x2 –10x –75 2
8. Give example of polynomials p(x), g(x), q(x), r(x) which Answer the following questions:
satisfy the division algorithm and degree q(x) = deg r(x) (i) How many of the above ten, are not polynomials ?
(ii) How many of the above ten, are quadratic
9. If one root of quadratic equation (k + 1) x2 – 5x + 2k is
polynomials?
k.
 41
Long Answer Questions Case Study Based MCQs

Polynomials
1. Verify that 2, 1, –1 are the zeroes of x3 – 2x2 – x + 2. 1. Due to heavy storm an electric wire got bent as shown
Also verify the relationship between the zeroes and the
the following questions below.
2. Find the zeroes of the quadratic polynomial
f(x) = abx2 + (b2 – ac)x – bc
Also,verify the relationship between the zeroes and its

3. On dividing x3 – 3x2 + x + 2 by a polynomial h(x), the

quotient and the remainder are (x – 2) and (–2x + 4)
respectively. Determine h(x).
4. If and are the zeroes of the polynomial x2 + 4x + 3,
1 and 1 .

5. Polynomial x4 + 7x3 + 7x2 + px + q is exactly divisible by (i) Name the shape in which the wire is bent
x2 + 7x p and q. (a) spiral (b) ellipse (c) linear (d) parabola
6. If two zeroes of a polynomial x3 + 5x2 + 7x + 3 are –1 (ii) How many zeroes are there for the polynomial (shape of
the wire)
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 1 (d) 0
Reasoning Based Questions (iii) The zeroes of the polynomial are
1. The HCF of two polynomials p(x) and q(x) using long (a) –1, 5 (b) –1, 3 (c) 3, 5 (d) –4, 2
division method was found in two steps to be 3x – 2 and (iv) What will be the expression of the polynomial?
x + 2 and 2x + 1. Find (a) x2 + 2x – 3 (b) x2 – 2x + 3
p(x) and q(x), where the degree of p(x) > the degree of (c) x2 – 2x – 3 (d) x2 + 2x + 3
q(x). (v) What is the value of the polynomial if x = –1?
2. If f(x) = x2 + 6x + a, g(x) = x2 + 4x + b, h(x) = x2 + 14x + c and (a) 6 (b) –18 (c) 18 (d) 0
the LCM of f(x), g(x) and h(x) is (x + 8) (x – 2) (x + 6), 2. Soniya and Anuj are students of class X and they given
a + b + c. (a, b and c are constants). a polynomial such that "If one zero of the polynomial
3. If x2 + x – 1 is a factor of x4 + px3 + qx2 3x2 – 8x + 2k + 5 is four times the other 4x2 – 12x + 3k + 8.
values of p and q. Then, answer the following questions.
4. If f(x) = (x + 2)7 (x + 4)p, g(x) = (x + 2)q (x + 4)9 and the (i) Find the sum of zeroes.
LCM of f(x) and g(x) is (x + 2)q (x + 4)9 12 12
(a) 3 (b) 4 (c) (d)
maximum value of p – q. 3 5
5. Find the zeroes of the polynomial p(x) = x3 – 5x2 – 2x + 24, (ii) 2
For quadratic polynomial ax + bx + c, a 0, write the
if it is given that the product of two of its zeroes is 12.
HOTS Questions (a) (b) (c) (d)
1. If and are the zeroes of the quadratic polynomial
(iii) If and be the zeroes of given polynomial. Then, what
f(x) = 2x2 – 5x is the relation between and ?
2 + 3 and 3 + 2 . (a) + = 4 (b) =4
2. Form a cubic polynomial having sum, sum of the product (c) = 4 (d) 2 = 16
of its zeroes taken two at a time, and the product of its
(iv) If and be the zeroes of the given polynomial, then
zeroes are 2, –7 and –14 respectively.
.
3. Draw the graphs of the quadratic polynomial 1 7 2 3
f (x) = 3 – 2x – x2. (a) (b) (c) (d)
5 4 5 5
4. For which values of a and b, are the zeroes of
q(x) = x3 + 2x2 + a also the zeroes of the polynomial (v) Find the value of k. If and be the zeroes of given
p(x) = x5 – x4 – 4x3 + 3x + b? which zeroes of p(x) are not polynomials.
the zeroes of q(x)? 56 56 75 65
(a) (b) (c) (d)
75 75 56 75
42
Mathematics

Text-book Questions 7. Give example of polynomials p(x), g(x), q(x), r(x) which
satisfy the division algorithm and
1. The graphs of y = p(x (i) degree p(x)= degree q(x)
polynomials p(x). Find the number of zeroes of p(x), in (ii) degree q(x) = deg r(x)
each case. (iii) degree r(x) = 0
(i)
Exemplar Questions
1. Find the zeroes of the polynomial by factorization and

of the polynomials:
(a) 4 2 5 2 3
(ii) 2 3
(b) 5 5
2
2. If on division of a polynomial p(x) by a polynomial g(x),
the quotient is zero, what is the relation between the
degrees of p(x) and g(x)?
3. Can the quadratic polynomial x2+kx + k have equal zeroes
for some odd integer k > 1?
4. Given the 2 is a zero of the cubic polynomial
2. Find the zeroes of the following quadratic polynomials
and verify the relationship between the zeroes and the 6 3 2 2 10 4 2 s other two zeroes.
5. If one zero of the quadratic polynomial x2 + 3x + k is 2,
(i) 6x2 – 3 – 7x then the value of k is
(ii) 4u2 + 8u (a) 10 (b) –10 (c) 5 (d) –5
3. Find a quadratic polynomial each with the given numbers 6. Given that two of the zeroes of the cubic polynomial
as the sum and product of its zeroes respectively. ax3 + bx2 + cx + d are 0, the third zero is
1 1 1
(i) 2, (ii) , (a) (b)
3 4 4
4. Divide the polynomial p(x) by the polynomial g(x) and
(c) (d)
(i) Divide x3 – 3x2 + 5x – 3 by x2 – 2 and verify the
division algorithm. 7. If one of the zeroes of the quadratic polynomial
(ii) p(x) = x4 – 5x + 6, g(x) = 2 – x2 (k –1) x2 + kx + 1 is –3, then the value of k is
5. 4 4
(a) (b)
3 3
polynomial :
x3 – 3x + 1, x5 – 4x3 + x2 + 3x + 1 2 2
(c) (d)
6. Obtain all other zeroes of 3 3
8. The zeroes of the quadratic polynomial x2 + 99x + 127 are
3x4 + 6x3 – 2x2 –10x – 5, if two of its zeroes are (a) both positive
5 5 (b) both negative
and . (c) one positive and one negative
3 3
(d) both equal
 43

Polynomials
Single Option Correct 12. If x2 – 4 is the factor of 2x3 + k1x2 + k2x + 12, where k1,
k2 are constant, then the value of k1 + k2 is
DIRECTIONS : This section contains multiple choice [NTSE]
questions. Each question has 4 choices (a), (b), (c) and (d) out (a) 11 (b) 5 (c) –11 (d) –5
of which ONLY ONE is correct. 13. If the polynomial x4 – 6x3 + 162 – 25x + 10 is divided by
another polynomial x2 – 2x + k, the remainder comes out
1. T he v a l ue o f x , fo r wh i ch t he po l y n omi a ls
to be x + a, then the value of a is [NTSE]
x2 – 1 and x2 – 2x + 1 vanish simultaneously, is
(a) – 1 (b) – 5 (c) 1 (d) 5
(a) 2 (b) –2 (c) –1 (d) 1
2. The value of the polynomial x8 – x5 + x2 – x + 1 is 14. The number of real roots of the polynomial equation
(a) positive for all the real numbers x4 – x2 + 2x – 1 = 0 is [KVPY]
(b) negative for all the real numbers (a) 0 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4
(c) 0 15. If x = 3 + 32/3 + 31/3, then the value of
(d) depends on value of x x3 – 9x2 + 18x – 12 is [JSTSE]
3. If x 0.7 , then 2x is (a) 1 (b) 0 (c) –1 (d) 2
1
(a) 1.4 (b) 1.5 16. Let P(x) be a polynomial of degree 3 and P(n) = for
2
n = 1, 2, 3, 4. Then the value of P(5) is [NTSE]
(c) 1.54 (d) 1.45
1 2 3
4. 2
Lowest value of x + 4x + 2 is (a) 0 (b) (c) (d)
5 5 5
(a) 0 (b) –2 (c) 2 (d) 4
17. Let p(x) = x2 + ax + b have two distinct real roots, where
5. If a3 – 3a2b + 3ab2 – b3 is divided by (a – b), then the
a, b g(x) = p(x3) for all real
remainder is numbers x. Then which of the following statements are
(a) a2 – ab + b2 (b) a2 + ab + b2 true? [KVPY]
(c) 1 (d) 0 I. g has exactly two distinct real roots
6. A quadratic polynomial when divided by x + 2 leaves a II. g can have more than two distinct real roots
remainder of 1 and when divided by x – 1, leaves a remainder III. There exists a real number such that g(x) for
of 4. What will be the remainder if it is divided by (x + 2) all real x
(x – 1) ? (a) Only I (b) Only I and III
(a) 1 (b) 4 (c) x + 3 (d) x – 3 (c) Only II (d) Only II and III
7. If the sum of the zeroes of the polynomial 18. The polynomial, f(x) = (x – 1)2 + (x – 2)2 + (x – 3)2 + (x
f(x) = 2x3–3kx2 + 4x–5 is 6, then the value of k is – 4)2 has minimum value, when x = ...................
(a) 2 (b) –2 (c) 4 (d) –4 [NTSE]
8. If the polynomial x4 – 6x3 + 16x2 – 25x + 10 is divided (a) 40 (b) 20 (c) 10 (d) 2.5
by another polynomial x2 – 2x + k, the remainder comes
out to be x + a k and a. [NTSE] More Than One Option Correct
(a) 3, –2 (b) 5, –5 (c) –3, –5 (d) –5, 1
DIRECTIONS : This section contains multiple choice
9. If the polynomials ax3 + 4x2 + 3x – 4 and x3 – 4x + a leave
the same remainder when divided by x – 3, then the value questions. Each question has 4 choices (a), (b), (c) and (d) out
of a is [JSTSE] of which ONE OR MORE may be correct.
(a) 1 (b) –1
(c) 19/14 (d) –5/14 1. Which of the following given options is/are not correct?
10. If the value of a quadratic polynomial p(x) is 0 only at 2
(a) 3 is a polynomial
x = –1 and p(–2) = 2, then the value of p(2) is [NTSE] x
(a) 18 (b) 9 (c) 6 (d) 3
11. Suppose the quadratic polynomial p(x) = ax2 + bx + c has (b) x 5 is a polynomial
a, b, c in arithmetic progression in 2
that order. If p(x) = 0 has integer roots and . Then, (c) is a polynomial
3x – 4
+ + is equal to [KVPY]
(a) 3 (b) 5 (c) 7 (d) 14 1 3
(d) 5x2 x is a polynomial
2 7
44
2. Which of the following given options is/are not correct? 2. If , are the zeroes of the quadratic polynomial
Mathematics

(a) Degree of a zero polynomial is ‘0’ 2

1 1
x2 + x – 2, then –

(d) A polynomial of degree n must have n zeroes

3. Which of the following given options is/are incorrect? 9 –9
(a) (b)
If p(x) = q(x) g(x) + r(x) (By Division Algorithm) where 4 4
p(x), g(x) are any two polynomials with g(x) 0, then 2 –2
(a) r(x) = 0 always (c) (d)
5 5
(b) degree of r(x) < degree of g(x) always
3. If , are the zeroes of the quadratic polynomial
(c) either r(x) = 0 or degree of r(x) < degree of g (x)
(d) r(x) = g(x) 1 1
4. Which of the following is/are not a Polynomial? f (x) = x2 – 5x + 4, then –2

2 1 2 27 27
(a) (b) 2 –3 1 (a) (b) –
3 4 4
(c) x3 – 3x + 1 (d) 2 2 –5 4 4
(c) (d) –
5. Which of the following is/are not graph of a quadratic 27 27
polynomial ?
If , , are the zeroes of ax3 + bx2 + cx + d, then

– , , –
(a) (b)
4. If , , are the zeroes of x3 – 5x2 – 2x + 24 and =
12, then =
(a) 2 (b) –2 (c) 3 (d) –3
5. If a – b, a, a + b are the roots of x3 – 3x2 + x + 1, then
a + b2 =
(c) (d) (a) 3 (b) 4 (c) 5 (d) 2
6. If two zeroes of the polynomial x3 – 5x2 – 16x + 80 are
equal in magnitude but opposite in sign, then zeroes are
(a) 4, –4, 5 (b) 3, –3, 5
Passage Based Questions (c) 2, –2, 5 (d) 1, –1, 5

Study the given paragraph(s) and answer the Assertion & Reason
following questions.
: Each of these questions contains an Assertion
followed by Reason. Read them carefully and answer the
question on the basis of following options. You have to select
If , are the zeroes of the quadratic polynomial
the one that best describes the two statements.
f (x) = ax2 + bx + c, then – , (a) If both Assertion and are correct and Reason is
the correct explanation of Assertion.
1. If , are the zeroes of the quadratic polynomial
(b) If both Assertion and are correct, but Reason is
1 1 not the correct explanation of Assertion.
f (x) = x2 – px + q, then
(c) If Assertion is correct but is incorrect.
(a) p – q (b) p + q (d) If Assertion is incorrect but is correct.
1. Assertion : If , , are the zeroes of x3 – 2x2 + qx – r
and + = 0, then 2q = r.
(c) (d)
If , , are the zeroes of ax3 + bx2 + cx + d,

then – , , – .
 45
2. Assertion : If one zero of polynomial p(x) = (k 2 + 4) x2 + Integer Type Questions

Polynomials
13x + 4k is reciprocal of other, then k = 2.
If (x – ) is a factor of p(x), then p( ) = 0 i.e. : Answer the following questions. The answer
is a zero of p(x) to each of the questions is a single digit integer, ranging from
0 to 9.
3. Assertion : x3 + x has only one real zero.
A polynomial of nth degree must have n real 1. Obtain all zeroes of x4 – 3x3–7x2 + 9x +12 if two of its
zeroes. zeroes are 3 . Sum of zeroes is
4. Assertion :
2. If and are the zeroes of the quadratic polynomial
Degree of a non-zero constant polynomial is
p(s) = 3s2 – 6s + 4, the value of
‘0’
5. Assertion : Zeroes of f(x) = x2 – 4x – 5 are 5, – 1. 1 1
2 3 is
The polynomial whose zeroes are 2 3, 2 – 3
is x2 – 4x + 7. 3. The value of ab so that x4 + x3 + 8x2 + ax + b is divisible
6. Assertion : x2 + 4x – 5 has two zeroes. by x2 + 1, is
A quadratic polynomial can have at the most 4. If , are the roots of the polynomial f(x) = 2x2 + 5x + k
two zeroes.
2 2 21
Multiple Matching Questions satisfying the relation ,
4
value of k for this to be possible.
: Following question has four statements
(A, B, C and D) given in Column-I and statements (p, q, r, s.....) in
Column-II. Any given statement in Column-I can have correct
matching with one or more statement(s) given in Column-II.
1. Column-I Column-II

(A) 4 – x2 (p) 7
(B) x3 – 2x2 (q) –2
(C) 6x2 – 3 – 7x (r) 2
(D) –x + 7 (s) 3/2
(t) 0
(u) –1/3
46
Mathematics

Fill in the Blanks

1. linear, quadratic, cubic 2. x
3. 3 4. a, a
Multiple Choice Questions
5. a 6. zero
1. (a) Since zeroes are reciprocal of each other, so product 7. n
k 2 True / False
of the roots will be 1, so 1,
k2 1. True
k2 – k – 2 = 0 (k – 2)(k + 1) = 0 [Dividend = (Divisor) × (Quotient) + Remainder]
k = 2, k = –1, Since k > 0 k=2 2. True
5 3. False, because the exponent of the variable is not a
2. (c) Let , be two zeroes of 2x2 – 8x – m, where a .
2 whole number.
3
Coefficient of x 5 8
a b b 6 x x2
Coefficient of x 2 2 2 4. True, because 6 x, which is a polynomial.
5. False x
8 5 3
b . 6. False, a polynomial can have any number of zeroes. It
2 2 2 depends upon the degree of the polynomial.
3. (d) Substitute y = 1 7. False, x5 + 1 and – x5 + 2x + 3are two polynomials of
4. (a) Substitute x = 3 in polynomial ax3 + 4x2 + 3x – 4 and degree 5 but the degree of the sum of the two polynomials
x3 – 4x + a to obtain remainder and equate. is 1.
a(3)3 + 4(3)2 + 3(3) – 4 = (3)3 – 4(3) + a a = –1 1
5. (b) Equate value of polynomial at x = a with a 8. True, p(3) = 0, p(–1) = 0, p 0
3
a2 – 27a + 196 = a a2 – 28a + 196 = 0 a = 14
9. False
6. (b) Substitute x = 1 in f (x) and x = –2 in g(x), and add
f (1) = 2(1) – 6(1) + 4(1) – 5 = –5 g(–2) = 3(4) – 9 = 3 Coefficient of x ( 8)
10. False, sum of zeroes = = 4
f (1) + g(–2) = –2 Coefficient of x 2 2
7. (a) x3 – 3x2 – 10x + 24
Last term = (product of roots) Match the Following
Factorising 24 = 2 × 4 × 3 1. (A) q; (B) s; (C) r; (D) p
Also sum of roots must be “3” 2. (A) s; (B) r; (C) q; (D) p
Possible factors are (2, 4, –3)
Factorization of x3 – 3x2 – 10x + 24 Very Short Answer Questions
= (x – 2) (x + 3) (x – 4) 3abc b3
8. (c) We have, p(x) = x2 –10x –75 = x2 – 15x + 5x – 75 1 1 3 3
a 3
= x (x – 15) + 5 (x –15) = (x – 15) (x + 5) 1. 3 3
( )3 c
3
p(x) = (x –15) (x + 5)
So, p(x) = 0 when x = 15 or x = –5. Therefore required a
zeroes are 15 and –5. [ 3 + 3 = ( + )3 – 3 ( + )]
9. (c) We have, sum of zeroes 3
1 1 3abc b
4
=a+b 2 3 3
c3
2
3 2. Let the quadratic polynomial be ax2 + bx + c, and its
Product of zeroes = ab
2 zeroes be and .
3 b c
a2b + ab2 = ab (a + b) 2 3 We have 3 and 2
2 a a
10. (b) x2 – (m +3)x + mx – m(m + 3) = 0 If a = 1, then b = 3 and c = 2.
x[x – (m + 3)] + m[x – (m + 3)] = 0
(x + m) [x – (m + 3)] = 0 conditions is x2 + 3x + 2.
x+m=0 x – (m + 3) = 0 Coefficient of x 6
3. 3
x = –m x=m+3 Coefficient of x 3 2
 47
4. (i) No zeroes

Polynomials
4 2 2 2 2 2
4 4 2
(ii) No zeroes [ The curve does not cuts x-axis at any = 2
point] 4
5. (i) 2 zeroes [ curve crosses x-axis twice] 2
(ii) 4 zeroes [curve cuts the x-axis at 4 points] 2 4
6. (i) p(x) is of degree 2 as highest power term is 5x2 .i.e.,
4
2 2 2
4 2 4
= = 2
2 2 2 2
p(x) is quadratic.
(ii) q(x) is of degree 4.
(iii) r(x) is of degree 6. 3. Let 5 3, 5 3
(iv) h(x) is of degree 1. i.e. h(x) is linear. We know, p(x) having zeroes as , is given by
7. We have, p(x) = x2 –10x –75 = x2–15x + 5x –75 p(x) = (x – ) (x – )
= x (x – 15) + 5 (x –15) = (x –15) (x + 5) p(x) = [ (5 3)][ (5 3)]
p(x) = (x –15) (x + 5)
2
So, p(x) = 0 when x = 15 or x = –5. Therefore, required (5 3) (5 3) (5 3)(5 3)
zeroes are 15 and –5. 2
(5 3 5 3) (52 3)
8. 2x3 – 4x2 + 5 = (2x2 – 1) (x –2) + (x + 3)
2
p(x) = x – 10x + 22
Here, p(x) = 2x3 – 4x2 + 5
g(x) = 2x2 –1 4. Let , and be the zeroes of the polynomial f(x) such
q(x) = x –2 [degree q(x) = 1] that + = 0.
2
r(x) = x + 3 [degree r(x) = 1] Coefficient of
Now,
9. Let be one root, then
1
be other root, Coefficient of 3
Since, is a zero of the polynomial f(x). Therefore, f( ) = 0
Constant team 1 2 3– 2+m –n=0 [ = ]
so product of root = 2
Coefficient of 1 3– 3+m –n=0 m =n
2 This is the required condition.
1 k + 1 = 2k k – 2k = –1 5. Since, the sum of the zeroes of the quadratic polynomial
1
–k = –1 k=1 (a + 1)x2 + (2a + 3)x + (3a + 4) is –1.
4 (2 3)
10. 1
3 3 4 1
1
= 4 Where, , and are three zeroes. (Coefficient of )
Sum of zeroes
2
Coefficient of
Short Answer Questions
1. We have, 6x2 – 7x – 3 = 6x2 – 9x + 2x – 3 a + 1 = 2a + 3 a = –2
= 3x (2x – 3) + 1 (2x – 3) = (2x – 3) (3x + 1) 3 4 3( 2) 4
Now, product of zeroes 2
Value of 6x2 – 3 – 7x is zero 2 1
when 2x – 3 = 0 or 3x + 1 = 0 Constant term
3 1 3 1 Product of zeroes 2
or Zeroes are and Coefficient of
2 3 2 3
6. By actual division, we get,
Now sum of zeroes
3
3 1 9 2 7 coefficient of ( )
= 2 2
2 3 6 6 coefficient of 2 1 1
Product of zeroes Remainder polynomial, R (x) = (b – a + ap2) x + c + ap
3 1 1 3 constant term If ax3 + bx + c has a factor of the form x2 + px + 1, then R(x)
= 2 must be identically zero, if b – a + ap2 = 0 and c + ap = 0
2 3 2 6 coefficient of Eliminating p from these equations, we get
2
2. and 0 or a2 – c 2 = ab
4 4 2 2 2 2 2
Also, ( ) 2 7. Polynomial is ax3 + bx2 + cx + d and zeroes are , and .
[( )2 2 ]2 2 2 2
1 1 1
Let p = = –d/a
2 2 4 4 2 2 2 2
( 2 ) 2
2 2 2 2 2 /
4 and + + = c/a p= –
– /
48
8. The given polynomial is f(x) = x4 + 2x3 – 2x2 + x –1.
Mathematics

2 2
To make this polynomial exactly divisible by 2 3
x2 + 2x – 3, let us add p then x4 + 2x3 – 2x2 + x – 1 + p is = x2 + 4 – 4x – 3
exactly divisible by x2 + 2x – 3. = x2 – 4x + 1 is factor of f(x)
Now, we divide f(x) by x2 – 4x + 1 to get then 2 fuctors.

For remainder to be zero, x2 + 2x –3 = x2 + x – 1 + p

So, p = x – 2,
So, x – 2 to be added to make the polynomial divisible by
x2 + 2x – 3.
9. Zeroes of polynomial p(x) = x3 – 3x2 + x + 1 are a – b, a
and a + b
– Coefficient of 2
sum of zeroes = f(x) = (x2 – 4x + 1) (2x2 – x – 1)
Coefficient of 3
2
–3 2 3 2 3 2 2 1
So, a – b + a + a + b = – 3 3 1.
1
2 3 2 3 2 1 1 2 1
–1
( – ) ( ) –1
1 2 3 2 3 1 2 1
(1 – b) × 1 × (1 + b) = –1 [ Put a = 1]
1
1 – b2 = –1 b2 = 2 2 So, a = 1, 2 Hence, zeroes of f(x) are 2 3, 2 3, 1,
2
2 13. Let and are the zeroes of the polynomial
10. Given, and are the zeroes of x2 + 4x + 2a. x2 – (k + 6)x + 2(2k – 1).
Now
Constant term given,
Product of the zeroes = 2
2
Coefficient of
2 2 [ + = k + 6 and = 2(2k – 1]
=
1
2 = 2a k + 6 = 2k – 1 6 +1 = 2k – k k = 7.
a=1 Therefore, the value of k is 7.
11. According to question, 14.
x3 – 5x2 + 6x + 4 = g(x) (x – 3) + 4 Not Quadratic
3
–5 2
6 polynomials polynomials
g(x) =
–3 2x + 3 x3 + 3 +7 3x2 + 7x + 2
3x2 + 7x + 2
5
4x3 + 3x2 + 2 2x2 + 3 –
7x + 7 1
5x3 – 7x +2 x+

5x –

ax3 + bx2 + cx + d
Hence, g(x) = x2 – 2x.
12. Let f(x) = 2x4 – 9x3 + 5x2 + 3x – 1 (i) Number of not polynomials = 3
(ii) Number of quadratic polynomials = 1
It is given that 2 3 and 2 3
Long Answer Questions
are zeroes of f(x)
By factor theorem, 1. Let p (x) = x3 – 2x2 – x + 2
Comparing it with ax3 + bx2 + cx + d,
= 2 3 2 3 We get, a = 1, b = – 2, c = – 1, d = 2
Now, p(2) = 23 – 2 (2)2 – 2 + 2 = 8 – 8 – 2 + 2 = 0
2 3 2 3
p(1) = 13 – 2 (1)2 – 1 + 2 = 1 – 2 – 1 + 2 = 0
 49
p(–1) = (–1)3 – 2 (–1)2 + 1 + 2 = – 1 – 2 + 1 + 2 = 0

Polynomials
2, 1, – 1 are the zeroes of the polynomial p (n) Sum of zeroes = 1 1
Let = 2, = 1, = –1
2 2 2 2
( 2) 2
2 1 1 2 = =
1
+ + = 2 × 1 + 1(–1) + (–1)2 )2
( (–4) 2 16
1 = = =
2 1 2 1 3 3
1
2 Product of zeroes = 1 1
2(1) ( 1) 2
1
2. f(x) = abx2 + (b2 – ac)x – bc = abx2 + b2x – acx – bc =1
= bx (ax + b) – c (ax + b) = (ax + b) (bx – c)
2 2
( )2 (–4)2 16
Thus, the zeroes of f(x) are and . = = =
3 3
2 So, required polynomial
Now, and = x2 – (Sum of the zeroes) x + Product of the zeroes
2 16 16 1
From the given polynomial f(x), = – = (3x2 – 16x + 16)
sum of zeroes : 3 3 3
2 2 5. Factors of x2 + 7x + 12:
Coefficient of
2
x2 + 7x + 12 = 0
Coefficient of x2 + 4x + 3x + 12 = 0
And product of zeroes : (x + 4) (x + 3) = 0
Constant term x = –4, –3 ... (i)
= Let p(x) = x4 + 7x3 + 7x2 + px + q
Coefficient of 2 If p(x) is exactly divisible by x2 + 7x + 12, then x = – 4
Hence, the sum and product of the zeroes are same and x = – 3 are zeroes of p(x) [from eq (i)]
in both cases. Therefore the relationship between the p(x) = x4 + 7x3 + 7x2 + px + q
p(– 4) = (–4)4 + 7(–4)3 + 7(–4)2 + p(–4) + q
3. By division theorem, but p (–4) = 0
Dividend = Divisor × Quotient + Remainder 0 = 256 – 448 + 112 – 4p + q
x3 – 3x2 + x + 2 = h(x) × (x – 2) + (–2x + 4) 0 = – 4p + q – 80
h(x) × (x – 2) = x3 – 3x2 + x + 2 – (–2x + 4) 4p – q = – 80 ... (ii)
3 2 and p(–3) = (–3)4 + 7 (–3)3 + 7 (–3)2 + p (–3) + q
3 3 2
h(x) but p(–3) = 0
2
0 = 81 – 189 + 63 – 3p + q
h(x), divide x3 – 3x2 + 3x – 2 by x – 2 as follows 0 = –3p + q – 45
3p – q = – 45 ... (iii)
By elimination method
4 80
3 45

35
Put the value of p in eq. (i),
4 (–35) – q = –80
–140 – q = – 80
– q = 140 – 80
Hence, h(x) = x2 – x + 1. – q = 60
4. If and are the zeroes of the cubic polynomial q = – 60
x2 + 4x + 3 Hence, p = – 35, q = – 60
then, + = – 4 and =3 6. x = –1 and x = – 3 are zeroes.
(x + 1) (x + 3) = x2 + 4x + 3
50
(2p – q – 3)x + (q – p + 1) = 0
Mathematics

x and
constant term must be zero.
So, 2p – q – 3 = 0 and q – p + 1 = 0
2p – q = 3 ...(i)
p–q=1 ...(ii)
From (i) – (ii);
p=2
x+1=0
Now, substitute the value of p in eqn. (ii), then
Remainder is 0
2–q=1 q=2–1=1
(n + 1) is a factor
Hence, required value of p is 2 and q is 1.
x = –1
4. It is given that
The third zero is –1. f(x) = (x + 2)7 (x + 4)p
Reasoning Based Questions g(x) = (x + 2)4 (x + 4)9
LCM of f(x) and g(x) = (x + 2)q (x + 4)9
1. Since, HCF of p(x) and q(x) is 3x – 2 and it was found in q 7 and p 9
two steps by long division method. For maximum value of p – q, p is maximum and q is
Then, according to the question minimum.
p(x) = q(x) (x + 2) + (3x – 2) [ degree p(x) > degree q(x)] Hence, maximum value of p – q is 9 – 7 = 2.
q(x) = (3x – 2) (2x + 1) = 6x2 – x – 2 5. Let , , be the zeroes of the given polynomial
Now, p(x) = q(x) (x + 2) + (3x – 2) x3 – 5x2 – 2x + 24 such that
= (6x2 – x – 2) (x + 2) + (3x – 2) = 12 ...(i)
= 6x3 + 12x2 – x2 – 2x – 2x – 4 + 3x – 2 2
= 6x3 + 11x2 – x – 6 Coefficient of
Sum of the zeroes
3
2. f(x) = x2 + 6x + a, g(x) = x2 + 4x + b, Coefficient of
h(x) = x2 + 14 + c ( 5)
5 ...(ii)
LCM = (x + 8)(x – 2)(x + 6) 1
Since, three given polynomials are quadratic and their
Coefficient of
LCM is cubic, then each polynomial is the product of
two factors of LCM. By inspection method, Coefficient of 3
f(x) = (x + 8) (x – 2) x2 + 6x + a 2
2 ...(iii)
= (x + 8)(x – 2) a = – 16 1
g(x) = (x – 2)(x + 6) x2 + 4x + b Constant term
= (x – 2)(x + 6) b = – 12 and product of the zeroes =
Coefficient 3
h(x) = (x + 8)(x + 6) x2 + 14x + c 24
= (x + 8)(x + 6) c = 48 24 ( = 12)
1
Hence, a + b + c = – 16 – 12 + 48 = 20.
3. Divide the polynomial x4 + px3 + qx2 – 1 by x2 + x – 1 (12) = –24
using long division method, 24
2
2
( 1) ( 2 ) 12
2
1 4 3 2 Substituting this value of in (ii), we get
1
+ –2=5 + =7 ...(iv)
4 3 2
2
Also, ( – ) = ( + ) – 4 2 2
= 7 – 4 × 12 = 49 – 48
3 2 ( – )2 = 1 – = 1 or –1.
( 1) ( 1) 1
3 2 Case I. Taking – = 1 ...(v)
( 1) ( 1) ( 1)
Add (iv) and (v), to get 2 = 8 =4
( 2 ) 2
( 1) 1 and then from (iv), = 7 – = 7 – 4 = 3.
2 Hence, we get = 4, = 3, = –2.
( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 )
Case II. Taking – = – 1 ...(vi)
Add (iv) and (vi) to get 2 = 6 = 3 and then from (iv),
(2 3) ( 1)
=7– =7–3=4
Since, x2 + x –1 is a factor of the polynomial Hence, = 3, = 4, = –2.
x4 + px3 + qx2 – 1, then remainder must be zero.
Then,
 51
HOTS Questions

Polynomials
1. Since, and are zeroes of polynomial
f(x) = 2x2 – 5x + 7.
5 5 7
So + = and =
2 2 2
Let S and P denote respectively the sum and product of
zeroes of the required polynomial. Then, polynomial is
p(x) = k(x2 – Sx + P)
5 25
S (2 3 ) (3 ) 5( ) 5 and,
2 2
P = (2 + 3 ) (3 + 2 )
2 2) 2 2
4. a = –1, b = – 2
P = 6( + + 13 =6 +6 + 12 + 1 and 2 are the zeroes of q(x) which are not the zeroes
= 6 ( + )2 + of p(x).
2 Case Study Based MCQs
5 7 75 7
P= 6 41 1. (i) (d) parabola
2 2 2 2
(ii) (a) 2
Hence, the required polynomial is given by (iii) (b) –1, 3
(iv) (c) x2 –2x – 3
p (x) = k (x2 – Sx + P)
(v) (d) 0
2 25 coefficient of
or, ( ) 41 , where k is any non-zero 2. (i) (a) Sum of zeroes =
2 coefficient of 2
real number. 12
2. Let the cubic polynomial be ax3 + bx2 + cx + d ... (i) = =3
4
Let be the zeroes of the required cubic polynomial, constant term
then (ii) (d) Product of zeroes = 2
coefficient of
; ; and .
=
Now, according to the question, + + =2
(iii) (c) One zero of the polynomial is four times
the other
2 2 + + = –7 7 =4

And = –14 (iv) (d) + = =3

14; 14
+ =3 +4 =3 [ =4 ]
If a = 1, then b = –2, c = –7, d = 14 3
Substituting the values of a, b, c and d in (i), we get the =
5
required cubic polynomial x3 – 2x2 – 7x + 14
3 8
(v) (b) =
4
3. Let y = f (x) or , y = 3 – 2x – x2
Let us list a few values of y = 3 – 2x – x2 corresponding 3 8
(4 ) = [ =4 ]
to a few values of x as follows : 4
2
3 8
x –5 –4 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 4 =
4
y = 3 – 2x – x2 –12 –5 3 4 3 0 –5 –12 –21 3
2
36 3 8
4 = =
Thus, the following points lie on the graph of polynomial 5 25 4
y = 3 – 2x – x2 : 144 = 75k + 200
(–5, –12), (–4, –5), (–3, 0), (–2, 3), (–1, 4), (0, 3), (1, 0), 144 200 56
k= =
(2, –5), (3, – 12) and (4, –21) 75 75
Let us plot these points on a graph paper. The curve thus 56
k=
75
52
4. (i) Let p(x) = x3 – 3x2 + 5x – 3
Mathematics

g(x) = x2 – 2.

Text-book Questions
1. (i) Graph of y = p (x) does not intersect the x-axis.
Hence, polynomial p (x) has no zero.
(ii) Polynomial p(x) has four real zeroes.
[ it cut x-axis at four points]
2. (i) We have, 6x2 – 3 – 7x = 6x2 – 7x – 3
= 6x2 – 9x + 2x – 3 = 3x (2x – 3) + 1(2x – 3)
= (3x + 1) (2x – 3) We stop here, since degree of 7x – 9
1 3 = 1 < 2 = degree of x2 – 2.
The zeroes of 6x2 – 3 – 7x are and .
3 2 So, we can write. x3 – 3x2 + 5x – 3
Therefore, sum of the zeroes = (x2 – 2) (x – 3) + (7x – 9)
Hence, p(x) = g(x).q(x) + r (x)
1 3
7 – Coefficient of x where, q(x) = x – 3 and r (x) = 7x – 9.
= =
3 6 Coefficient of x 2
2
1 3 the standard form.
and, product of zeroes = So, divisor = – x2 + 2
3 2
We have,
1 constant term
= =
2 coefficient of x 2
(ii) We have, p(u) = 4u2 + 8u = 0.
p(u) = 4u(u + 2)
So, the value of p(u) = 4u2 + 8u is zero,
when u = 0 or u = –2
The zeroes of 4u2 + 8u are u = 0 or u = –2
Sum of its zeroes = 0 + (–2) = –2
8 – (Coefficient of u )
=
4 Coefficient of u 2
The quotient is – x2 – 2
Product of its zeroes = 0 (–2) = 0 and the remainder is – 5x + 10.
0 Constant term 5. Let us divide x5 – 4x3 + x2 + 3x + 1
=
4 Coefficient of u 2 by x3 – 3x +1, we get
b c 1
3. (i) 2,
a a 3
b 2 c 1
,
a 1 a 3
Select a = L.C.M.(1, 3) = 3.
b c 1
Then 2 and
3 3 3
b 3 2 and c = 1.
Substituting a = 3, b 3 2 and c = 1 Here, remainder is 2( 0).
in ax 2 bx c, Therefore, x3 – 3x + 1 is not a factor of
we get the required polynomial 3 x 2 3 2 x 1. x5 4 x3 x 2 3 x 1
(ii) Let the polynomial be ax2 + bx + c and its zero be 5 5
and . Then, 6. Since, two zeroes are and ,
3 3
1 b 1 c
and, 5 5 5
4 a 4 a x x x2 is a factor of the
If a = 4, then b = – 1 and c = 1. 3 3 3
given polynomial. Now, dividing the given polynomial
conditions is 4x2 + x + 1. 5
by x 2 , we have,
3
 53

Polynomials
2 3 2
(b) 5 5 = 2 3 5 10
2
2
=2 4 5 5 10 = 2 ( 2 5) 5( 2 5)

= (2 5)( 2 5)

5
The zeroes of the given polynomial are and 2 5 .
2
3 5
Sum of the roots = =
2
5 3 5
Sum = 2 5 =
2 2
So, 3x4 + 6x3 – 2x2 – 10x – 5
2 5 Product of the roots = 5
= (3x2 + 6x +3)
3
= 3 (x2 + 2x + 1) (3x2 – 5)/3 5
Product = 2 5 = 5 5 = –5
= (x + 1)2 (3x2 – 5) 2
So, remaining zeroes are –1, –1 2. deg p(x) < deg g(x)
7. (i) We can write 3. No
2x2 – 12x + 10 = 2(x2 – 6x + 5) + 0
3 2
Here, p(x) = 2x2 – 12x + 10 [degree p(x) = 2] 4. Let p(x) = 6 2 10 4 2
q(x) = x2 – 6x + 5 [degree q(x) = 2]
g(x) = 2 is a factor of p(x)
r(x) = 0, g(x) = 2
(ii) 2x3 – 4x2 + 5 = (2x2 – 1) (x – 2) + (x + 3)
Here, p(x) = 2x3 – 4x2 + 5
g(x) = 2x2 –1
q(x) = x –2 [degree q(x) = 1]
r(x) = x + 3 [degree r(x) = 1]
(iii) x3 –11= (x –1)(x2 + x +1) + (–10)
Here, p(x) = x3 –11, q(x) = x2 + x + 1
g(x) = x – 1, r(x) = –10
so, degree r(x) = 0
Exemplar Questions
2 2
1. (a) 4 5 2 3 = 4 6 2 2 3
p(x) = g(x) .6x2 + 7 2 x + 4
= 2 2. ( 2. 3) 1( 2 3) = (2 2 1)( 2 3) 6 2
7 2 4 = 6 2
3 2 4 2 4
1 =3 2 ( 2 1) 4( 2 1) = (3 2 4)( 2 1)
The zeroes of the given polynomial are and
2 2 4
Other two roots of the given polynomial are and
3 5 2 3 2
. Sum of the roots = = 1 2 2 2
2 4 i.e., and
2 3 2
1 3 2 6 2
Sum = = ( a = 4, b = 5 2 ) 5. (b) Since, 2 is the zero of x2 + 3x + k,
2 2 2 2 2 2
(2)2 + 3(2) + k = 0 k + 10 = 0 k = – 10
5 2 3 6. (a) [Because if third zero is , sum of the zeroes
= = . Product of the roots = =
4 4
0 0 ]
1 3
Product = ( a = 4, c = –3)
2 2 2 7. (a) Since –3 is the zero of (k –1) x2 + kx + 1,
3 (k – 1) (–3)2 + k(–3) + 1 = 0
= = 4
4 9k – 9 – 3k + 1 = 0 6k – 8 = 0
3
8. (b)
roots will be negative.
54
10. (a) x = – 1 is the root of the quadratic polynomial p(x)
Mathematics

So, quadratic polynomial p(x) = k(x + 1)2

p(–2) = k(–2 + 1)2 = 2 k=2 p(x) = 2(x + 1)2
Single Option Correct 2
Also, p(2) = 2(2 + 1) = 2 × 3 × 3 = 18
1. (d) The expressions (x – 1) (x + 1) and (x – 1) (x – 1) 11. (c) We have, p(x) = ax2 + bx + c, where a, b, c are in AP
which vanish if x = 1. and a, b, c, are positive real numbers.
2. (a) Let f (x) = x8 – x5 + x2 – x + 1. For x = 1 or 0
Since, , are roots of p(x) = 0, where and are
f (x) = 1 > 0. For x < 0, each term of f (x) is +ve and
integers. Then, p(x) = ax2 + bx + c = 0
f (x) > 0.
Hence f (x) is +ve for all real x. Sum of roots of the equation ,
3. (b) 10 7.7 or 0.7
7 Product of roots =
Subtracting, 9x = 7
9
14 , are integers. ,
2 1.555........ 1.5
9
b=a
4. (b) x2 + 4x + 2 = (x2 + 4x + 2) – 2 = (x + 2)2 – 2
Lowest value = – 2 when x + 2 = 0 a, b, c are in AP.
5. (d) Put a = b in given polynomial. Remainder comes to be 0. 2 2
6. (c) c = a(2 – 1) ax2 + a x + a(2 – 1) = 0
3 3 12 x2 + x + (2 – 1) = 0 [ 0]
7. (c) Sum of the zeroes 6 4
2 2 3 2
D = – 4(2 – 1) is a perfect square for integeral roots.
8. (b) By division algorithm, we have 2 – 8 + 4 = k2

Dividend = Divisor × Quotient + Remainder ( – 4)2 – 12 = k2 ( – 4)2 – k2 = 12

Dividend – Remainder = Divisor × Quotient ( – 4 – k)( – 4 + k) = 2 × 6
Dividend – Remainder is always divisible by the – 4 – k = 2 and – 4 + k = 6
divisor. = 8 and k = 2
Hence, f(x) – (x + a) = x4 – 6x3 + 16x2 – 26x + 10 – a is (2 1) ( 1)
exactly divisible by x2 – 2x + k.
Let us now divide x4 – 6x3 + 16x2 – 26x + 10 – a by = –1=8–1=7
x2 – 2x + k. 12. (c) x2 – 4 = (x – 2)(x + 2) are the factors
x = 2, –2 are roots of polynomial
at x = 2; P(2) = 2(2)3 + k1(2)2 + k2(2) + 12 = 0
16 + 4k1 + 2k2 + 12 = 0 2k1 + k2 = –14 ...(i)
3 2
at x = 2; P(–2) = 2(–2) + k1(–2) + k2(–2) + 12 = 0
–16 + 4k1 – 2k2 + 12 = 0
2k1 – k2 = 2 ...(ii)
From (i) & (ii), k1 = –3 k1 + k2 = –11
13. (b) The remainder when the polynomial
x4 – 6x3 + 16x2 – 25x + 10 is divided by x2 – 2x + k is
(2k – 9)x + (k2 – 8k + 10)
But, the remainder is x + a Then,
(2k – 9)x + (k2 – 8k + 10) = x + a
For f(x) – (x + a) = x4 – 6x3 + 16x2 – 26x + 10 – a to be x and constant term on both
exactly divisible by x2 – 2x + k, we must have the sides.
(– 10 + 2k) x + (10 – a – 8k + k2) = 0 for all x. Then, 2k – 9 = 1 and k2 – 8k + 10 = a
x and constant terms 2k = 10 k = 5
– 10 + 2k = 0 and 10 – a – 8k + k2 = 0 Now a = k2 – 8k + 10 = 25 – 40 + 10 = 35 – 40 = – 5
k = 5 and 10 – a – 40 + 25 = 0 k = 5 and a = – 5. Hence, the required value of a is – 5.
9. (b) P(x) = ax3 + 4x2 + 3x – 4 14. (b) Given, x4 – x2 + 2x – 1 = 0
P(3) = 27a + 36 + 9 – 4 = 27a + 41 x4 – (x – 1)2 = 0 (x2 – x + 1) (x2 + x – 1) = 0
P(x) = x3 – 4x + a; P(3) = 27 – 12 + a = 15 + a 2 2
x – x + 1 = 0 or x + x – 1 = 0
27a + 41 = 15 + a a = –1 Here, x2 – x + 1 = 0 has no real roots
and x2 + x – 1 = 0 has two real roots.
 55
15. (b) x = 3 + 32/3 + 31/3 (b) If p(x) is divisible by g(x), then

Polynomials
2 1 3 r(x) = 0 for all x i.e., r(x) is a zero polynomial whose
(x – 3)3 = 33 33
(b) is not true.
(c) is clearly true [ division algorithm rule]
x3 – 27 – 9x2 + 27x = 32 + 3 + 3 × 32/3 × 31/3 (32/3 + 31/3) (d) Since degree of r(x) < degree of g(x)
x3 – 27 – 9x2 + 27x – 9 – 3 = 9(x – 3) or r(x) = 0, but g(x) 0.
x3 – 39 – 9x2 + 27x – 9x + 27 = 0 r(x) = g(x) is not true.
x3 – 9x2 + 18x – 12 = 0 4. (a, b, d)
16. (a) P(x) is a polynomial of degree 3. 1 2 –1
1 (a) x2 + is not a polynomial since the
and P(n) = n P(n) – 1 = 0
exponent of variable in 2nd term is negative
n(P(n)) is a polynomial of degree 4 1
n P(n) – 1 = k(n – 1)(n – 2)(n – 3)(n – 4) (b) 2 2 – 3 1 2 2 – 3 2 1is not a polynomial,
1 since the exponent of variable in 2nd term is a
For n = 0; –1 = 24 k k= rational number.
24
(c) x3 – 3x + 1 is a polynomial.
1 3
For n = 5; 5 × P(5) – 1 = (4)(3)(2)(1)
24 (d) 2 2 – 5 is also not a polynomial, since the
5 P(5) – 1 = – 1 P(5) = 0 exponents of variable in 1st term is a rational
17. (b) Let be the roots of p(x) = 0, then number
p(x) = (x – )(x – ) g(x) = (x3 – )(x3 – ) Hence, (a), (b) and (d) is not a polynomial.
3
Let = a1 and = b1 3 g(x) = (x3 – a13)(x3 – b13) 5. (a, b, c)
(a) It is quadratic polynomial [ the graph meets the
2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1 x-axis in two points]
g(x) = (x – a1)(x – b1)
0 0 (b) It is not a quadratic polynomial [ the graph meets
the x-axis in two points]
For exactly two values of x, g(x) = 0
(c) It is a quadratic polynomial [ the graph meets the
g(x) = x6 + ax3 + b and it is even degree polynomial.
x-axis in two points]
So, g(x) x R
(d) It is a quadratic polynomial [ the graph meets the
Hence, I and III are correct.
x-axis in two points]
18. (d) f(x) = (x – 1)2 + (x – 2)2 + (x – 3)2 + (x – 4)2
5
2 Passage Based Questions
= 4 5 1 1
2 1. (c) + = p, =q
5
f(x) is minimum at x = 2.5 2. (a) + = –1, = –2
2
2 2 2
More Than One Option Correct 1 1 –4
– 2
1. (a, b, c)
In (a) power of x is –1 i.e. negative (a) is not true. 2 2
1 1 – 4 –2 9
In (b) power of x = , not an integer. (b) is not true 4 4
2
In (c) Here also power of x is not an integer (c) is not true 3. (b) + = 5, =4
(d) holds [ all the powers of x are non-negative 1 1 5 27
integers.] –2 –2 –8 –
4 4
2. (a, c, d)
4. (b) = – 24
(a) is not true [By def.]
(12) = –24 =–2
(b) holds
5. (a) a – b + a + a + b = 3 a = 1
[
(a – b)a (a + b) = (a2 – b2) a = –1
(c) is not true
1 – b2 = –1 b2 = 2 a + b2 = 1 + 2 = 3
[ degree of a constant polynomial is ‘0’]
6. (a) Let , – and be the zeroes
(d) is not true
Then, – + = 5 =5
[ a polynomial of degree n has at most n zeroes].
2 80
3. (a, b, d) and – 2 = –80 16 = ±4
(a) If p(x) is not divisible by g(x), then r(x) 0 (a) is 5
not true. Required zeroes are 4, –4, 5
56
= x(x – 4) + 1(x – 4)
Mathematics

Assertion & Reason

q(x) = (x + 1) (x – 4)
1. (a) Clearly, reason is true. [Standard Result]
zeroes of q(x) are –1, 4
+ + = –(–2) = 2 0 + = 2 = 2.
Remaining required zeroes are –1, 4.
r Sum = –1 + 4 = 3
– –r r (2) r
2 2. Ans : 8
r g Let and are zeroes of quadratic polynomial
q r q (0) q
2 2 p(s) = 3s2 – 6s + 4
= 2q Assertion is true –6
So, + = – 2 and = 4/3
Since, reason gives assertion. 3
2. (b) Reason is true. 1 1
1 Let x = 2 3
Let , be the zeroes of p(x), then
2 2
1 4k 4k 2 3
. 1
k2 4 k2 4
k – 4k + 4 = 0 (k – 2)2 = 0 k = 2
2 4
We know, 2 + 2 = ( + )2 – 2 = 22 – 2 ×
Assertion is true. 8 4 3
Since, reason is not correct explanation for assertion. = 4
3 3
3. (c) Reason is false [ a polynomial of nth degree has at
most x zeroes.] 2+ 2 = 4 , + and = 4/3. So, x =
4/3
Again, x3 + x = x (x2 + 1) 3 4/3
which has only one real zero (x = 0) 2 4 3
+ 2 3 1 4 4 8
[ x2 + 1 0 for all x R] 4/3 3 4
Assertion is true. 3. Ans : 7
4. (b) 5. (c) 6. (d) If x4 + x3 + 8x2 + ax + b is exactly divisible by x2 + 1,
then the remainder should be zero.
Multiple Matching Questions On dividing the polynomial by x2 + 1, we get,
1. (A) r, q ; (B) r, t ; (C) s, u ; (D) p
(A) 4 – x2 = 0 x = ±2
(B) x3 – 2x2 = 0 x2(x – 2) = 0
x = 0 or x = 2
(C) 6x2 – 7x – 3 = 0 6x2 – 9x + 2x – 3 = 0
3x(2x – 3) + 1(2x – 3) = 0 (3x + 1) (2x – 3) = 0
x = 3/2 or x = – 1/3
(D) x = 7
Integer Type Questions
1. Ans : 3
3 are zeroes (x 3)( x 3) x 2 3 is a
divisor of x4 –3x3 – 7x2 + 9x + 12.
Quotient = x2 + x + 7 and
Remainder = x (a – 1) + (2 – 7)
Now, since, x2 + 1 is factor of this polynomial,
Remainder = 0
x (a – 1) + (b – 7) = 0 x (a – 1) + (b – 7) = 0x + 0
x and constant term, we get,
a – 1 = 0 and b – 7 = 0 a = 1 and b = 7
ab = 1 × 7 = 7
4. Ans : 2
5 k
– and
2 2
2 2 21 2 + 2 = ( + )2 – 2
[ ]
4
21 25 k 21
q(x) = x2 – 3x – 4 = x2 – 4x + x – 4 ( )2 – – k 2
4 4 2 4