1.
ıntroduction
*Solid waste management objectives*
-public health
-aesthetic
-reuse, recovery and recycle
-sustainable development
-energy generation
*Impacts of Solid waste management*
-impacts on animals and aquatic life
-toxic gases
-soil & groundwater pollution
-health risks
-untidy surroundings
#What is solid waste?
Waste is a left-over, a redundant product or material of no or marginal value for the owner which the
owner wants to discard.
(depends on time, location, culture and social conditions)
~we will focus on municipal waste in this class.
*disposal means*
any operation which may lead to resource recovery, recylcling, reclamation, direct re-use or
alternative uses
BASEL CONVENTION (also known as basel convention of the control of transboundary movements of
hazardous wastes and their disposal)
it is an international treaty that was designed to reduce the movement of hazardous waste between
nations, specially to prevent the transfer of hazardous waste from developed to less developed
countries.
kinds of wastes : solid or liquid
#According to EPA regulations, solid waste is
-any garbage or refuse (municipal)
-sludge from a wwtp, water supply tp, air pollution control facility
-other discarded material
-gaseous material from industry etc.
*classification of wastes according to their properties*
1. biodegredable (paper, wood, fruits etc.)
2. non-biodegredable (plastics, bottles, old machines, cans, styofoam containers etc.)
*classification of wastes according to their effects on human health and the environment*
1. hazardous
2. non-hazardous
Landfill1
factors could affect the volume requirement of the landfill
-new regulations
-compecting facilities
-different cover options
-nonresidential waste generations
The site must provide
-sufficient landfill capacity
-leachate treatment
-landfill gas management
-special waste services like tires, bulky item, household hazardous wastes
Types of landfills (health and environmental protectiona göre kötüden iyiye)
1-)open dump - discharge open without treatment
2-)basic landfill - discharged and covered every day
3-)engineered landfill - liner, cover, leachate treatment and gas extraction
4-)bioreactor landfill - acceleration of decomposition and creating of conditions for microbial
activities
Cover layer : avoids spreading
Gas Extraction well : control and reuse of biogas
Liner System : avoids contamination of ground water
Leachate treatment : collection and treatment of fluid effluent
Groundwater monitoring :on going information about gw quality
Basic ( emergency ) landfill
pit should be backfilled with soil every day
site should be agreed with local population
site should be fenced
at least 1 km away
Site selection
-large enough
-must be protect public health, environmental health
-minimize adverse effects on surrounding area, traffic, property value,potential for fire,
-far from airports
-provide emergency plan
-soil conditions and topography
-geological conditions, hyrdologic conditions, climatic cond,
Site selection steps
1- setting up of a locational criteria
-lake or pond, river, flood plain, highway, water supply well
200m 100m 100yr 200m 500m
2 identification of search area
-search area usually governed by waste transportation economy
3 drawing up a potential site list
-a road map may be used
-preliminary data collection
4 data collection
-topographic maps
-soil maps
-land use plans
-transportation maps
-flood plain maps
-groundw maps
-rainfall data
-wind map
-seismic data
5 selection of few best ranked sites
6 env impact assessment
-ground w quality, surface w quality, air quality, aesthetics, noise, land use alteration, traffic
alteration, drainage alt, soil erosion, ecological impacts
7 final site selection
*should be done by comparing
1-env impacts
2-social acceptance
3-cost
Landfill area requirements
*leachate tr plant
*gas management and tr
*access requirement
*economics
*co-located waste processing
*composting of biowaste
Landfill volume requirements
*development of regulations
*changes in generation
*waste diversion
*incineration, recycle rate
*different cover option
Landfill Design Concepts
*disperse and dilute
*dry tomb
*isolation of waste
*bioreactor
*recirculation of leachate and gas
*research
Design steps
-determine waste quantities and charactheristics
-information for potential sites
-design of filling area (method, dimensions, operational features)
-design features (leachate controls, gas controls, surf w controls,
-prepare design package
Area Method (above ground lvl)
used to dispose of large amounts of waste
used on flat ground or terrain is unsuitable for the excavation
before landfilling, an earthen lvl is constructed
thickness -200-300 cm
cover material 15-30 cm
completed lift called cell
Trench method (below gr lv)
used where adaquate cover material is available
waste are placed in trench and compacted in thin layers
cover lyr is placed over compacted lyr
good in little wastr
Depression (valley) method
used where natural or artifical depressions exist
depends on geometry, hydrology and geology of the site
Slope method
in hilly regions
waste is placed along the sides of existing hill slope
All existing and old landfills will be inspected and boreholes will be drilled for:
-recovery of leachate
-recovery of subsoil samples
-recovery of waste samples
Increasing env and economic
-solid waste-waste dumping- incineration -composting- pyrolysis - anaerobic digestion
7 ESSENTIAL COMPONENTS OF MSW LANDFILL
1-) Liner System
2-) leachate collection and control facility
3-) gas collection and control facility,
4-) final cover system
5-)surface water drainage system
6-)environmental monitoring systme
7-)closure and post closure plan
5 settlement mechanisms
-mechanical
-ravelling
-physico chemical
-bio chemical
-interactions
Layout
1-access road
2-equipment shelters
3-weighing scales
4-office space
Gas collection system
contains:
gas extraction wells
pipelines
compressor or blowing station
instrumentation and electrical equipment
Liners
helps:
provide contamination
reduce landfill gas migration
may be composed of:
clay
composite
Covers
protection human and env
promotes stormwater runoff and reduces infiltration
improves gas generatioln
reduces odor
Compaction
extends life of landfill
decreases settlement
reduves voids
discourages insects
reduces leachate
slope shouldnt be higher than 25%
Operation of landfil
*Filling methods
trench, area, depression, cell, slope
*Refuse placement
*Covering of waste
*Site equipment
*Leachate / gas monitoring
*Gw monitoring
landfill2
Phase 1 - aerobic bacteria decompose big molecules in the presence of oxygen
Phase 2 - bacteria changes compounds into acid in the absence of oxygen
Phase 3- methanogenis process starts. acid-acetate
Phase 4- equilibrium
Phase 5 - lfg emission occur
Sanitary landfill
operational plan
gas collection
leachate collection and treatment
groundwater monitoring
closure plan
post closure monitoring program
Design process
solid waste management planning
site identification
site design and permit application
permission
preperation of construction drawings
construction
obtain operating permit
operation
Primary liner system- prevents leachate migration and force water into overlying leachate collection
system
Secondary Liner - final protection bw waste and env
Final cover- keep water out, control runoff, seperate the waste from animals and plants , gas
collection and odor contorl
Vegetation objectives
-stabilize soil
-prevent erosion
-promote evopotranspiration
Daily cover protects againts ;
wind blown debris
odor
animals
alternative daily cover
foams
compost
plastic sheet
c&d fines
Landfill fires
causes: minimize with:
hot loads good compaction
lightening soil cover daily
cigarette load screening
Landfill3
Factors affecting the leachate generation
-climate, hydrogeology
-site operations, management (compaction, cover, vegetation, liner,
-refuse characteristics (permeability, age, particle size, initial moisture content)
-internal process (refuse settlement , organic matter decomposition)
Leachate treatment - multiple safety structure
prevention of leakage (impermable liner)
collection (leachate collection, drainage pipe)
reduction of water volume (final cover)
treatment (water purification and water reduction)
leachate control
1-prevention of migration
2-drainage of leachate
3 liner type
single liner
single composit liner
double liner
Leachate collection system
drainage lyr
pipe collector system
sump collection area
removal system
Waste to energy
Why waste to energy?
increasing of waste
lack of fossil fuel
limitation of landfill and ocean dumping
wastes=resource
emission of ghg
Hierarchy for Reducing Organic materials
Source reduction most preferred
edible food rescue
backyard composting
small scale decenterilazed comp
cent comp
mech bio mixed waste treatment
landfil less preferred
Energy from waste benefits
1-env
co2 emission reduction
emission control
landfill impact reduction
2-economy
cost redc
profit prod
new industry
3-energy
energy recovery
alternative energy potential
improved energy efficiency
THERMAL WASTE TREATMENT
1-combustion - rapid oxidation of feedstock as it exposed to air
main product: heat
2-pyrolsis -thermal degredation of waste in the absence of air to produce char, oil and syngas 300C-
600C
leads to change in chemical composition and physical state
main product: bio-oil
3-gasification - breakdown of hydrocarbons into syngas by controlling the amount of oxygen 1400C
7000kpa
main product: syngas
Incineration: waste treatment process that involves the combustion of waste at 1000C. Waste
materials are converted into ash, flue gas and heat
*adv
min land required
reduced to 25%
no risk pollution (water)
gases used to generate power
*disadv
expensive
required skilled labor
air pollution risk
typical combustion process
C + 2(o2+n2) --> co2 + 2n2 + o2+ heat
perfect combustion
fuel + air -->n2+h2o+co2+heat
good combustion
fuel+air --> n2+h2o+o2+co2+heat
incomplete
fuel+air -->co+ smoke
objectives of incineration
1-volume reduction
2-stabilization of waste
3-recovery of energy from waste
4-sterilization of waste
Important factors for inc.
1-moisture content
2-heating value
3-inorganic salts
4-high sulfur or halogen contwnt
grate firing
Fuel in suitable size is spread onto solid or moving grate, where burning takes place
The grate :
Transfers the fuel to the furnace
Mixes and separates fuel particles from each other
Transfers the residual, ash out of the furnace
Fluidised bed incineration
used for homogeneous fuel
classified as
1-fixed bed
2-bubbling bed
3-turbulent bed
4-circulating bed
types of prolysis
1-slow
takes several hours
results in biochar as the main product
2-flash
achieve up to 75% of bio-oil yield.
rapid de-volatilization in an inert atmosphere,
high heating rate of the particles
3-fast
takes seconds
yields 60%bio-oil
gives 20%biochar and 20%syngas
gasification and prolysis outputs
-electricity or heat
-syngas
-pyrolysis oil
-feedstocks
-bottom ash, char, or slag
Biochar is the lightweight black residue, made of carbon and ashes, remaining after the pyrolysis of
biomass. Biochar is defined by the International Biochar Initiative as "the solid material obtained
from the thermochemical conversion of biomass in an oxygen-limited environment".
Anaerobic digestion outputs
-biogas
-biomethane
-digestate
gasification Benefits
enables low quality, wet fuel use in energy production
synthesis gas recovery as material and energy
less waste water from flue gas cleaning
less waste than in incineration
Advantages of Pyrolysis?
simple, inexpensive technology
for processing a wide variety of feedstocks.
It reduces waste going to landfill and greenhouse gas emissions.
It reduces the risk of water pollution.
WTE process
3 Ts
time, temp, turbulance
system components
Refuse receipt/storage
Refuse feeding
Grate system
Air supply
Furnace
Boiler
energy mass balance
--> waste -->energy loss (radiaton)
--->flue gas
--->mass loss (unburned c in ash)
flue gas pollutants
Particulates
Acid Gases
NOx
CO
Organic Hazardous Air Pollutants
Metal Hazardous Air Pollutants
devices for air pol
Electrostatic Precipitator
Baghouses
Acid Gas Scrubbers
Bottom Ash – recovered from combustion chamber
Heat Recovery Ash – collected in the heat recovery system (boiler, economizer, superheater)
Fly Ash – Particulate matter removed prior to sorbents
Air Pollution Control Residues – usually combined with fly ash
Combined Ash – most US facilities
combine all ashes
hazardous ch11
Hazardous, or toxic, waste threatens human health or the environment because it is poisonous,
dangerously chemically reactive, corrosive, or flammable. Examples include:
Industrial solvents.
Hospital medical waste.
Car batteries.
Household pesticide products.
Dry-cell batteries.
Ash from incinerators and coal-burning power plant
The Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their
Disposal controls the international trade in hazardous wastes and certain other wastes.
waste management regulation
solid waste control regulation
regulation on the regular storage of waste
regulation on incineration of waste
Soil
*soil mechanics* is the branch of science that deals with study of physical properties of soil and
behavior of soil masses subjected to various types of forces.
why we study soil mechanics?
bc every structure is supported by soil or rock
reasons to study soil mech
-construction material
-slopes and landslides
-earth retaining structure
Soil definition : the upper layer of earth in which plants grow, a black or dark brown material typically
consisting of a mixture of organic remains, clay, and rock particles.
physical properties of soil
texture, --> proportion of sand, silt and clay / important for behavior of soil
density
permeability
capacity of soil to allow water to pass
factors effecting the permeablity
-particle size, void ratio, properties of pore fluid, shape of particles, degree of saturation
porosity,
structure,,
tilth ,
compaction ,
temp,
color :
dark brown to black -->high organic matter / bluish gray -->presence of iron but lack of oxygen /
white to light grey -->indicating leaching or accumulation of lime / light brown and yellow to red --
>presence of iron , lots of oxygen
types of soil
1-sand:
largest mineral particle
visible
gritty to touch
do not stick to another
2-silt:
medium sized
silky
best water holding capacity
3-clay
smallest size
tiny
from rock crumbling into very small pieces and reacting with water
stick to another
5 basic types of structural units
1-platy --> middle soil layer
2-prismatic --> lower soil layer
3-blocky--> middle soil
4-granular --> in upper soil layer
5-structureless
The hydraulic gradient is the driving force that causes groundwater to move in the direction of
maximum decreasing total head